I. Machado, M. Mil-Homens, Ana Paula Silva, Pete Thomas, Levi Johnson, Lori Feldmann, L. Glowzenski, Daniel Boykin, Tyler Bauman, Alyona Michael, Marcelo Almeida, Daniel Linhares, Gustavo Silva, D. Holtkamp
From November 2021 to January 2022, 20 growing-pig sites in central Iowa reported severe clinical respiratory disease and weekly mortality of up to 50%. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 15 was identified as the causative agent of the clinical disease. Given that A pleuropneumoniae serotype 15 has been infrequently diagnosed in the United States, an outbreak investigation was conducted to explore biosecurity hazards and epidemiological aspects associated with the surge of cases. The investigations revealed that all farms had significant gaps in biosecurity and relied heavily on third-party service providers, which may have contributed to the pathogen spread.
{"title":"Outbreak investigations of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 15 in central Iowa in the winter of 2021-2022","authors":"I. Machado, M. Mil-Homens, Ana Paula Silva, Pete Thomas, Levi Johnson, Lori Feldmann, L. Glowzenski, Daniel Boykin, Tyler Bauman, Alyona Michael, Marcelo Almeida, Daniel Linhares, Gustavo Silva, D. Holtkamp","doi":"10.54846/jshap/1362","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54846/jshap/1362","url":null,"abstract":"From November 2021 to January 2022, 20 growing-pig sites in central Iowa reported severe clinical respiratory disease and weekly mortality of up to 50%. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 15 was identified as the causative agent of the clinical disease. Given that A pleuropneumoniae serotype 15 has been infrequently diagnosed in the United States, an outbreak investigation was conducted to explore biosecurity hazards and epidemiological aspects associated with the surge of cases. The investigations revealed that all farms had significant gaps in biosecurity and relied heavily on third-party service providers, which may have contributed to the pathogen spread.","PeriodicalId":17095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Swine Health and Production","volume":"7 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139458339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Scott Radke, Anna Forseth, Marlin Hoogland, Whitney Lincoln, Kent Schwartz, Drew Magstadt, Rachel Derscheid, Steve Ensley, L. Karriker
This case report describes a clinical case of nutritional zinc deficiency in growing swine caused by a feed mixing error. Mortality reached 19.3% during the investigation, with up to 80% of the population displaying clinical signs of varying degrees.
{"title":"Zinc responsive parakeratosis in growing pigs","authors":"Scott Radke, Anna Forseth, Marlin Hoogland, Whitney Lincoln, Kent Schwartz, Drew Magstadt, Rachel Derscheid, Steve Ensley, L. Karriker","doi":"10.54846/jshap/1361","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54846/jshap/1361","url":null,"abstract":"This case report describes a clinical case of nutritional zinc deficiency in growing swine caused by a feed mixing error. Mortality reached 19.3% during the investigation, with up to 80% of the population displaying clinical signs of varying degrees.","PeriodicalId":17095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Swine Health and Production","volume":"41 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139394922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Christopher Rademacher, Scott Radke, Laura Greiner
If a pig is exposed to prolonged periods without water or excessive salt intake, the sodium content of the brain increases. The most severe problems occur when a pig is rehydrated with unfettered water access. The high concentration of sodium in the brain draws water in and the brain swells inside the rigid calvarium causing neurologic clinical signs and ultimately, death. Rehydration must occur as a slow process over a period of many hours to prevent brain swelling. Water introduction must occur over a period of hours with slow water introduction to allow for the sodium ion exchange.
{"title":"Management of sodium ion toxicosis – water deprivation syndrome","authors":"Christopher Rademacher, Scott Radke, Laura Greiner","doi":"10.54846/jshap/1353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54846/jshap/1353","url":null,"abstract":"If a pig is exposed to prolonged periods without water or excessive salt intake, the sodium content of the brain increases. The most severe problems occur when a pig is rehydrated with unfettered water access. The high concentration of sodium in the brain draws water in and the brain swells inside the rigid calvarium causing neurologic clinical signs and ultimately, death. Rehydration must occur as a slow process over a period of many hours to prevent brain swelling. Water introduction must occur over a period of hours with slow water introduction to allow for the sodium ion exchange.","PeriodicalId":17095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Swine Health and Production","volume":"10 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135371871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Roberto Navarro-Lopez, Juan Perez-de la Rosa, Marisol Rocha-Martinez, Gabino Galvan Hernandez, Marcela Villarreal-Silva, Mario Solis-Hernandez, Eric Rojas-Torres, Ninnet Gomez-Romero
Senecavirus A (SVA) is a member of the Senecavirus genus within the Picornaviridae family. An SVA infection causes ulcerative lesions indistinguishable from other vesicular diseases. We describe the genetic characterization of the first SVA detected in Mexico on 2 swine farms. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated a genetically close relationship with SVA isolates from the United States detected in 2017, sharing a 98.3% to 98.4% nucleotide identity. Neverthe- less, genetic differences were found. In Mexico, SVA is considered an exotic virus. Although the introduction source could not be determined, further studies are needed to understand the molecular epidemiology of SVA detected in Mexico.
{"title":"First detection and genetic characterization of Senecavirus A in pigs from Mexico","authors":"Roberto Navarro-Lopez, Juan Perez-de la Rosa, Marisol Rocha-Martinez, Gabino Galvan Hernandez, Marcela Villarreal-Silva, Mario Solis-Hernandez, Eric Rojas-Torres, Ninnet Gomez-Romero","doi":"10.54846/jshap/1358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54846/jshap/1358","url":null,"abstract":"Senecavirus A (SVA) is a member of the Senecavirus genus within the Picornaviridae family. An SVA infection causes ulcerative lesions indistinguishable from other vesicular diseases. We describe the genetic characterization of the first SVA detected in Mexico on 2 swine farms. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated a genetically close relationship with SVA isolates from the United States detected in 2017, sharing a 98.3% to 98.4% nucleotide identity. Neverthe- less, genetic differences were found. In Mexico, SVA is considered an exotic virus. Although the introduction source could not be determined, further studies are needed to understand the molecular epidemiology of SVA detected in Mexico.","PeriodicalId":17095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Swine Health and Production","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135372008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objective: Evaluate the effectiveness and safety of firearm caliber and ammunition combinations that could be used on farm for euthanasia of market-weight pigs. Materials and methods: Heads from 64 market-age pigs (32 barrows and 32 gilts) were collected from a federally inspected slaughter facility. Heads were randomly assigned to one of 4 caliber and ammunition combinations: .22 long rifle (LR), .22 Magnum (Mag), .38 Special, and 9 mm. The fully jacketed ammunition was discharged from each of the 4 unique firearms (each with a 16-in barrel length) while ensuring a consistent muzzle to forehead distance of 12.7 cm. Results: The 9 mm bullets traveled further through the head and into the ballistic gel (P < .001) and the furthest total distance (P < .001). Bullets from the .38 Special traveled further into the ballistic gel and a further total distance than both the .22 LR and .22 Mag (P < .001). The trauma area of the brain was greater for the 9 mm and the .38 Special bullets when compared to .22 LR or .22 Mag, respectively (P < .001). There was no difference in the trauma area of the brain for the .22 LR bullets compared to .22 Mag bullets (P = .12). Implications: This proof-of-concept study generated data to define efficacy and safety considerations when using a firearm to euthanize market-weight pigs and demonstrated that the .22 LR full metal jacket bullet could provide predictable euthanasia in market-weight pigs with minimal risk of contralateral emergence.
{"title":"Evaluating the efficacy and safety of differing gun caliber and ammunition combinations for the euthanasia or depopulation of market-weight pigs","authors":"Chad Stahl, Thomas Fangman, John Fangman","doi":"10.54846/jshap/1342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54846/jshap/1342","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Evaluate the effectiveness and safety of firearm caliber and ammunition combinations that could be used on farm for euthanasia of market-weight pigs. Materials and methods: Heads from 64 market-age pigs (32 barrows and 32 gilts) were collected from a federally inspected slaughter facility. Heads were randomly assigned to one of 4 caliber and ammunition combinations: .22 long rifle (LR), .22 Magnum (Mag), .38 Special, and 9 mm. The fully jacketed ammunition was discharged from each of the 4 unique firearms (each with a 16-in barrel length) while ensuring a consistent muzzle to forehead distance of 12.7 cm. Results: The 9 mm bullets traveled further through the head and into the ballistic gel (P < .001) and the furthest total distance (P < .001). Bullets from the .38 Special traveled further into the ballistic gel and a further total distance than both the .22 LR and .22 Mag (P < .001). The trauma area of the brain was greater for the 9 mm and the .38 Special bullets when compared to .22 LR or .22 Mag, respectively (P < .001). There was no difference in the trauma area of the brain for the .22 LR bullets compared to .22 Mag bullets (P = .12). Implications: This proof-of-concept study generated data to define efficacy and safety considerations when using a firearm to euthanize market-weight pigs and demonstrated that the .22 LR full metal jacket bullet could provide predictable euthanasia in market-weight pigs with minimal risk of contralateral emergence.","PeriodicalId":17095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Swine Health and Production","volume":"16 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135372009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Madie R. Wensley, Mike Tokach, Jason Woodworth, R. Goodband, Joel DeRouchey, Jordan Gebhardt
Low crude protein, added insoluble fiber, and low acid-binding capacity diets, as well as pharmacological zinc oxide (when applicable) are important nutritional strategies that can be used to maintain the gastrointestinal health of weanling pigs exposed to Escherichia coli. Feed additives including probiotics, exogenous enzymes, egg yolk antibodies, spray-dried plasma, clays, medium-chain fatty acids, phytogens, and antibiotics may be other options to reduce the impact of E coli. Management strategies such as vaccine protocols, colostrum management, barn and water line sanitation, and weaning age should be combined with nutritional interventions to minimize diarrhea caused by E coli.
{"title":"Nutritional strategies to reduce the impact of Escherichia coli in newly weaned pigs","authors":"Madie R. Wensley, Mike Tokach, Jason Woodworth, R. Goodband, Joel DeRouchey, Jordan Gebhardt","doi":"10.54846/jshap/1318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54846/jshap/1318","url":null,"abstract":"Low crude protein, added insoluble fiber, and low acid-binding capacity diets, as well as pharmacological zinc oxide (when applicable) are important nutritional strategies that can be used to maintain the gastrointestinal health of weanling pigs exposed to Escherichia coli. Feed additives including probiotics, exogenous enzymes, egg yolk antibodies, spray-dried plasma, clays, medium-chain fatty acids, phytogens, and antibiotics may be other options to reduce the impact of E coli. Management strategies such as vaccine protocols, colostrum management, barn and water line sanitation, and weaning age should be combined with nutritional interventions to minimize diarrhea caused by E coli.","PeriodicalId":17095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Swine Health and Production","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45200499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Diagnostic reports of biological samples submitted from farms are essential to correctly identify any underlying issues in a herd, including disease and improper nutrition. Proper sample collection, handling, and storage are critical to most accurately diagnose health complications or nutritional status. When possible, sample pigs before they eat, keep tissue samples frozen, avoid hemolyzed blood samples, and minimize transport time to the diagnostic laboratory. Concerns regarding sample collection and storage can be addressed with a veterinary diagnostic laboratory.
{"title":"Biological sample collection and handling methods for fat-soluble vitamin and trace mineral analysis","authors":"S. Elefson, Scott Radke, Laura Greiner","doi":"10.54846/jshap/1349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54846/jshap/1349","url":null,"abstract":"Diagnostic reports of biological samples submitted from farms are essential to correctly identify any underlying issues in a herd, including disease and improper nutrition. Proper sample collection, handling, and storage are critical to most accurately diagnose health complications or nutritional status. When possible, sample pigs before they eat, keep tissue samples frozen, avoid hemolyzed blood samples, and minimize transport time to the diagnostic laboratory. Concerns regarding sample collection and storage can be addressed with a veterinary diagnostic laboratory.","PeriodicalId":17095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Swine Health and Production","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48392761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Madie R. Wensley, Mike Tokach, Jason Woodworth, R. Goodband, Joel DeRouchey, Jordan Gebhardt
Preweaning strategies to minimize fallback pigs in the nursery include cross fostering, creep feeding, and weaning an older pig. Postweaning strategies to minimize fallback pigs in the nursery include optimum barn temperature and ventilation set points, easy access to feed and water, and proactive placement strategies. Phase-feeding programs to match the nutrient requirements and digestive abilities of weaned pigs are also crucial. Managing fallback pigs can be accomplished by minimizing drafts in removal pens, providing supplemental heat sources, having multiple feed access points by providing gruel and mat feed, and ensuring more intensive observations of pigs in removal pens.
{"title":"Strategies to minimize fallback pigs in the nursery","authors":"Madie R. Wensley, Mike Tokach, Jason Woodworth, R. Goodband, Joel DeRouchey, Jordan Gebhardt","doi":"10.54846/jshap/1319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54846/jshap/1319","url":null,"abstract":"Preweaning strategies to minimize fallback pigs in the nursery include cross fostering, creep feeding, and weaning an older pig. Postweaning strategies to minimize fallback pigs in the nursery include optimum barn temperature and ventilation set points, easy access to feed and water, and proactive placement strategies. Phase-feeding programs to match the nutrient requirements and digestive abilities of weaned pigs are also crucial. Managing fallback pigs can be accomplished by minimizing drafts in removal pens, providing supplemental heat sources, having multiple feed access points by providing gruel and mat feed, and ensuring more intensive observations of pigs in removal pens.","PeriodicalId":17095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Swine Health and Production","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45323417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Madie R. Wensley, M. Tokach, J. Woodworth, R. Goodband, J. DeRouchey, Jordan Gebhardt
To improve the growth performance of growing-finishing pigs and maximize economic returns for summer marketing, producers can feed increased dietary energy while pigs are still in their energy dependent growth phase. Removal of high-fiber ingredients such as dried distillers’ grains with solubles can increase dietary energy and improve gain. During the summer when feed intake is low, formulating diets at or slightly above amino acid requirements may be beneficial. Feed additives that increase growth rate should be considered to improve market weight. Market prices and optimal market weights should drive formulation decisions to maximize income over feed costs.
{"title":"Nutritional strategies to improve the growth performance of pigs marketed in summer","authors":"Madie R. Wensley, M. Tokach, J. Woodworth, R. Goodband, J. DeRouchey, Jordan Gebhardt","doi":"10.54846/jshap/1321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54846/jshap/1321","url":null,"abstract":"To improve the growth performance of growing-finishing pigs and maximize economic returns for summer marketing, producers can feed increased dietary energy while pigs are still in their energy dependent growth phase. Removal of high-fiber ingredients such as dried distillers’ grains with solubles can increase dietary energy and improve gain. During the summer when feed intake is low, formulating diets at or slightly above amino acid requirements may be beneficial. Feed additives that increase growth rate should be considered to improve market weight. Market prices and optimal market weights should drive formulation decisions to maximize income over feed costs.","PeriodicalId":17095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Swine Health and Production","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47113891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Madie R. Wensley, Mike Tokach, Jason Woodworth, R. Goodband, Joel DeRouchey, Jordan Gebhardt
Multiple feeding strategies have been shown to reduce growth in emergency situations. Feeding low protein diets decreased average daily gain (ADG) up to 71% depending on the degree of restriction and resulted in decreased carcass leanness. Feeding excess methionine decreased ADG up to 67%, with limited effects on carcass leanness. Feeding methionine in the diet above 2% may result in body weight loss. Feeding calcium chloride or ammonium chloride decreased ADG up to 98% depending on the dietary electrolyte imbalance imposed and can result in leaner carcasses and potentially poorer meat quality as measured by color, pH, and tenderness.
{"title":"Nutritional strategies to reduce growth of pigs during emergency situations","authors":"Madie R. Wensley, Mike Tokach, Jason Woodworth, R. Goodband, Joel DeRouchey, Jordan Gebhardt","doi":"10.54846/jshap/1320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54846/jshap/1320","url":null,"abstract":"Multiple feeding strategies have been shown to reduce growth in emergency situations. Feeding low protein diets decreased average daily gain (ADG) up to 71% depending on the degree of restriction and resulted in decreased carcass leanness. Feeding excess methionine decreased ADG up to 67%, with limited effects on carcass leanness. Feeding methionine in the diet above 2% may result in body weight loss. Feeding calcium chloride or ammonium chloride decreased ADG up to 98% depending on the dietary electrolyte imbalance imposed and can result in leaner carcasses and potentially poorer meat quality as measured by color, pH, and tenderness.","PeriodicalId":17095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Swine Health and Production","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47263851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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