Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2025.08.009
Kevin G. Aubol , Karin Grävare Silbernagel , Josh R. Baxter , Patricia A. Shewokis , Clare E. Milner
Objectives
Strategies to reduce Achilles tendon forces during running may be beneficial for injury prevention. Increasing ground contact time could reduce Achilles tendon forces during running but may also elicit changes in cadence that could offset these reductions. The purpose of this study was to determine if changing ground contact time altered Achilles tendon forces during running, with both a fixed and a free cadence.
Design
This was a cross-sectional study of healthy rearfoot strike runners.
Methods
Thirty rearfoot strike runners ran on a concrete sidewalk at 3.0 m/s with preferred, low, and high ground contact times, with both a fixed and a free cadence. Achilles tendon forces were estimated using data collected from Loadsol insoles.
Results
Peak Achilles tendon force, cumulative Achilles tendon fatigue load, and Achilles tendon impulse were compared among ground contact time and cadence conditions. Peak Achilles tendon force and cumulative Achilles tendon fatigue load decreased as ground contact time increased. These changes occurred with both a fixed and a free cadence.
Conclusions
Increasing ground contact time may be a viable intervention for decreasing peak Achilles tendon force and cumulative Achilles tendon fatigue load in runners, without the need for additional instructions to control cadence.
{"title":"Increasing ground contact time reduces Achilles tendon forces during rearfoot strike running outdoors","authors":"Kevin G. Aubol , Karin Grävare Silbernagel , Josh R. Baxter , Patricia A. Shewokis , Clare E. Milner","doi":"10.1016/j.jsams.2025.08.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsams.2025.08.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Strategies to reduce Achilles tendon forces during running may be beneficial for injury prevention. Increasing ground contact time could reduce Achilles tendon forces during running but may also elicit changes in cadence that could offset these reductions. The purpose of this study was to determine if changing ground contact time altered Achilles tendon forces during running, with both a fixed and a free cadence.</div></div><div><h3>Design</h3><div>This was a cross-sectional study of healthy rearfoot strike runners.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Thirty rearfoot strike runners ran on a concrete sidewalk at 3.0 m/s with preferred, low, and high ground contact times, with both a fixed and a free cadence. Achilles tendon forces were estimated using data collected from Loadsol insoles.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Peak Achilles tendon force, cumulative Achilles tendon fatigue load, and Achilles tendon impulse were compared among ground contact time and cadence conditions. Peak Achilles tendon force and cumulative Achilles tendon fatigue load decreased as ground contact time increased. These changes occurred with both a fixed and a free cadence.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Increasing ground contact time may be a viable intervention for decreasing peak Achilles tendon force and cumulative Achilles tendon fatigue load in runners, without the need for additional instructions to control cadence.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16992,"journal":{"name":"Journal of science and medicine in sport","volume":"29 1","pages":"Pages 100-105"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145008350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2025.07.006
Jane F. Strachan, Meghan M. Casey
Objectives
This study aimed to investigate the impact of menstruation on sport participation among girls in the early years of their menstrual cycle.
Design
Mixed methods online survey.
Methods
Girls aged between 10 and 16 yrs. were invited to participate in an online survey promoted through two sports governing bodies in Australia (Swimming Victoria and Little Athletics Victoria). The participants completed a 30-item questionnaire, capturing demographics, behaviours, menstrual symptoms and experiences during training and competition.
Results
A total of 464 participants responded to the survey. Fatigue (n = 236, 88.4 %), mood (n = 238, 89.1 %), and pain (n = 231, 87.5 %) were the most frequently reported symptoms. Girls perceived their sports experience was affected by their periods, reporting changes in skill (n = 280; 90.9 %), participation effort (n = 238; 77 %) and attendance (n = 180; 58.3 %). Menstruation disrupted training (62.8 %) and/or competition (33.3 %) attendance, especially among individual sport participants (p < 0.038). Participants were unable to change their period protection when needed (training: 61.3 %; competition 75.4 %) and worried about menstrual blood leaking through uniform clothes (training: 89.8 %; competition: 91.5 %). Participants (n = 48; 18.1 %) worried about their period to the point they considered dropping out and these participants were significantly likely to report bowel symptoms (p = 0.045), missed training (p = < 0.001) and competition (p < 0.001), and perceived changes in skill (p = < 0.001), participation effort (p = < 0.001) and attendance (p = < 0.001).
Conclusions
The menstrual cycle impacted girls' sport participation, with a range of symptoms reported and disruptions to training and competition. This study provides data to inform future strategies to better support girls to manage their early years of menstruation in organised sport.
目的：本研究旨在探讨月经对月经周期早期女孩运动参与的影响。设计：混合方法在线调查。方法：年龄在10 ~ 16岁 之间的女孩。被邀请参加由澳大利亚的两个体育管理机构（维多利亚游泳和维多利亚小田径）发起的在线调查。参与者完成了一份包含30个项目的问卷，包括人口统计、行为、月经症状以及训练和比赛期间的经历。结果：共有464名参与者回应了调查。疲劳(88.4 n = 236年 %),情绪(89.1 n = 238年 %),和疼痛(87.5 n = 231年 %)是最常报道的症状。女孩认为她们的运动经历受到经期的影响，她们报告了运动技能的变化(n = 280；90.9 %)，参与努力(n = 238；77 %)和出勤率(n = 180；58.3 %)。月经扰乱了训练（62.8 %）和/或比赛（33.3% %）的出勤，特别是在个别运动参与者中（p ）结论：月经周期影响女孩的运动参与，报告了一系列症状，并扰乱了训练和比赛。这项研究为未来的策略提供了数据，以更好地支持女孩在有组织的体育运动中管理她们早期的月经。
{"title":"“What are my options here? I don't want to stop training or miss competitions.” Navigating the impact of early years of menstruation in organised sports, among girls 10–16 years","authors":"Jane F. Strachan, Meghan M. Casey","doi":"10.1016/j.jsams.2025.07.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsams.2025.07.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This study aimed to investigate the impact of menstruation on sport participation among girls in the early years of their menstrual cycle.</div></div><div><h3>Design</h3><div>Mixed methods online survey.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Girls aged between 10 and 16 yrs. were invited to participate in an online survey promoted through two sports governing bodies in Australia (Swimming Victoria and Little Athletics Victoria). The participants completed a 30-item questionnaire, capturing demographics, behaviours, menstrual symptoms and experiences during training and competition.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 464 participants responded to the survey. Fatigue (n = 236, 88.4 %), mood (n = 238, 89.1 %), and pain (n = 231, 87.5 %) were the most frequently reported symptoms. Girls perceived their sports experience was affected by their periods, reporting changes in skill (n = 280; 90.9 %), participation effort (n = 238; 77 %) and attendance (n = 180; 58.3 %). Menstruation disrupted training (62.8 %) and/or competition (33.3 %) attendance, especially among individual sport participants (p < 0.038). Participants were unable to change their period protection when needed (training: 61.3 %; competition 75.4 %) and worried about menstrual blood leaking through uniform clothes (training: 89.8 %; competition: 91.5 %). Participants (n = 48; 18.1 %) worried about their period to the point they considered dropping out and these participants were significantly likely to report bowel symptoms (p = 0.045), missed training (p = <<!--> <!-->0.001) and competition (p < 0.001), and perceived changes in skill (p = <<!--> <!-->0.001), participation effort (p = <<!--> <!-->0.001) and attendance (p = <<!--> <!-->0.001).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The menstrual cycle impacted girls' sport participation, with a range of symptoms reported and disruptions to training and competition. This study provides data to inform future strategies to better support girls to manage their early years of menstruation in organised sport.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16992,"journal":{"name":"Journal of science and medicine in sport","volume":"29 1","pages":"Pages 11-18"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144753675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2025.08.001
Perry J. Wittchen , Grace E. Vincent , Claire L. Samanna , Christopher Neason , Daniel L. Belavý , Matthew J. Clarkson , Ulrike H. Mitchell , Niamh L. Mundell , Scott D. Tagliaferri , Patrick J. Owen
Objectives
This pre-planned secondary analysis examined the effects of a running intervention on mental health symptoms and pain catastrophising in adults with chronic low back pain.
This study randomised 40 adults (mean [standard deviation] age: 33 [6] years, female: 50 %) with non-specific chronic low back pain to a 12-week running (progressive run–walk interval exercise training) intervention (n = 20) or waitlist control (n = 20). Outcomes were mental health symptoms (21-item Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale) and pain catastrophising (Pain Catastrophising Scale). Data were collected at baseline, six, and 12 weeks post-baseline. Separate linear mixed models with random effects (participants) evaluated within- and between-group changes.
Results
At 12 weeks post-baseline, running improved overall mental health symptoms (estimated marginal mean net difference [95 % confidence interval] points: − 4.35 [− 7.73, − 0.97], P = 0.012), depression symptoms (− 1.75 [− 3.42, − 0.08], P = 0.040), stress symptoms (− 1.65 [− 3.01, − 0.29], P = 0.017), and pain catastrophising (− 7.85 [− 11.98, − 3.72], P < 0.001), yet not anxiety symptoms (− 0.95 [− 2.16, 0.26], P = 0.122), compared with control.
Conclusions
Running improved mental health symptoms and pain catastrophising among adults with non-specific chronic low back pain when compared to waitlist control. Differences in pain catastrophising, yet not mental health symptoms, were clinically meaningful. Running appears to be an efficacious treatment for psychological comorbidities common among adults with non-specific chronic low back pain.
{"title":"Running improves mental health symptoms and pain catastrophising in adults with chronic low back pain: a secondary analysis of the ASTEROID randomised controlled trial","authors":"Perry J. Wittchen , Grace E. Vincent , Claire L. Samanna , Christopher Neason , Daniel L. Belavý , Matthew J. Clarkson , Ulrike H. Mitchell , Niamh L. Mundell , Scott D. Tagliaferri , Patrick J. Owen","doi":"10.1016/j.jsams.2025.08.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsams.2025.08.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This pre-planned secondary analysis examined the effects of a running intervention on mental health symptoms and pain catastrophising in adults with chronic low back pain.</div></div><div><h3>Design</h3><div>Two-arm parallel individual randomised (1:1) controlled trial.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study randomised 40 adults (mean [standard deviation] age: 33 [6] years, female: 50 %) with non-specific chronic low back pain to a 12-week running (progressive run–walk interval exercise training) intervention (n = 20) or waitlist control (n = 20). Outcomes were mental health symptoms (21-item Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale) and pain catastrophising (Pain Catastrophising Scale). Data were collected at baseline, six, and 12 weeks post-baseline. Separate linear mixed models with random effects (participants) evaluated within- and between-group changes.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>At 12 weeks post-baseline, running improved overall mental health symptoms (estimated marginal mean net difference [95 % confidence interval] points: −<!--> <!-->4.35 [−<!--> <!-->7.73, −<!--> <!-->0.97], P = 0.012), depression symptoms (−<!--> <!-->1.75 [−<!--> <!-->3.42, −<!--> <!-->0.08], P = 0.040), stress symptoms (−<!--> <!-->1.65 [−<!--> <!-->3.01, −<!--> <!-->0.29], P = 0.017), and pain catastrophising (−<!--> <!-->7.85 [−<!--> <!-->11.98, −<!--> <!-->3.72], P < 0.001), yet not anxiety symptoms (−<!--> <!-->0.95 [−<!--> <!-->2.16, 0.26], P = 0.122), compared with control.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Running improved mental health symptoms and pain catastrophising among adults with non-specific chronic low back pain when compared to waitlist control. Differences in pain catastrophising, yet not mental health symptoms, were clinically meaningful. Running appears to be an efficacious treatment for psychological comorbidities common among adults with non-specific chronic low back pain.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16992,"journal":{"name":"Journal of science and medicine in sport","volume":"29 1","pages":"Pages 79-84"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144873747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2025.08.005
Samantha J. Walsh , Sarah K. Ashcroft , Laura C. Starc , Angelica G. Thompson-Butel , Jemima G. Spathis , Kassia S. Beetham
Objectives
This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the effectiveness of lumbo–pelvic–hip complex strengthening and/or stabilisation exercises, with and without isolated pelvic floor muscle training, on postpartum pelvic floor health. Specifically, effects on pelvic floor muscle strength, endurance, activity, and pelvic floor dysfunction symptom severity were analysed.
Design
A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials was conducted. Studies were included if they investigated ≥4-week lumbo–pelvic–hip complex interventions on pelvic floor outcomes in postpartum women, included a comparator, and were published in English.
Methods
Five databases were searched to October 2024. Eleven randomised controlled trials (n = 503) met the inclusion criteria. A meta-analysis assessed changes in pelvic floor muscle strength, endurance, and pelvic floor dysfunction symptom severity following lumbo–pelvic–hip complex interventions, both with and without pelvic floor muscle training. This study was registered on PROSPERO, number CRD42023446995.
Results
Lumbo–pelvic–hip complex exercises with isolated pelvic floor muscle training significantly improved endurance (mean difference = 5.51 seconds) and strength (mean difference = 0.43 on the Modified Oxford Scale). However, reductions in pelvic floor dysfunction symptom severity (standardised mean difference = − 0.95) were not statistically significant.
Conclusions
Lumbo–pelvic–hip complex strengthening exercises, particularly when combined with isolated pelvic floor muscle training, may enhance pelvic floor strength and endurance in postpartum women. However, their impact on pelvic floor dysfunction remains inconclusive. Further research should evaluate the effectiveness of lumbo–pelvic–hip complex exercises as a standalone therapy for improved pelvic floor health.
{"title":"Lumbo–pelvic–hip complex strengthening with and without isolated pelvic floor muscle training for postpartum pelvic floor health: a systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Samantha J. Walsh , Sarah K. Ashcroft , Laura C. Starc , Angelica G. Thompson-Butel , Jemima G. Spathis , Kassia S. Beetham","doi":"10.1016/j.jsams.2025.08.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsams.2025.08.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the effectiveness of lumbo–pelvic–hip complex strengthening and/or stabilisation exercises, with and without isolated pelvic floor muscle training, on postpartum pelvic floor health. Specifically, effects on pelvic floor muscle strength, endurance, activity, and pelvic floor dysfunction symptom severity were analysed.</div></div><div><h3>Design</h3><div>A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials was conducted. Studies were included if they investigated ≥4-week lumbo–pelvic–hip complex interventions on pelvic floor outcomes in postpartum women, included a comparator, and were published in English.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Five databases were searched to October 2024. Eleven randomised controlled trials (n = 503) met the inclusion criteria. A meta-analysis assessed changes in pelvic floor muscle strength, endurance, and pelvic floor dysfunction symptom severity following lumbo–pelvic–hip complex interventions, both with and without pelvic floor muscle training. This study was registered on PROSPERO, number CRD42023446995.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Lumbo–pelvic–hip complex exercises with isolated pelvic floor muscle training significantly improved endurance (mean difference = 5.51 seconds) and strength (mean difference = 0.43 on the Modified Oxford Scale). However, reductions in pelvic floor dysfunction symptom severity (standardised mean difference = −<!--> <!-->0.95) were not statistically significant.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Lumbo–pelvic–hip complex strengthening exercises, particularly when combined with isolated pelvic floor muscle training, may enhance pelvic floor strength and endurance in postpartum women. However, their impact on pelvic floor dysfunction remains inconclusive. Further research should evaluate the effectiveness of lumbo–pelvic–hip complex exercises as a standalone therapy for improved pelvic floor health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16992,"journal":{"name":"Journal of science and medicine in sport","volume":"29 1","pages":"Pages 19-27"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145030102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2025.08.014
Christopher Neason , Ulrike H. Mitchell , Paul Buntine , Clint T. Miller , Niamh L. Mundell , David Scott , Patrick J. Owen
Objectives
To explore differences in beliefs towards running in adults with and without chronic low back pain.
Design
This convergent mixed methods cross-sectional study compared adults with chronic low back pain (n = 39) to pain-free adults with a history of chronic low back pain (n = 28) and a low back pain naive control group (n = 71).
Methods
Beliefs towards running (activity specific beliefs questionnaire; range: 1–4 points), pain intensity (101-point visual analogue scale), disability (Oswestry Disability Index), and habitual physical activity (International Physical Activity Questionnaire) were analysed. Reflexive thematic analysis examined free-text responses regarding activity specific beliefs.
Results
Participants were primarily male (53 %) and had a mean (SD) age of 50 (9) years. The chronic low back pain group reported running was less safe than low back pain naive controls (mean difference [95 % confidence interval]: − 0.32 [− 0.61, − 0.03] points, P = 0.028). Among participants with chronic low back pain who reported a variation of running as unsafe (n = 27), 93% limited how much running they did because of this belief. Thematic analysis identified three themes: (a) running is unsafe due to the impact it imparts on the spine, (b) running is natural and has many health benefits, and (c) numerous factors determine the safety of running.
Conclusions
Individuals with chronic low back pain hold more negative beliefs towards running compared to individuals with no history of low back pain and these negative beliefs limited participation in running. Targeting negative beliefs towards running may facilitate greater uptake of running and guideline-based physical activity.
{"title":"Adults with chronic low back pain hold negative beliefs towards running: a mixed methods study","authors":"Christopher Neason , Ulrike H. Mitchell , Paul Buntine , Clint T. Miller , Niamh L. Mundell , David Scott , Patrick J. Owen","doi":"10.1016/j.jsams.2025.08.014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsams.2025.08.014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>To explore differences in beliefs towards running in adults with and without chronic low back pain.</div></div><div><h3>Design</h3><div>This convergent mixed methods cross-sectional study compared adults with chronic low back pain (n = 39) to pain-free adults with a history of chronic low back pain (n = 28) and a low back pain naive control group (n = 71).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Beliefs towards running (activity specific beliefs questionnaire; range: 1–4 points), pain intensity (101-point visual analogue scale), disability (Oswestry Disability Index), and habitual physical activity (International Physical Activity Questionnaire) were analysed. Reflexive thematic analysis examined free-text responses regarding activity specific beliefs.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Participants were primarily male (53 %) and had a mean (SD) age of 50 (9) years. The chronic low back pain group reported running was less safe than low back pain naive controls (mean difference [95 % confidence interval]: −<!--> <!-->0.32 [−<!--> <!-->0.61, −<!--> <!-->0.03] points, P = 0.028). Among participants with chronic low back pain who reported a variation of running as unsafe (n = 27), 93% limited how much running they did because of this belief. Thematic analysis identified three themes: (a) running is unsafe due to the impact it imparts on the spine, (b) running is natural and has many health benefits, and (c) numerous factors determine the safety of running.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Individuals with chronic low back pain hold more negative beliefs towards running compared to individuals with no history of low back pain and these negative beliefs limited participation in running. Targeting negative beliefs towards running may facilitate greater uptake of running and guideline-based physical activity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16992,"journal":{"name":"Journal of science and medicine in sport","volume":"29 1","pages":"Pages 51-58"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145033575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2025.08.020
Hongyan Liu , Zhongli Wang , Saijun Zhou , Yao Lin , Guangyang Ma , Rui Zhang , Pei Yu
Objectives
This study examined the association between physical activity and chronic kidney disease incidence among participants with cardiovascular metabolic disease.
Design
A prospective cohort study of 224,269 cardiovascular metabolic disease participants from the UK Biobank, with chronic kidney disease incidence as the primary outcome.
Methods
The association between physical activity and chronic kidney disease was evaluated using Cox models, assessing volume, intensity, duration, frequency, type, and walking speed. An isotemporal substitution model estimated the effect of replacing light physical activity with moderate or vigorous physical activity. Latent class analysis identified optimal physical activity patterns.
Results
Over a median follow-up of 12.9 years, 10,142 participants developed chronic kidney disease. Compared with light physical activity, moderate and vigorous physical activity reduced incident chronic kidney disease by 13 % and 21 %, respectively. Substituting light with vigorous physical activity was linked to an 11 % risk reduction. Moderate physical activity (3–5 or 6–7 days/week) resulted in risk reductions of 9 % and 7 %, respectively, while vigorous physical activity (3–5 days/week) led to a 20 % reduction. Aerobic exercise reduced chronic kidney disease risk by 20 % versus light Do It Yourself. Compared to slow-paced walkers, those with steady average (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95 % confidence interval: 0.66–0.75) or brisk pace (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95 % confidence interval: 0.56–0.66) had significantly lower risks. The optimal activity for cardiovascular metabolic disease participants is vigorous physical activity 15–60 minutes/day or light physical activity 30–60 minutes/day, 3–5 days/week.
Conclusions
Physical activity is associated with a lower chronic kidney disease risk in cardiovascular metabolic disease participants.
{"title":"Association of physical activity with incident chronic kidney disease in patients with cardiovascular metabolic disease: A UK Biobank observational study","authors":"Hongyan Liu , Zhongli Wang , Saijun Zhou , Yao Lin , Guangyang Ma , Rui Zhang , Pei Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.jsams.2025.08.020","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsams.2025.08.020","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This study examined the association between physical activity and chronic kidney disease incidence among participants with cardiovascular metabolic disease.</div></div><div><h3>Design</h3><div>A prospective cohort study of 224,269 cardiovascular metabolic disease participants from the UK Biobank, with chronic kidney disease incidence as the primary outcome.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The association between physical activity and chronic kidney disease was evaluated using Cox models, assessing volume, intensity, duration, frequency, type, and walking speed. An isotemporal substitution model estimated the effect of replacing light physical activity with moderate or vigorous physical activity. Latent class analysis identified optimal physical activity patterns.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Over a median follow-up of 12.9 years, 10,142 participants developed chronic kidney disease. Compared with light physical activity, moderate and vigorous physical activity reduced incident chronic kidney disease by 13 % and 21 %, respectively. Substituting light with vigorous physical activity was linked to an 11 % risk reduction. Moderate physical activity (3–5 or 6–7 days/week) resulted in risk reductions of 9 % and 7 %, respectively, while vigorous physical activity (3–5 days/week) led to a 20 % reduction. Aerobic exercise reduced chronic kidney disease risk by 20 % versus light Do It Yourself. Compared to slow-paced walkers, those with steady average (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95 % confidence interval: 0.66–0.75) or brisk pace (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95 % confidence interval: 0.56–0.66) had significantly lower risks. The optimal activity for cardiovascular metabolic disease participants is vigorous physical activity 15–60 minutes/day or light physical activity 30–60 minutes/day, 3–5 days/week.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Physical activity is associated with a lower chronic kidney disease risk in cardiovascular metabolic disease participants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16992,"journal":{"name":"Journal of science and medicine in sport","volume":"29 1","pages":"Pages 69-78"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145130783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2025.07.003
Maxime Bergevin , Anna Bendas , Florian Bobeuf , Erika Gentile , Arthur Woznowski-Vu , Timothy H. Wideman , Nicolas Berryman , Louis Bherer , Mathieu Roy , Benjamin Pageaux
Objectives
Physical exercise can transiently decrease pain intensity within a single session and improve physical capacities while reducing pain over a training program. However, the pain trajectory throughout a concurrent physical training program remains unknown. This study aimed to model the pain trajectory during a training program including both aerobic and resistance exercises, considering both acute (within-session) and chronic (across-program) effects of physical exercise.
Design
Prospective observational study.
Methods
Participants completed a 14-week training program (42 sessions; n = 28) or were assigned to a waiting list (n = 29). In the exercise group, low back pain intensity was measured before and after each training session. Pain intensity in the past week was measured before and after the 14-week period in both groups. The pain trajectory was modeled using linear mixed-effects with a quadratic term to capture potential non-linear pain reduction.
Results
Past week pain decreased only in the exercise group (exercise: 4.9 ± 0.3 vs 2.5 ± 0.3; control: 5.6 ± 0.3 vs 5.3 ± 0.3). The pain trajectory was characterized by a linear and a quadratic term (p's < 0.001), suggesting pain reduction is greater early in the training program. Pain intensity decreased after each training session (p < 0.001) with this effect remaining constant throughout the program (non-significant interactions, p's > 0.585).
Conclusions
Pain decreases more markedly during the initial weeks of the program. Acute exercise-induced hypoalgesia persisted throughout the program, suggesting patients may use physical exercise to manage pain flare-ups even after several weeks of training.
目的：体育锻炼可以在一次训练中短暂地减轻疼痛强度，提高身体能力，同时减少疼痛。然而，在同时进行的体育训练项目中疼痛的轨迹仍然未知。本研究旨在模拟包括有氧运动和阻力运动在内的训练项目中的疼痛轨迹，同时考虑到体育锻炼的急性（课程内）和慢性（跨课程）影响。设计：前瞻性观察研究。方法：参与者完成了为期14周的培训计划(42次；N = 28)或被分配到等待名单（N = 29）。在运动组中，每次训练前后测量腰痛强度。测量两组患者在14周前后一周的疼痛强度。疼痛轨迹采用线性混合效应建模，并采用二次项来捕捉潜在的非线性疼痛减轻。结果：过去一周疼痛仅在运动组减轻(运动：4.9 ± 0.3 vs 2.5 ± 0.3；对照：5.6 ± 0.3 vs 5.3 ± 0.3)。疼痛轨迹以线性和二次项为特征（p's 0.585）。结论：疼痛在治疗的最初几周明显减轻。急性运动引起的痛觉减退在整个项目中持续存在，这表明即使在几周的训练后，患者也可以通过体育锻炼来控制疼痛的突然发作。
{"title":"Unraveling the pain trajectory in chronic low back pain patients during a physical exercise training program","authors":"Maxime Bergevin , Anna Bendas , Florian Bobeuf , Erika Gentile , Arthur Woznowski-Vu , Timothy H. Wideman , Nicolas Berryman , Louis Bherer , Mathieu Roy , Benjamin Pageaux","doi":"10.1016/j.jsams.2025.07.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsams.2025.07.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Physical exercise can transiently decrease pain intensity within a single session and improve physical capacities while reducing pain over a training program. However, the pain trajectory throughout a concurrent physical training program remains unknown. This study aimed to model the pain trajectory during a training program including both aerobic and resistance exercises, considering both acute (within-session) and chronic (across-program) effects of physical exercise.</div></div><div><h3>Design</h3><div>Prospective observational study.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Participants completed a 14-week training program (42 sessions; n = 28) or were assigned to a waiting list (n = 29). In the exercise group, low back pain intensity was measured before and after each training session. Pain intensity in the past week was measured before and after the 14-week period in both groups. The pain trajectory was modeled using linear mixed-effects with a quadratic term to capture potential non-linear pain reduction.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Past week pain decreased only in the exercise group (exercise: 4.9 ± 0.3 vs 2.5 ± 0.3; control: 5.6 ± 0.3 vs 5.3 ± 0.3). The pain trajectory was characterized by a linear and a quadratic term (p's < 0.001), suggesting pain reduction is greater early in the training program. Pain intensity decreased after each training session (p < 0.001) with this effect remaining constant throughout the program (non-significant interactions, p's > 0.585).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Pain decreases more markedly during the initial weeks of the program. Acute exercise-induced hypoalgesia persisted throughout the program, suggesting patients may use physical exercise to manage pain flare-ups even after several weeks of training.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16992,"journal":{"name":"Journal of science and medicine in sport","volume":"29 1","pages":"Pages 42-50"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144768737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2025.08.012
Megan Fielding , Stefan Piantella , Rich D. Johnston , Thomas B. McGuckian
Objectives
Sport-related concussions are a global health concern. Athletes consistently underreport sport-related concussions, and knowledge and attitudes about sport-related concussions vary between levels of sport competition and according to a range of factors. It is unclear how concussion knowledge and attitudes relate to reporting behaviours amongst community sport athletes. The current study aimed to i) investigate how concussion history and gender influence concussion perceptions, and ii) examine how concussion history, and knowledge and attitudes towards the injury influence reporting behaviours.
Design
Cross-sectional design.
Methods
Participants were over 18 years (n = 375; 174 woman, 194 man, 6 non-binary, 1 no response) and participated in community sport in Australia. Participants completed an online survey about their concussion history, perceptions, knowledge, attitudes, and reporting behaviours of sport-related concussions.
Results
Hierarchical regression highlighted that those with a concussion history view sport-related concussions to be more serious than those with no concussion history, and that men were more likely to agree that their actions could control the effects of sport-related concussion symptoms. Logistic regression revealed no significant relationship between concussion knowledge and reporting behaviours (p = 0.081 to 0.960), but significant relationships between attitudes towards concussion and reporting behaviours were present (p ≤ 0.018). Lastly, significant relationships (p ≤ 0.040) between concussion history and reporting behaviours were found for seven of the 13 reporting behaviours.
Conclusions
These findings highlight the importance of athlete attitudes towards sport-related concussions within Australian community sport.
{"title":"Concussion perceptions and reporting behaviours of community sport athletes","authors":"Megan Fielding , Stefan Piantella , Rich D. Johnston , Thomas B. McGuckian","doi":"10.1016/j.jsams.2025.08.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsams.2025.08.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Sport-related concussions are a global health concern. Athletes consistently underreport sport-related concussions, and knowledge and attitudes about sport-related concussions vary between levels of sport competition and according to a range of factors. It is unclear how concussion knowledge and attitudes relate to reporting behaviours amongst community sport athletes. The current study aimed to i) investigate how concussion history and gender influence concussion perceptions, and ii) examine how concussion history, and knowledge and attitudes towards the injury influence reporting behaviours.</div></div><div><h3>Design</h3><div>Cross-sectional design.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Participants were over 18 years (n = 375; 174 woman, 194 man, 6 non-binary, 1 no response) and participated in community sport in Australia. Participants completed an online survey about their concussion history, perceptions, knowledge, attitudes, and reporting behaviours of sport-related concussions.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Hierarchical regression highlighted that those with a concussion history view sport-related concussions to be more serious than those with no concussion history, and that men were more likely to agree that their actions could control the effects of sport-related concussion symptoms. Logistic regression revealed no significant relationship between concussion knowledge and reporting behaviours (p = 0.081 to 0.960), but significant relationships between attitudes towards concussion and reporting behaviours were present (p ≤ 0.018). Lastly, significant relationships (p ≤ 0.040) between concussion history and reporting behaviours were found for seven of the 13 reporting behaviours.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>These findings highlight the importance of athlete attitudes towards sport-related concussions within Australian community sport.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16992,"journal":{"name":"Journal of science and medicine in sport","volume":"29 1","pages":"Pages 59-64"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145030169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2025.08.002
Alan Michael Nevill , João Francisco de Castro Silveira , Anelise Reis Gaya , Cézane Priscila Reuter , Thiago Del Corona Lorenzi , Gustavo Silva , Gabriel Gustavo Bergmann
Objectives
There are numerous examples in the literature where researchers use multiple-regression models to predict ratio standards despite known dangers associated with such methodologies. The solution, to use allometric models, also appears to have been ignored, for example, when predicting cardiorespiratory fitness, using the ratio standard VO2max (ml·kg−1·min−1).
Design
Cross-sectional.
Methods
This case-study compares a previously published multiple regression equation to predict VO2peak (ml·kg−1·min−1) that adopted additive predictors of body mass index (kg·m−2) and a 6-minute run/walk test, with an alternative multiplicative allometric model given by VO2peak (l·min−1) = Mk1 · HTk2 · 6WRTk3 · exp(a + b · age + c · age2) · ε, thought to provide a more interpretable model, as well as providing a superior quality-of-fit.
Results
The strong association between VO2peak (l·min−1) and body mass also identified the presence of heteroscedasticity, a characteristic in data that can be resolved using allometry. The allometric model explained over 90 % of the variance (R2 = 0.91) compared to less than 60 % (R2 = 0.58) reported by the original study. The allometric model's results also appear more interpretable, with a positive mass exponent similar to that previously reported in the literature M0.66 based on sound physiological grounds. The positive height exponent can also be explained given that taller children have greater lung function. Finally, the age quadratic identified that children's VO2peak peaks during puberty.
Conclusions
This case study provides powerful evidence that allometric models are more interpretable and provide a superior fit compared with multiple regression models when predicting ratio standards. Note that a simple algebraic adjustment enables researchers to predict the ratio standard VO2peak (ml·kg−1·min−1) without further analyses.
{"title":"The dangers of predicting ratio standards using multiple regression: A case study using the ratio standard VO2peak (ml·kg−1·min−1)","authors":"Alan Michael Nevill , João Francisco de Castro Silveira , Anelise Reis Gaya , Cézane Priscila Reuter , Thiago Del Corona Lorenzi , Gustavo Silva , Gabriel Gustavo Bergmann","doi":"10.1016/j.jsams.2025.08.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsams.2025.08.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>There are numerous examples in the literature where researchers use multiple-regression models to predict ratio standards despite known dangers associated with such methodologies. The solution, to use allometric models, also appears to have been ignored, for example, when predicting cardiorespiratory fitness, using the ratio standard VO<sub>2max</sub> (ml·kg<sup>−1</sup>·min<sup>−1</sup>).</div></div><div><h3>Design</h3><div>Cross-sectional.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This case-study compares a previously published multiple regression equation to predict VO<sub>2peak</sub> (ml·kg<sup>−1</sup>·min<sup>−1</sup>) that adopted additive predictors of body mass index (kg·m<sup>−2</sup>) and a 6-minute run/walk test, with an alternative multiplicative allometric model given by VO<sub>2peak</sub> (l·min<sup>−1</sup>) = M<sup>k1</sup> · HT<sup>k2</sup> · 6WRT<sup>k3</sup> · exp(a + b · age + c · age<sup>2</sup>) · ε, thought to provide a more interpretable model, as well as providing a superior quality-of-fit.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The strong association between VO<sub>2peak</sub> (l·min<sup>−1</sup>) and body mass also identified the presence of heteroscedasticity, a characteristic in data that can be resolved using allometry. The allometric model explained over 90 % of the variance (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.91) compared to less than 60 % (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.58) reported by the original study. The allometric model's results also appear more interpretable, with a positive mass exponent similar to that previously reported in the literature M<sup>0.66</sup> based on sound physiological grounds. The positive height exponent can also be explained given that taller children have greater lung function. Finally, the age quadratic identified that children's VO<sub>2peak</sub> peaks during puberty.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This case study provides powerful evidence that allometric models are more interpretable and provide a superior fit compared with multiple regression models when predicting ratio standards. Note that a simple algebraic adjustment enables researchers to predict the ratio standard VO<sub>2peak</sub> (ml·kg<sup>−1</sup>·min<sup>−1</sup>) without further analyses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16992,"journal":{"name":"Journal of science and medicine in sport","volume":"29 1","pages":"Pages 85-90"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144873748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-28DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2025.12.013
Laurits Taul-Madsen, L G Hvid, F Sellebjerg, J Romme Christensen, R Ratzer, T Sejbæk, K Bacher Svendsen, V Papp, H Højsgaard Chow, J Lundbye-Jensen, H Dawes, U Dalgas
Objectives: In people with multiple sclerosis (PWMS), exercise improves aerobic capacity and muscle strength which are key components of physical function and overall health status. However, the effects diminish after exercise cessation. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate whether exercise booster sessions (EBS) could preserve the exercise-induced improvements.
Design: Multicentre RCT.
Methods: Ninety-four PWMS performed 12 weeks of aerobic-training (AT) or resistance-training (RT) and were subsequently randomised to receive EBS (two sessions every fifth week) (ATboost n = 24, RTboost n = 24) or usual-care (ATuc n = 20, or RTuc n = 26) for 40 weeks. The primary outcome was physical function measured as a composite score of the six-minute walk test (6MWT) and five-time sit-to-stand test (5STS). Secondary outcomes were aerobic capacity and muscle strength.
Results: No between-group difference was observed in the composite score of 6MWT and 5STS (arbitrary unit) between ATboost and RTboost 0.00 [-0.20; 0.20]. No between-group difference was observed for aerobic capacity (mL O2/kg/min) between ATboost and ATuc 1.1 [-1.9; 4.1], although a within-group change was observed for ATboost -1.9 [-4.0; 0.1], but not for ATuc -3.0 [-5.2; -0.8]. No between-group difference was seen for muscle strength (Nm/kg) between RTboost and RTuc -0.04 [-0.36; 0.28]. Also, no within-group change was observed for neither RTboost -0.07 [-0.30; 0.14] nor RTuc -0.04 [-0.27; 0.20].
Conclusions: EBS had no apparent effect on preservation of physical function, aerobic capacity, or muscle strength in PWMS. Muscle strength was preserved regardless of group, whereas only ATboost preserved exercise-induced improvements in aerobic capacity.
目的：在多发性硬化症（PWMS）患者中，运动可以提高有氧能力和肌肉力量，这是身体功能和整体健康状况的关键组成部分。然而，在停止运动后，效果会减弱。因此，本研究旨在探讨运动增强会话（EBS）是否可以保持运动诱导的改善。设计：多中心随机对照试验。方法:九十四pwm执行12 周的有氧训练(在)或耐力(RT)和随后的随机接受EBS(两会每第五周)(ATboost n = 24日RTboost n = 24)或常规治疗(ATuc n = 20,或者RTuc n = 26)40 周。主要终点是身体功能，以6分钟步行测试（6MWT）和5次坐立测试（5STS）的综合得分来衡量。次要结局是有氧能力和肌肉力量。结果：ATboost与RTboost的6MWT、5STS（任意单位）综合评分0.00 [-0.20；0.20]。ATboost和ATuc 1.1在有氧能力（mL O2/kg/min）方面无组间差异[-1.9；4.1]，但ATboost -1.9组内有变化[-4.0；0.1]，但不适合ATuc -3.0 [-5.2；-0.8]。RTboost和RTuc的肌肉力量（Nm/kg）组间无差异-0.04 [-0.36；0.28]。此外，RTboost -0.07 [-0.30；0.14] RTuc -0.04 [-0.27；0.20]。结论：EBS对PWMS患者的身体功能、有氧能力或肌肉力量的保存没有明显的影响。各组均能保持肌肉力量，而只有ATboost能保持运动诱导的有氧能力改善。
{"title":"Are exercise booster sessions effective at preserving exercise-induced effects in people with multiple sclerosis? A randomised controlled trial: results from the MSBOOST trial.","authors":"Laurits Taul-Madsen, L G Hvid, F Sellebjerg, J Romme Christensen, R Ratzer, T Sejbæk, K Bacher Svendsen, V Papp, H Højsgaard Chow, J Lundbye-Jensen, H Dawes, U Dalgas","doi":"10.1016/j.jsams.2025.12.013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2025.12.013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>In people with multiple sclerosis (PWMS), exercise improves aerobic capacity and muscle strength which are key components of physical function and overall health status. However, the effects diminish after exercise cessation. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate whether exercise booster sessions (EBS) could preserve the exercise-induced improvements.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Multicentre RCT.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Ninety-four PWMS performed 12 weeks of aerobic-training (AT) or resistance-training (RT) and were subsequently randomised to receive EBS (two sessions every fifth week) (ATboost n = 24, RTboost n = 24) or usual-care (ATuc n = 20, or RTuc n = 26) for 40 weeks. The primary outcome was physical function measured as a composite score of the six-minute walk test (6MWT) and five-time sit-to-stand test (5STS). Secondary outcomes were aerobic capacity and muscle strength.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>No between-group difference was observed in the composite score of 6MWT and 5STS (arbitrary unit) between ATboost and RTboost 0.00 [-0.20; 0.20]. No between-group difference was observed for aerobic capacity (mL O<sub>2</sub>/kg/min) between ATboost and ATuc 1.1 [-1.9; 4.1], although a within-group change was observed for ATboost -1.9 [-4.0; 0.1], but not for ATuc -3.0 [-5.2; -0.8]. No between-group difference was seen for muscle strength (Nm/kg) between RTboost and RTuc -0.04 [-0.36; 0.28]. Also, no within-group change was observed for neither RTboost -0.07 [-0.30; 0.14] nor RTuc -0.04 [-0.27; 0.20].</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>EBS had no apparent effect on preservation of physical function, aerobic capacity, or muscle strength in PWMS. Muscle strength was preserved regardless of group, whereas only ATboost preserved exercise-induced improvements in aerobic capacity.</p>","PeriodicalId":16992,"journal":{"name":"Journal of science and medicine in sport","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145944655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号