After some 40 years since when Fr. Henri de Laulanié synthesized the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) methodology, and after more than two decades of experts and practitioners working intensively to disseminate SRI around the world, the time is ripe for a general reflection on what has been done, and especially on how to move forward with the upscaling of SRI methods. This short paper builds on the work carried out by SRI-2030 which, despite being a very young initiative, thanks to the support of the experienced SRI-Rice group from Cornell University, has connected with SRI experts from multiple countries and with various stakeholders of the rice sector. As the international community recognizes the importance of more sustainable and eco-friendly rice production in terms of food security, less water consumption, and adaptation to and mitigation of climate change, concerted actions should be taken to boost the uptake of SRI, an agroecological practice that tackles all these issues and also improves farmers’ livelihoods. However, the diversity within the rice sector and the various context-related barriers to its optimization require diversified strategies. The challenges facing us are global, and a coordinated, collaborative approach is needed. SRI-2030 was established to be a facilitator for the support of synergies among stakeholders in the rice sector with the aim of boosting the upscaling of SRI methods up to 50 million hectares by 2030, to slow the pace of global warming and improve people’s well-being.
自从亨利·德·劳拉尼埃尔(Henri de laulani)神父合成水稻集约化体系(SRI)方法论以来，已经过去了大约40年，经过20多年来专家和实践者在世界范围内的密集工作，现在是时候对所做的事情进行总体反思，特别是如何推进SRI方法的升级。这篇简短的论文建立在SRI-2030所开展的工作的基础上，尽管这是一个非常年轻的倡议，但由于康奈尔大学经验丰富的SRI- rice小组的支持，SRI-2030已经与来自多个国家的SRI专家和水稻部门的各种利益相关者建立了联系。随着国际社会认识到更可持续、更环保的水稻生产在粮食安全、减少水资源消耗以及适应和减缓气候变化方面的重要性，应采取协调一致的行动，促进SRI的采用，这是一种农业生态实践，可以解决所有这些问题，并改善农民的生计。然而，稻米部门内部的多样性及其优化的各种环境相关障碍需要多样化的战略。我们面临的挑战是全球性的，需要采取协调合作的办法。SRI-2030的设立是为了促进支持稻米行业利益相关者之间的协同效应，目标是到2030年将SRI方法的规模扩大到5000万公顷，以减缓全球变暖的步伐，改善人民的福祉。
{"title":"A Foreseeable and Desirable Future for the System of Rice Intensification","authors":"Francesco Carnevale Zampaolo","doi":"10.58297/fvsw1750","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58297/fvsw1750","url":null,"abstract":"After some 40 years since when Fr. Henri de Laulanié synthesized the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) methodology, and after more than two decades of experts and practitioners working intensively to disseminate SRI around the world, the time is ripe for a general reflection on what has been done, and especially on how to move forward with the upscaling of SRI methods. This short paper builds on the work carried out by SRI-2030 which, despite being a very young initiative, thanks to the support of the experienced SRI-Rice group from Cornell University, has connected with SRI experts from multiple countries and with various stakeholders of the rice sector. As the international community recognizes the importance of more sustainable and eco-friendly rice production in terms of food security, less water consumption, and adaptation to and mitigation of climate change, concerted actions should be taken to boost the uptake of SRI, an agroecological practice that tackles all these issues and also improves farmers’ livelihoods. However, the diversity within the rice sector and the various context-related barriers to its optimization require diversified strategies. The challenges facing us are global, and a coordinated, collaborative approach is needed. SRI-2030 was established to be a facilitator for the support of synergies among stakeholders in the rice sector with the aim of boosting the upscaling of SRI methods up to 50 million hectares by 2030, to slow the pace of global warming and improve people’s well-being.","PeriodicalId":17022,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rice Research and Developments","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89259704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bioash (mineral residue left after oxidation of different biomass) is physicochemical complex, ultra-alkaline, and potentially hazardous waste, with a huge potential to become value-added products for; i) chemical amelioration of acid and nutrient-deficient soils in agro-/forest-ecosystems, ii) wastewater purification and iii) civil and bio-tech engineering. It was confirmed that finely-powdered bioash structure is the main operational management obstacles for its use in land amelioration; hence, specifically designed forms (e.g. pellets, microspheres, emulsions, granules) are needed to temporarily stabilized the bioash reactive form(s), making them more applicative. In addition, application and relatively low bioash rates (e.g. several tons per ha) can induce significant perturbations in targeted (cultivated crops/forests, removal of pathogens) and adjunct (bacteria, fungi) biota. Overall, bacteria responded more pronouncedly to ash amendment than fungi. However, amendment effects vary depending on the properties of both the ash and the target soil, so these aspects need to be considered closely.
{"title":"Amelioration Potential of Biomass-Derived Ashes in Agroecosystems","authors":"G. Ondrašek","doi":"10.58297/qjpg9372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58297/qjpg9372","url":null,"abstract":"Bioash (mineral residue left after oxidation of different biomass) is physicochemical complex, ultra-alkaline, and potentially hazardous waste, with a huge potential to become value-added products for; i) chemical amelioration of acid and nutrient-deficient soils in agro-/forest-ecosystems, ii) wastewater purification and iii) civil and bio-tech engineering. It was confirmed that finely-powdered bioash structure is the main operational management obstacles for its use in land amelioration; hence, specifically designed forms (e.g. pellets, microspheres, emulsions, granules) are needed to temporarily stabilized the bioash reactive form(s), making them more applicative. In addition, application and relatively low bioash rates (e.g. several tons per ha) can induce significant perturbations in targeted (cultivated crops/forests, removal of pathogens) and adjunct (bacteria, fungi) biota. Overall, bacteria responded more pronouncedly to ash amendment than fungi. However, amendment effects vary depending on the properties of both the ash and the target soil, so these aspects need to be considered closely.","PeriodicalId":17022,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rice Research and Developments","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72909472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The conventional rice cultivation method is observed to be ineffective in increasing rice production in Indonesia, compounded further by the frequent occurrence of various diseases, pest infestations, and weather uncertainties. The long-term practice of using high agrochemical inputs has adversely affected natural resources such as water, soil, and air. Thus, farming transformation is much needed in order to address the nation’s food security. This transformation can be done via the adoption of agroecological practices which rely on biological processes rather than on agrochemicals to maintain soil fertility and protect plant health. The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) is an agroecological method of rice cultivation that relies primarily on creating conditions for healthy plant growth by minimizing inter-plant competition through individual planting and wide spacing, at the same time improving soil structure and functioning by applying organic amendments, facilitating soil-surface aeration during weeding, and managing water to avoid both continuous flooding and water-stressed conditions. This combination of management practices results in better rice growth and yield compared with standard cultivation methods. For this purpose, the impacts of the SRI method on the economic, environmental, and social perspectives were studied. We conclude that the high productivity obtained by the SRI farmers and field trials has proven the suitability of the SRI method for sustainable rice farming in Indonesia. SRI improves the productivity of land, water and increases rice yield by three times higher than the conventional method. SRI is now regarded as a good option to be practiced by farmers in order to bring about a new kind of green revolution that relies upon ecosystem services to increase yield.
{"title":"System of Rice Intensification in Indonesia: Research, Adoption and Opportunities","authors":"Febri Doni, M. Miranti, N. Nazir","doi":"10.58297/hzne3472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58297/hzne3472","url":null,"abstract":"The conventional rice cultivation method is observed to be ineffective in increasing rice production in Indonesia, compounded further by the frequent occurrence of various diseases, pest infestations, and weather uncertainties. The long-term practice of using high agrochemical inputs has adversely affected natural resources such as water, soil, and air. Thus, farming transformation is much needed in order to address the nation’s food security. This transformation can be done via the adoption of agroecological practices which rely on biological processes rather than on agrochemicals to maintain soil fertility and protect plant health. The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) is an agroecological method of rice cultivation that relies primarily on creating conditions for healthy plant growth by minimizing inter-plant competition through individual planting and wide spacing, at the same time improving soil structure and functioning by applying organic amendments, facilitating soil-surface aeration during weeding, and managing water to avoid both continuous flooding and water-stressed conditions. This combination of management practices results in better rice growth and yield compared with standard cultivation methods. For this purpose, the impacts of the SRI method on the economic, environmental, and social perspectives were studied. We conclude that the high productivity obtained by the SRI farmers and field trials has proven the suitability of the SRI method for sustainable rice farming in Indonesia. SRI improves the productivity of land, water and increases rice yield by three times higher than the conventional method. SRI is now regarded as a good option to be practiced by farmers in order to bring about a new kind of green revolution that relies upon ecosystem services to increase yield.","PeriodicalId":17022,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rice Research and Developments","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77126572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The domestication of animals and plant cultivation through the adoption of systematic farming practices, as well as the green revolution brought on by the invention of chemical fertilizers and the introduction of hybrid varieties a few decades ago, are just a few of the revolutions that have occurred in agriculture. Now it is the phase of agriculture revolution 4.0 triggered by the exponentially increased use of ICT in agriculture. The smart farming with the help of ICT technologies could bring out possible solution to the challenges faced in agriculture sector that includes lack of resources, climate change etc. The objective of the present investigation was to compare the yield and nutrient requirement (NPK) for cultivating sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) under smart farming and farmer’s practice as a field trial in a farmer’s plot at Nedumangad block of Thiruvananthapuram district. Under smart farming practice, the agro advisory for cultivating the crop was given through SMS to the farmers in every ten days’ interval. The advisory was generated based on the field’s real-time weather parameters, crop stage, and initial soil analysis. Results revealed that smart farming plots recorded higher yields with lower nutrient application. This technology can be replicated in any crop including rice.
{"title":"Smart Farming for Smart Future of Agriculture","authors":"S. Vs, Anandhu Raj, YP II, -, Field assistant -","doi":"10.58297/cvwi8125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58297/cvwi8125","url":null,"abstract":"The domestication of animals and plant cultivation through the adoption of systematic farming practices, as well as the green revolution brought on by the invention of chemical fertilizers and the introduction of hybrid varieties a few decades ago, are just a few of the revolutions that have occurred in agriculture. Now it is the phase of agriculture revolution 4.0 triggered by the exponentially increased use of ICT in agriculture. The smart farming with the help of ICT technologies could bring out possible solution to the challenges faced in agriculture sector that includes lack of resources, climate change etc. The objective of the present investigation was to compare the yield and nutrient requirement (NPK) for cultivating sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) under smart farming and farmer’s practice as a field trial in a farmer’s plot at Nedumangad block of Thiruvananthapuram district. Under smart farming practice, the agro advisory for cultivating the crop was given through SMS to the farmers in every ten days’ interval. The advisory was generated based on the field’s real-time weather parameters, crop stage, and initial soil analysis. Results revealed that smart farming plots recorded higher yields with lower nutrient application. This technology can be replicated in any crop including rice.","PeriodicalId":17022,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rice Research and Developments","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85764175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Climate change is one of the most extreme challenges Indian agriculture is facing today and will have to deal with in future. There have been overwhelming and growing scientific evidences to establish that the world is getting warmer due to climate change and such increasing weather variability and worsening extremes will impact the agriculture sector more and more adversely. The sheer scale of involvement of the poor in agriculture calls for an effort to meet the challenge of climate change head-on through resilience building measures that work through a system of adaptive and mitigation strategies. Considering that new approaches are needed, development and deployment of new technologies, advocacy and capacity building have an extremely important role to play not only to build farmer’s capability but to help in changing the mind-set as well. Both short term and long terms outputs are expected from the project in terms of new and improved varieties of crops, management practices that help in adaptation and mitigation and inputs for policy making to mainstream climate resilient agriculture in the developmental planning. The overall expected outcome is enhanced resilience of agricultural production to climate variability in vulnerable regions.
{"title":"Policy Planning for Scaling Up of System of Crop Intensification by Adaptation of Climate Resilient Practices Towards Food Security and Improving Agricultural Production","authors":"Sohane Rk","doi":"10.58297/mjkt5125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58297/mjkt5125","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change is one of the most extreme challenges Indian agriculture is facing today and will have to deal with in future. There have been overwhelming and growing scientific evidences to establish that the world is getting warmer due to climate change and such increasing weather variability and worsening extremes will impact the agriculture sector more and more adversely. The sheer scale of involvement of the poor in agriculture calls for an effort to meet the challenge of climate change head-on through resilience building measures that work through a system of adaptive and mitigation strategies. Considering that new approaches are needed, development and deployment of new technologies, advocacy and capacity building have an extremely important role to play not only to build farmer’s capability but to help in changing the mind-set as well. Both short term and long terms outputs are expected from the project in terms of new and improved varieties of crops, management practices that help in adaptation and mitigation and inputs for policy making to mainstream climate resilient agriculture in the developmental planning. The overall expected outcome is enhanced resilience of agricultural production to climate variability in vulnerable regions.","PeriodicalId":17022,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rice Research and Developments","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81910249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Naik, Annamalai Sjk, R. N, Senthilkumar T, V. N, V. R, M. P, G. P, B. Ram, D. Cp
Sustainable Sugarcane Initiative (SSI) is a method of sugarcane production which uses less seeds, less water and optimum utilization of fertilizers and land to achieve more yields. Sugarcane bud chip planting/ Sugarcane Single bud planting is the latest technique of sugarcane planting, wherein the bud along with a portion of the nodal region is chipped off and planted in portray with Farm Yard Manure (FYM), soil and sand. This technology is going to be in great demand for successful SSI method of sugarcane cultivation. Package of equipment for Bid chip/ single bud planting of sugarcane was developed by ICAR Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering- Regional Centre, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India in collaboration with ICAR Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. The package of equipment consists of equipment for removal or scooping of bud chip from sugarcane, equipment for single bud cutting, equipment for portray filling for sugarcane bud chips, Protocol for Storage and transportation of sugarcane bud chips, mechanization package for effective fungicidal treatment for sugarcane bud chips, mechanized Planting of sugarcane bud chip settlings grown in portrays and Elevated Hybridization Runways (EHR) Facility. The equipment can be adopted in total or selected equipment/protocol can be used based on the mechanization requirement for Sustainable Sugarcane Initiative (SSI). On an average, there is a savings of about Rs 15000 per ha if the developed mechanization package is used. Apart from this, there will be savings of about 90 percent of the cane material, which can be used for sugar/jaggery industry. Cost economic analysis revealed significant saving in cost and labour over traditional planting of Sustainable Sugarcane Initiative (SSI). The biometric parameters viz., diameter of the cane, cane height, single cane weight, juice content and yield of sugarcane settlings raised using Mechanization package were on par with the manually planted sugarcane settlings. Similarly, the juice quality of sugarcane from planted settling in terms of brix, CCS, sucrose and purity using mechanization package was on par with sugarcane from manual method at the time of harvest.
{"title":"ICAR CIAE-SBI Mechanization Package for Sustainable Sugarcane Initiative (SSI) through Bud Chip/ Single Bud Propagation","authors":"R. Naik, Annamalai Sjk, R. N, Senthilkumar T, V. N, V. R, M. P, G. P, B. Ram, D. Cp","doi":"10.58297/wufd7131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58297/wufd7131","url":null,"abstract":"Sustainable Sugarcane Initiative (SSI) is a method of sugarcane production which uses less seeds, less water and optimum utilization of fertilizers and land to achieve more yields. Sugarcane bud chip planting/ Sugarcane Single bud planting is the latest technique of sugarcane planting, wherein the bud along with a portion of the nodal region is chipped off and planted in portray with Farm Yard Manure (FYM), soil and sand. This technology is going to be in great demand for successful SSI method of sugarcane cultivation. Package of equipment for Bid chip/ single bud planting of sugarcane was developed by ICAR Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering- Regional Centre, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India in collaboration with ICAR Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. The package of equipment consists of equipment for removal or scooping of bud chip from sugarcane, equipment for single bud cutting, equipment for portray filling for sugarcane bud chips, Protocol for Storage and transportation of sugarcane bud chips, mechanization package for effective fungicidal treatment for sugarcane bud chips, mechanized Planting of sugarcane bud chip settlings grown in portrays and Elevated Hybridization Runways (EHR) Facility. The equipment can be adopted in total or selected equipment/protocol can be used based on the mechanization requirement for Sustainable Sugarcane Initiative (SSI). On an average, there is a savings of about Rs 15000 per ha if the developed mechanization package is used. Apart from this, there will be savings of about 90 percent of the cane material, which can be used for sugar/jaggery industry. Cost economic analysis revealed significant saving in cost and labour over traditional planting of Sustainable Sugarcane Initiative (SSI). The biometric parameters viz., diameter of the cane, cane height, single cane weight, juice content and yield of sugarcane settlings raised using Mechanization package were on par with the manually planted sugarcane settlings. Similarly, the juice quality of sugarcane from planted settling in terms of brix, CCS, sucrose and purity using mechanization package was on par with sugarcane from manual method at the time of harvest.","PeriodicalId":17022,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rice Research and Developments","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89024282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
System of rice Intensification (SRI) has the great potential to be promoted in large scale. However, with the policies and suitable recommendation, it did not spread to large scale in India. Suitable measures are required further upscaling the SRI in all the states of the country. The paper gives brief account of the initiation of SRI work (demonstrations and research), basic principles of SRI, advantages and initial experiences of the SRI adoption especially in Andhra Pradesh. The lack of skill development specially to adopt SRI principles hindered the large scale adoption even though NGO’s and other organisations involved in promotion of SRI. There is need to relook the SRI promotion across the country with proper skill development and suitable programme and integrating with ongoing programmes and mainstreaming the SRI in National Agriculture
{"title":"Current Status of the System of Rice Intensification in India and Constraints to Overcome for Large-Scale Adoptio","authors":"Alapati Satyanarayana -, Sai Mohan Bollineni","doi":"10.58297/jkri8299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58297/jkri8299","url":null,"abstract":"System of rice Intensification (SRI) has the great potential to be promoted in large scale. However, with the policies and suitable recommendation, it did not spread to large scale in India. Suitable measures are required further upscaling the SRI in all the states of the country. The paper gives brief account of the initiation of SRI work (demonstrations and research), basic principles of SRI, advantages and initial experiences of the SRI adoption especially in Andhra Pradesh. The lack of skill development specially to adopt SRI principles hindered the large scale adoption even though NGO’s and other organisations involved in promotion of SRI. There is need to relook the SRI promotion across the country with proper skill development and suitable programme and integrating with ongoing programmes and mainstreaming the SRI in National Agriculture","PeriodicalId":17022,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rice Research and Developments","volume":"26 5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89847201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Rice cum Fish Culture (Rizi – Pisciculture) Based Farming Systems – A Way Forward for Organic Rice Production to Enhance Soil and Crop Productivity, Profitability, and Nutritional Security of the Marginal Farmers","authors":"Subrahmaniyan K","doi":"10.58297/dwqw7543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58297/dwqw7543","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17022,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rice Research and Developments","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80212518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) and the System of Crop Intensification (SCI), which has developed from SRI experience, should not be understood as technologies like those of the Green Revolution. Thinking of them as methodologies is more appropriate, in part, because they keep evolving rather than being something fixed and given. This paper reviews and organizes the many versions of rice and other crop management that have emerged from SRI, using the computer software convention of numbering successive versions with a series of ascending numbers, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, etc. SRI 1.0 is the original set of practices developed and recommended by Fr. Henri de Laulanié in Madagascar some 40 years ago. As SRI has spread to over 60 countries, they have proved to be generally quite effective. Happily, as the experience was gained with these practices, their underlying principles were discerned and systematized, as discussed in the paper. SRI 2.0 is a set of adaptations of the original practices to be effective under different constraints or opportunities. The principles remain the same – rainfed SRI, direct-seeded SRI, mechanized SRI, etc. SRI 3.0 is the extension and adaptation of SRI ideas and principles to other crops – wheat, ragi, sugarcane, mustard, etc. – in other words, the System of Crop Intensification. SRI 4.0 is the integration of SRI ideas and practices into farming systems, going beyond mono-cropped rice production. SRI 5.0 is the use of SRI for purposes beyond agricultural production like reducing emissions of greenhouse gases, climate-proofing crops against the hazards of climate change, improving women’s conditions of work, increasing the nutritional quality of grains and other foods, and other ‘externalities’. SRI 6.0 is the research that scrutinizes SRI practices and results to advance scientific understanding that will benefit crop science, soil science, microbiology and other disciplines. These versions are not sequential as all are currently operative, and none displaces the others. SRI has shown the prime importance of two factors: plant roots’ growth and functioning; and the soil’s life – the myriad organisms from microbes to earthworms that improve soil and crop performance. SRI seeks to elicit the genetic potentials that already exist in crop plants and in soil systems. By getting the fuller expression of this potential, SRI and SCI evoke better, more robust phenotypes from a given variety (genotype). Particularly as Indian and other farmers must cope with the adverse stresses of climate change, it will become important to grow crops with better, bigger root systems in soil systems that have greater abundance, activity, and diversity of beneficial soil organisms. This suggests that SRI and SCI alternatives will better suit the farmers’ and the country’s needs over time than past and present agricultural technologies.
水稻集约化系统(SRI)和作物集约化系统(SCI)是在水稻集约化系统经验的基础上发展起来的，不应该被理解为绿色革命的技术。在某种程度上，将它们视为方法学更为合适，因为它们是不断发展的，而不是固定和给定的东西。本文使用计算机软件惯例，用一系列升序数字对连续的版本进行编号，如1.0、2.0、3.0等，回顾和组织了从水稻和其他作物管理中产生的许多版本。SRI 1.0是大约40年前由马达加斯加的Henri de laulani神父开发和推荐的一套最初的实践。由于SRI已经扩展到60多个国家，它们已被证明是相当有效的。令人高兴的是，随着从这些实践中获得经验，它们的基本原则被识别和系统化了，正如本文所讨论的那样。SRI 2.0是对原始实践的一组调整，以便在不同的约束条件或机会下有效。原则保持不变——降雨式SRI、直接播种式SRI、机械化SRI等。SRI 3.0是SRI理念和原则在其他作物上的延伸和适应，如小麦、油菜、甘蔗、芥菜等，换句话说，就是作物集约化系统。SRI 4.0是将SRI理念和实践整合到农业系统中，超越单一作物水稻生产。SRI 5.0是指将SRI用于农业生产以外的目的，如减少温室气体排放、种植抵御气候变化危害的耐气候作物、改善妇女的工作条件、提高谷物和其他食品的营养质量，以及其他“外部性”。SRI 6.0是仔细审查SRI实践和结果的研究，以促进科学理解，这将有利于作物科学，土壤科学，微生物学和其他学科。这些版本不是顺序的，因为所有版本当前都是可操作的，并且没有一个取代其他版本。SRI显示了两个因素的首要重要性:植物根系的生长和功能;还有土壤的生命——从微生物到蚯蚓的无数生物，它们改善了土壤和作物的性能。SRI寻求激发已经存在于作物植物和土壤系统中的遗传潜力。通过更充分地表达这种潜力，SRI和SCI从给定的品种(基因型)中唤起更好、更健壮的表型。特别是当印度和其他国家的农民必须应对气候变化带来的不利压力时，在有益土壤生物更丰富、更活跃、更多样化的土壤系统中种植根系更好、更大的作物将变得非常重要。这表明，随着时间的推移，SRI和SCI替代方案将比过去和现在的农业技术更适合农民和国家的需求。
{"title":"SRI 1.0 and Beyond: Understanding the System of Crop Intensification as SRI 3.0","authors":"N. Uphoff","doi":"10.58297/cczy9467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58297/cczy9467","url":null,"abstract":"The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) and the System of Crop Intensification (SCI), which has developed from SRI experience, should not be understood as technologies like those of the Green Revolution. Thinking of them as methodologies is more appropriate, in part, because they keep evolving rather than being something fixed and given. This paper reviews and organizes the many versions of rice and other crop management that have emerged from SRI, using the computer software convention of numbering successive versions with a series of ascending numbers, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, etc. SRI 1.0 is the original set of practices developed and recommended by Fr. Henri de Laulanié in Madagascar some 40 years ago. As SRI has spread to over 60 countries, they have proved to be generally quite effective. Happily, as the experience was gained with these practices, their underlying principles were discerned and systematized, as discussed in the paper. SRI 2.0 is a set of adaptations of the original practices to be effective under different constraints or opportunities. The principles remain the same – rainfed SRI, direct-seeded SRI, mechanized SRI, etc. SRI 3.0 is the extension and adaptation of SRI ideas and principles to other crops – wheat, ragi, sugarcane, mustard, etc. – in other words, the System of Crop Intensification. SRI 4.0 is the integration of SRI ideas and practices into farming systems, going beyond mono-cropped rice production. SRI 5.0 is the use of SRI for purposes beyond agricultural production like reducing emissions of greenhouse gases, climate-proofing crops against the hazards of climate change, improving women’s conditions of work, increasing the nutritional quality of grains and other foods, and other ‘externalities’. SRI 6.0 is the research that scrutinizes SRI practices and results to advance scientific understanding that will benefit crop science, soil science, microbiology and other disciplines. These versions are not sequential as all are currently operative, and none displaces the others. SRI has shown the prime importance of two factors: plant roots’ growth and functioning; and the soil’s life – the myriad organisms from microbes to earthworms that improve soil and crop performance. SRI seeks to elicit the genetic potentials that already exist in crop plants and in soil systems. By getting the fuller expression of this potential, SRI and SCI evoke better, more robust phenotypes from a given variety (genotype). Particularly as Indian and other farmers must cope with the adverse stresses of climate change, it will become important to grow crops with better, bigger root systems in soil systems that have greater abundance, activity, and diversity of beneficial soil organisms. This suggests that SRI and SCI alternatives will better suit the farmers’ and the country’s needs over time than past and present agricultural technologies.","PeriodicalId":17022,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rice Research and Developments","volume":"79 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73665305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Policy Needs for Sustainable Crop Management for Achieving Net Zero Emissions","authors":"V. B","doi":"10.58297/wgse9487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58297/wgse9487","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17022,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rice Research and Developments","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85093217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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