The grand challenge of increasing production and access to nutritious and safe food to meet growing populations under threat to climate change and climate variability requires systems and transdisciplinary approaches towards agri-food systems. Sustainable agricultural intensification (SAI) focuses on increasing agricultural production from existing farmland without any adverse environmental impacts. There are three major components of SAI which include: (i) genetic intensification (e.g., focused on improving yields, resistance to pests and diseases, tolerance to abiotic stresses, increasing nutritional quality of food products, and using precision breeding, genetics, and genomics tools); (ii) ecological intensification (e.g., focused increasing diversification, farming, cropping and agroforestry systems, resource use efficiency, integrated water, nutrient and pest management); and (iii) socio-economic intensification (e.g., focused on markets, value addition, income generation, policy, creating enabling environment, and building social capital). Climate-smart agricultural (CSA) practices emphasize greenhouse gas emissions, water footprint, and focus on both adaptation and mitigation strategies. Few selected SAI and CSA practices include minimum and no-tillage; cover crops; crop diversity and genotypes selection for effective water use and stress tolerance; diversification (crop mixtures and rotations; perennials, agroforestry systems; forage crops; dual purpose crops); and nutrient recycling from livestock. Overall, developing adoption and scaling of these practices will require convergence of biophysical and social sciences, participatory approaches, public and private sector engagement and commitment of resources from all donor agencies for research and development, human and institutional capacity building.
{"title":"Sustainable Agricultural Intensification and Climate Smart Agricultural Practices for Improved Food and Climate Security","authors":"V. Pv","doi":"10.58297/laxg1026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58297/laxg1026","url":null,"abstract":"The grand challenge of increasing production and access to nutritious and safe food to meet growing populations under threat to climate change and climate variability requires systems and transdisciplinary approaches towards agri-food systems. Sustainable agricultural intensification (SAI) focuses on increasing agricultural production from existing farmland without any adverse environmental impacts. There are three major components of SAI which include: (i) genetic intensification (e.g., focused on improving yields, resistance to pests and diseases, tolerance to abiotic stresses, increasing nutritional quality of food products, and using precision breeding, genetics, and genomics tools); (ii) ecological intensification (e.g., focused increasing diversification, farming, cropping and agroforestry systems, resource use efficiency, integrated water, nutrient and pest management); and (iii) socio-economic intensification (e.g., focused on markets, value addition, income generation, policy, creating enabling environment, and building social capital). Climate-smart agricultural (CSA) practices emphasize greenhouse gas emissions, water footprint, and focus on both adaptation and mitigation strategies. Few selected SAI and CSA practices include minimum and no-tillage; cover crops; crop diversity and genotypes selection for effective water use and stress tolerance; diversification (crop mixtures and rotations; perennials, agroforestry systems; forage crops; dual purpose crops); and nutrient recycling from livestock. Overall, developing adoption and scaling of these practices will require convergence of biophysical and social sciences, participatory approaches, public and private sector engagement and commitment of resources from all donor agencies for research and development, human and institutional capacity building.","PeriodicalId":17022,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rice Research and Developments","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81882236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Engineering Inputs for Mechanizing System of Rice Intensification (SRI)","authors":"A. .","doi":"10.58297/juuc5698","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58297/juuc5698","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17022,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rice Research and Developments","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83587348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Harischandraprasad Tottempudi, Kiranprakash Nekkanti, Pundarikakshudu Kurra, V. ..., Sreedhar Yerram, M. R
{"title":"Mechanization for Precision Rice Farming Systems: A Success Story from Andhra Pradesh, India by Praanadhaara","authors":"Harischandraprasad Tottempudi, Kiranprakash Nekkanti, Pundarikakshudu Kurra, V. ..., Sreedhar Yerram, M. R","doi":"10.58297/qjmz4684","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58297/qjmz4684","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17022,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rice Research and Developments","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83250631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Socio-Economic and Ecological Challenges for System of Crop Intensification (SRI/SCI): Sustainable Productivity-Enhancing Innovation for Household Food Security","authors":"Barah Bc","doi":"10.58297/sdfl6021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58297/sdfl6021","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17022,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rice Research and Developments","volume":"147 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88095740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
System of Crop Intensification (SCI) evolved as an extension of applying the principles of System of Rice Intensification (SRI) to other crops, aims at improving agronomic performance while conserving and enriching the natural resources. It is largely presumed to be crop and variety neutral. Crop performance is a function of genotype and environment. Ideal plant type of released varieties in several crops is conceptualized, developed and evaluated in monocropping system and not tested for SCI needs. Success of any crop improvement program depends on setting up of priorities based on community needs and consumer preferences. There are few examples of demonstrating release of farmer varieties through participatory varietal selection (PVS) and participatory plant breeding (PPB). Specific plant type suitable and breeding approaches for SCI are briefly discussed. An attempt is also made to address the need for linking SCI with identification of suitable genotype, ensuring access to quality seed supported by an appropriate seed system in place and to highlight the policy needs in the context. An alternative seed system for the varieties identified for SCI is proposed.
{"title":"Evolving Seed System for System of Crop Intensification: Policy Needs","authors":"Varaprasad Ks, L. C, B. S, R. A.","doi":"10.58297/qyhs1818","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58297/qyhs1818","url":null,"abstract":"System of Crop Intensification (SCI) evolved as an extension of applying the principles of System of Rice Intensification (SRI) to other crops, aims at improving agronomic performance while conserving and enriching the natural resources. It is largely presumed to be crop and variety neutral. Crop performance is a function of genotype and environment. Ideal plant type of released varieties in several crops is conceptualized, developed and evaluated in monocropping system and not tested for SCI needs. Success of any crop improvement program depends on setting up of priorities based on community needs and consumer preferences. There are few examples of demonstrating release of farmer varieties through participatory varietal selection (PVS) and participatory plant breeding (PPB). Specific plant type suitable and breeding approaches for SCI are briefly discussed. An attempt is also made to address the need for linking SCI with identification of suitable genotype, ensuring access to quality seed supported by an appropriate seed system in place and to highlight the policy needs in the context. An alternative seed system for the varieties identified for SCI is proposed.","PeriodicalId":17022,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rice Research and Developments","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84044634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Breeding Climate Smart Sugarcane Varieties for Diversified Uses","authors":"Hemaprabha G","doi":"10.58297/owpa4387","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58297/owpa4387","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17022,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rice Research and Developments","volume":"206 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77054409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A total of 50 local land races were screened against infestation of yellow stem borer, Scirpophaga incertulas (Crambidae: Lepidoptera) at vegetative phase under natural infestation (0 to 65%) during kharif 2019. Among them 18 land races were selected from each category of resistance based on standard evaluation system for rice. The estimation of biochemical constituents in rice stem (60 days old plants) of different categories was done to establish a relationship between various biochemical components with resistance/ susceptibility. Studies revealed that higher amounts of total sugars, reducing sugars and crude proteins were found in susceptible lines compared to resistant land races and were positively correlated with stem borer infestation. Total free amino acids, total phenols and tannins were found to be higher in resistant than susceptible varieties and were negatively correlated. The mineral content in the stem viz., nitrogen was positively correlated whereas phosphorous and potassium were found in higher quantities in resistant categories (2.19 – 2.37%) than susceptible ones and were found to be negatively correlated with infestation of yellow stem borer (-0.95).
{"title":"Biochemical factors associated with vegetative phase resistance against yellow stem borer, Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) in land races of rice","authors":"Megha Cm, V. L, S. B, Anusha Sb","doi":"10.58297/mixg4169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58297/mixg4169","url":null,"abstract":"A total of 50 local land races were screened against infestation of yellow stem borer, Scirpophaga incertulas (Crambidae: Lepidoptera) at vegetative phase under natural infestation (0 to 65%) during kharif 2019. Among them 18 land races were selected from each category of resistance based on standard evaluation system for rice. The estimation of biochemical constituents in rice stem (60 days old plants) of different categories was done to establish a relationship between various biochemical components with resistance/ susceptibility. Studies revealed that higher amounts of total sugars, reducing sugars and crude proteins were found in susceptible lines compared to resistant land races and were positively correlated with stem borer infestation. Total free amino acids, total phenols and tannins were found to be higher in resistant than susceptible varieties and were negatively correlated. The mineral content in the stem viz., nitrogen was positively correlated whereas phosphorous and potassium were found in higher quantities in resistant categories (2.19 – 2.37%) than susceptible ones and were found to be negatively correlated with infestation of yellow stem borer (-0.95).","PeriodicalId":17022,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rice Research and Developments","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84389044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ladhalakshmi D, Yugander A, Laha Gs, V. A, B. K, Divya Balakrishnan, P. ., B. M, Aparna Md, Prasad Ms
Rice false smut disease is gaining importance because of its impact on the grain yield and its toxin production ability. Fifty-eight isolates of Ustilaginoidea virens were collected from different rice-growing regions of India. DNA of U. virens was isolated by the CTAB method and fifty ISSR primers were screened for molecular variability studies. Twelve primers viz., UBC series 807, 808, 809, 810, 811, 812, 834, 835, 836, 840, 841, and 842 were selected to study the genetic variability. Different parameters of tested primers viz., heterozygosity (Hn), polymorphism information content (PIC), effective multiplex ratio (EMR), marker Index (MI), and resolving power (RP) were calculated. Primers UBC 812 and UBC 809 recorded maximum heterozygosity (Hn). The PIC values ranged from 0.10 to 0.27 and UBC 807 recorded the maximum value of 0.27. The EMR value varied from 6.75 to 24.0, Similarly, UBC 807 recorded the highest value of MI (24) and RP (8.55). A dendrogram was generated using the DARwin software (version 6.0.21A) based on the unweighted neighbor-joining cluster method. All the fifty-eight U. virens isolates were grouped into three major clusters. Clusters I and II had 21 and 35 U. virens isolates respectively. Cluster III had only two isolates. The isolates showed genetic variations and there was no specific grouping based on the geographical distance.
{"title":"Assessing the molecular variability in Ustilaginoidea virens, the rice false smut pathogen with ISSR markers","authors":"Ladhalakshmi D, Yugander A, Laha Gs, V. A, B. K, Divya Balakrishnan, P. ., B. M, Aparna Md, Prasad Ms","doi":"10.58297/vfnt1970","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58297/vfnt1970","url":null,"abstract":"Rice false smut disease is gaining importance because of its impact on the grain yield and its toxin production ability. Fifty-eight isolates of Ustilaginoidea virens were collected from different rice-growing regions of India. DNA of U. virens was isolated by the CTAB method and fifty ISSR primers were screened for molecular variability studies. Twelve primers viz., UBC series 807, 808, 809, 810, 811, 812, 834, 835, 836, 840, 841, and 842 were selected to study the genetic variability. Different parameters of tested primers viz., heterozygosity (Hn), polymorphism information content (PIC), effective multiplex ratio (EMR), marker Index (MI), and resolving power (RP) were calculated. Primers UBC 812 and UBC 809 recorded maximum heterozygosity (Hn). The PIC values ranged from 0.10 to 0.27 and UBC 807 recorded the maximum value of 0.27. The EMR value varied from 6.75 to 24.0, Similarly, UBC 807 recorded the highest value of MI (24) and RP (8.55). A dendrogram was generated using the DARwin software (version 6.0.21A) based on the unweighted neighbor-joining cluster method. All the fifty-eight U. virens isolates were grouped into three major clusters. Clusters I and II had 21 and 35 U. virens isolates respectively. Cluster III had only two isolates. The isolates showed genetic variations and there was no specific grouping based on the geographical distance.","PeriodicalId":17022,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rice Research and Developments","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78827518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hypersensitive reaction (HR) and induced resistance were noticed in resistant rice genotypes infested by gall midge. Detailed observations on Phalguna (Gm2 gene), Abhaya (Gm4 gene), ARC 5984 (Gm5 gene) infested with gall midge biotype 1 revealed that the infestation triggered HR in the plant, leading to extensive tissue necrosis at the apical meristem and browning of central leaf. This was followed by maggot mortality and premature tillering. In susceptible genotypes this phenomenon was not evident. HR leading to necrosis is fatal to host plant but premature tillering was observed. Further, the secondary tillers were infested subsequently with the gall midge biotype 1 eggs at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after primary infestation, and maggots failed to establish and cause silver shoot. However, HR was observed 6 days after secondary tiller infestation, when the primary tillers were infested 28 days after. But cent per cent maggot mortality was observed, regardless of the time interval between infesting primary and secondary tillers in all the HR + plants. Thus, the HR is not confined to the tillers of primary infestation but it also triggers systemic acquired resistance in other tillers in Phalguna, Abhaya and ARC 5984, whereas, in W1263 (Gm1 gene), HR+ was not evident but antibiotic effects were observed along with maggot mortality.
{"title":"Hypersensitive response and induced resistance in rice gene differentials against biotype 1 of Asian rice gall midge, Orseolia oryzae at Mandya, Karnataka","authors":"V. L, Patil Su, S. B, Kitturmath Ms","doi":"10.58297/mjyg3539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58297/mjyg3539","url":null,"abstract":"Hypersensitive reaction (HR) and induced resistance were noticed in resistant rice genotypes infested by gall midge. Detailed observations on Phalguna (Gm2 gene), Abhaya (Gm4 gene), ARC 5984 (Gm5 gene) infested with gall midge biotype 1 revealed that the infestation triggered HR in the plant, leading to extensive tissue necrosis at the apical meristem and browning of central leaf. This was followed by maggot mortality and premature tillering. In susceptible genotypes this phenomenon was not evident. HR leading to necrosis is fatal to host plant but premature tillering was observed. Further, the secondary tillers were infested subsequently with the gall midge biotype 1 eggs at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after primary infestation, and maggots failed to establish and cause silver shoot. However, HR was observed 6 days after secondary tiller infestation, when the primary tillers were infested 28 days after. But cent per cent maggot mortality was observed, regardless of the time interval between infesting primary and secondary tillers in all the HR + plants. Thus, the HR is not confined to the tillers of primary infestation but it also triggers systemic acquired resistance in other tillers in Phalguna, Abhaya and ARC 5984, whereas, in W1263 (Gm1 gene), HR+ was not evident but antibiotic effects were observed along with maggot mortality.","PeriodicalId":17022,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rice Research and Developments","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77781237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An experiment consisting of twelve genotypes (four lines and eight testers) along with their thirty-two crosseswas conducted in Line x Tester design to study the heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis for grain yieldper plant and its component traits in rice at Main Rice Research Centre, Navsari. The result indicated that significant heterosis in a desirable direction was observed in all the characters except days to 50% flowering where none of the crosses showed significant heterobeltiosis in a negative direction for this trait. The best heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis for grain yield per plant was exhibited by the cross NVSR-453 x NVSR-475 followed by Gurjari x NAUR-1 and NVSR-453 x NVSR-409
采用x系试验设计，利用12个基因型(4个系、8个测试体)及其32个杂交组合，研究了水稻产量植株的杂种优势和标准杂种优势及其组成性状。结果表明，除开花至50%时，所有性状均表现出显著的负向杂种优势外，其余性状均表现出显著的负向杂种优势。单株产量的最佳杂种优势和标准杂种优势表现为NVSR-453 × NVSR-475，其次是Gurjari × nur -1和NVSR-453 × NVSR-409
{"title":"Line x tester analysis for deducing heterosis in rice (Oryza sativa L.)","authors":"Modunshim Maring K, M. –, Patel Pb","doi":"10.58297/srnz2394","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58297/srnz2394","url":null,"abstract":"An experiment consisting of twelve genotypes (four lines and eight testers) along with their thirty-two crosseswas conducted in Line x Tester design to study the heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis for grain yieldper plant and its component traits in rice at Main Rice Research Centre, Navsari. The result indicated that significant heterosis in a desirable direction was observed in all the characters except days to 50% flowering where none of the crosses showed significant heterobeltiosis in a negative direction for this trait. The best heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis for grain yield per plant was exhibited by the cross NVSR-453 x NVSR-475 followed by Gurjari x NAUR-1 and NVSR-453 x NVSR-409","PeriodicalId":17022,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rice Research and Developments","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87022496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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