Objective: Determine how sample handling affects nutrient analysis of fat-soluble vitamins and minerals. Materials and methods: In experiment 1, blood was collected in either plasma or serum blood tubes and exposed to 4 hours of light or wrapped in aluminum foil to protect from light. In experiment 2, blood was collected at hours 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 after the consumption of feed. In experiment 3, vitamins and minerals were assessed in varying degrees of hemolyzed blood samples. Experiment 4 evaluated liver samples exposed to various temperatures for up to 12 hours. In experiment 5, serum and liver samples were processed the day of, 1 day after, or 2 days after collection and subsequent placement into coolers with icepacks. Results: There was a significant difference (P < .05) for the interaction of tube type and light exposure for vitamin D (25-hydroxyvitamin D3) and a tendency (P < .10) for a tube type and light exposure interaction for vitamin A (retinol). Experiment 2 found serum vitamin concentrations changed post feed consumption both linearly and quadratically. Alpha-tocopherol peaked at 4 hours post meal consumption, whereas retinol peaked at 6 hours. In experiment 3, the degree of hemolysis affected (P < .05) nutrient concentration. Experiment 4 and 5 showed no differences (P > .05) in degradation of retinol and alpha-tocopherol. Implication: As many pre-analytical factors can affect laboratory results, care must be taken when collecting, handling, and storing samples for diagnostic analysis of vitamins and minerals.
{"title":"Influence of biological sample pre-analytical manipulation for fat-soluble vitamin analysis","authors":"S. Elefson, L. Greiner","doi":"10.54846/jshap/1348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54846/jshap/1348","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Determine how sample handling affects nutrient analysis of fat-soluble vitamins and minerals. Materials and methods: In experiment 1, blood was collected in either plasma or serum blood tubes and exposed to 4 hours of light or wrapped in aluminum foil to protect from light. In experiment 2, blood was collected at hours 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 after the consumption of feed. In experiment 3, vitamins and minerals were assessed in varying degrees of hemolyzed blood samples. Experiment 4 evaluated liver samples exposed to various temperatures for up to 12 hours. In experiment 5, serum and liver samples were processed the day of, 1 day after, or 2 days after collection and subsequent placement into coolers with icepacks. Results: There was a significant difference (P < .05) for the interaction of tube type and light exposure for vitamin D (25-hydroxyvitamin D3) and a tendency (P < .10) for a tube type and light exposure interaction for vitamin A (retinol). Experiment 2 found serum vitamin concentrations changed post feed consumption both linearly and quadratically. Alpha-tocopherol peaked at 4 hours post meal consumption, whereas retinol peaked at 6 hours. In experiment 3, the degree of hemolysis affected (P < .05) nutrient concentration. Experiment 4 and 5 showed no differences (P > .05) in degradation of retinol and alpha-tocopherol. Implication: As many pre-analytical factors can affect laboratory results, care must be taken when collecting, handling, and storing samples for diagnostic analysis of vitamins and minerals.","PeriodicalId":17095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Swine Health and Production","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49379154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Madie R. Wensley, M. Tokach, Jason Woodworth, R. Goodband, J. DeRouchey, Jordan Gebhardt
Effects of nutritional strategies on colostrum quality and yield are variable as influenced by sow colostrum production capacity, parity, farrowing induction protocol, and gestation length. The greatest opportunity to maximize colostrum yield and quality is through proper management of body condition in gestation such that sows are not in a negative energy balance when entering farrowing. Total colostrum fat percentage can be increased through the addition of dietary fat or oil. Colostrum fatty acid composition can also be changed by addition of dietary oil or increased branched chain amino acids. Colostrum protein and immunoglobulins are more challenging to influence.
{"title":"Feeding strategies to increase sow colostrum quality and yield","authors":"Madie R. Wensley, M. Tokach, Jason Woodworth, R. Goodband, J. DeRouchey, Jordan Gebhardt","doi":"10.54846/jshap/1322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54846/jshap/1322","url":null,"abstract":"Effects of nutritional strategies on colostrum quality and yield are variable as influenced by sow colostrum production capacity, parity, farrowing induction protocol, and gestation length. The greatest opportunity to maximize colostrum yield and quality is through proper management of body condition in gestation such that sows are not in a negative energy balance when entering farrowing. Total colostrum fat percentage can be increased through the addition of dietary fat or oil. Colostrum fatty acid composition can also be changed by addition of dietary oil or increased branched chain amino acids. Colostrum protein and immunoglobulins are more challenging to influence.","PeriodicalId":17095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Swine Health and Production","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48289379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Sargeant, A. O'Connor, T. O’Sullivan, A. Ramirez, Chong Wang
Clustering of animals at the level of pens, rooms, barns, or farms leads to statistical nonindependence of individual pigs. Failure to consider clustering when determining sample size will result in clinical trials that are too small to detect meaningful differences between intervention groups when clustering is controlled in the analysis. Failure to control clustering in the analysis will lead to inappropriately narrow confidence intervals and increases the probability of a false-positive finding. Thus, failure to consider clustering in trial design and analysis results in research that could misinform decision making on the use of interventions.
{"title":"A sounder of swine: The importance of clustering in the design, analysis, and interpretation of clinical trials","authors":"J. Sargeant, A. O'Connor, T. O’Sullivan, A. Ramirez, Chong Wang","doi":"10.54846/jshap/1315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54846/jshap/1315","url":null,"abstract":"Clustering of animals at the level of pens, rooms, barns, or farms leads to statistical nonindependence of individual pigs. Failure to consider clustering when determining sample size will result in clinical trials that are too small to detect meaningful differences between intervention groups when clustering is controlled in the analysis. Failure to control clustering in the analysis will lead to inappropriately narrow confidence intervals and increases the probability of a false-positive finding. Thus, failure to consider clustering in trial design and analysis results in research that could misinform decision making on the use of interventions.","PeriodicalId":17095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Swine Health and Production","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46383217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Will Crum, Mackenzie Bartels, Garrett Drum, Renae Kayser, Lauren Skoglund, L. Munger, Kitana Honkola, M. Rotolo, B. Pepin, K. Havas
Rope sampling methodologies were assessed for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) detection in 6 pens. Results showed that shared ropes detected PRRSV 50% and 66.7% of the time compared to unshared ropes. One rope provided better detection than 2 ropes per pen under the conditions of this study.
{"title":"An assessment of rope sampling methodologies on pen-level oral fluid samples for detection of PRRSV infection","authors":"Will Crum, Mackenzie Bartels, Garrett Drum, Renae Kayser, Lauren Skoglund, L. Munger, Kitana Honkola, M. Rotolo, B. Pepin, K. Havas","doi":"10.54846/jshap/1308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54846/jshap/1308","url":null,"abstract":"Rope sampling methodologies were assessed for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) detection in 6 pens. Results showed that shared ropes detected PRRSV 50% and 66.7% of the time compared to unshared ropes. One rope provided better detection than 2 ropes per pen under the conditions of this study.","PeriodicalId":17095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Swine Health and Production","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44078153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Madie R. Wensley, M. Tokach, Jason Woodworth, R. Goodband, J. DeRouchey, Jordan Gebhardt
Feeding systems should focus on providing sows protection when eating and equal feeding opportunities to prevent competition. Sows should be allowed to consume their entire meal during a single visit to the feeder to minimize aggression at mealtime. Generally, 30% neutral detergent fiber has been recommended to increase satiety; however, soluble fiber on a gram per day basis may be more useful to determine optimal fiber source and inclusion levels to achieve sow satiety. When combining the limited data available, increasing soluble fiber above 100 g/d appears to have the greatest potential to improve satiety.
{"title":"Feeding strategies to improve sow satiety in pen gestation housing","authors":"Madie R. Wensley, M. Tokach, Jason Woodworth, R. Goodband, J. DeRouchey, Jordan Gebhardt","doi":"10.54846/jshap/1323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54846/jshap/1323","url":null,"abstract":"Feeding systems should focus on providing sows protection when eating and equal feeding opportunities to prevent competition. Sows should be allowed to consume their entire meal during a single visit to the feeder to minimize aggression at mealtime. Generally, 30% neutral detergent fiber has been recommended to increase satiety; however, soluble fiber on a gram per day basis may be more useful to determine optimal fiber source and inclusion levels to achieve sow satiety. When combining the limited data available, increasing soluble fiber above 100 g/d appears to have the greatest potential to improve satiety.","PeriodicalId":17095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Swine Health and Production","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48363881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This commentary reviews results obtained in France and North America with different air filtration systems to prevent porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection. Most systems installed in France use high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters and positive-pressure ventilation systems, while those in North America initially used mainly negative-pressure ventilation systems and filters with minimum efficiency rating values of 14 to 16. Major reductions in PRRSV cases were observed in most studies where the latter were used. Installing HEPA filters resulted in an almost complete elimination of PRRSV cases. No cases were recorded in 95% of farms where they were used.
{"title":"Air filtration to prevent porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection","authors":"R. Desrosiers, Vincent Cousin","doi":"10.54846/jshap/1303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54846/jshap/1303","url":null,"abstract":"This commentary reviews results obtained in France and North America with different air filtration systems to prevent porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection. Most systems installed in France use high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters and positive-pressure ventilation systems, while those in North America initially used mainly negative-pressure ventilation systems and filters with minimum efficiency rating values of 14 to 16. Major reductions in PRRSV cases were observed in most studies where the latter were used. Installing HEPA filters resulted in an almost complete elimination of PRRSV cases. No cases were recorded in 95% of farms where they were used.","PeriodicalId":17095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Swine Health and Production","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41524469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Navarro-López, Juan Diego Pérez-de la Rosa, Marcela Villarreall-Silva, Mario Solís-Hernández, Eric Rojas-Torres, Jorge Lemus y Sanchez, Ninnet Gómez-Romero
Border disease virus (BDV) is a pathogen primarily infecting sheep and goats; however, infections in cattle, pigs, and wild ruminants have also been reported. Interspecies transmission of BDV occurs through close contact among infected animals. In this case report, we describe the detection of BDV in tonsil, mesenteric ganglia, and blood samples from piglets with severe clinical disease. Genetic characterization of evaluated samples resulted in the identification of BDV genotype 1 in Mexico. This represents the first report of BDV detected in pig populations in Mexico. Therefore, circulation of this virus in nonruminant populations should not be discarded.
{"title":"Identification of border disease virus in naturally infected pigs in Mexico","authors":"R. Navarro-López, Juan Diego Pérez-de la Rosa, Marcela Villarreall-Silva, Mario Solís-Hernández, Eric Rojas-Torres, Jorge Lemus y Sanchez, Ninnet Gómez-Romero","doi":"10.54846/jshap/1296","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54846/jshap/1296","url":null,"abstract":"Border disease virus (BDV) is a pathogen primarily infecting sheep and goats; however, infections in cattle, pigs, and wild ruminants have also been reported. Interspecies transmission of BDV occurs through close contact among infected animals. In this case report, we describe the detection of BDV in tonsil, mesenteric ganglia, and blood samples from piglets with severe clinical disease. Genetic characterization of evaluated samples resulted in the identification of BDV genotype 1 in Mexico. This represents the first report of BDV detected in pig populations in Mexico. Therefore, circulation of this virus in nonruminant populations should not be discarded.","PeriodicalId":17095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Swine Health and Production","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45955706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Grace Houston, Allison Blomme, Olivia Harrison, Jianfa Bai, Jason Woodworth, Cassandra Jones, Elizabeth Poulsen-Porter, Chad Paulk, Jordan Gebhardt
This study evaluated sample processing methods and the presence of organic matter on detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) from environmental samples using real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Steel coupons were inoculated with PEDV and different types of organic material contamination. Surface samples were collected and processed in one of four ways: none, centrifugation, syringe filtration, or combination of centrifugation and syringe filtration, then submitted for PEDV qRT-PCR. There was a surface inoculation type by processing method interaction (P < .001) that impacted the sample cycle threshold value. Centrifugation resulted in the most consistent detection of PEDV RNA.
{"title":"Evaluating the impact of organic matter and sample processing techniques on RNA detection using environmental samples","authors":"Grace Houston, Allison Blomme, Olivia Harrison, Jianfa Bai, Jason Woodworth, Cassandra Jones, Elizabeth Poulsen-Porter, Chad Paulk, Jordan Gebhardt","doi":"10.54846/jshap/1311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54846/jshap/1311","url":null,"abstract":"This study evaluated sample processing methods and the presence of organic matter on detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) from environmental samples using real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Steel coupons were inoculated with PEDV and different types of organic material contamination. Surface samples were collected and processed in one of four ways: none, centrifugation, syringe filtration, or combination of centrifugation and syringe filtration, then submitted for PEDV qRT-PCR. There was a surface inoculation type by processing method interaction (P < .001) that impacted the sample cycle threshold value. Centrifugation resulted in the most consistent detection of PEDV RNA.","PeriodicalId":17095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Swine Health and Production","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136244833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Sargeant, A. O'Connor, T. O’Sullivan, A. Ramirez
Researchers designing trials should implement design features intended to reduce bias. These include random allocation to intervention groups and blinding of caregivers and outcome assessors. The method of generating the random sequence should be reported, as well as methods for stratification or blocking if used. When blinding is not possible, objectively measured outcomes should be used. Allocation concealment may not be essential when all eligible pens or animals are enrolled and there is no preference for intervention group. An a priori trial protocol should be made publicly available, and results for all outcomes evaluated should be reported.
{"title":"Maximizing value and minimizing waste in clinical trial research in swine: Design features to minimize bias","authors":"J. Sargeant, A. O'Connor, T. O’Sullivan, A. Ramirez","doi":"10.54846/jshap/1313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54846/jshap/1313","url":null,"abstract":"Researchers designing trials should implement design features intended to reduce bias. These include random allocation to intervention groups and blinding of caregivers and outcome assessors. The method of generating the random sequence should be reported, as well as methods for stratification or blocking if used. When blinding is not possible, objectively measured outcomes should be used. Allocation concealment may not be essential when all eligible pens or animals are enrolled and there is no preference for intervention group. An a priori trial protocol should be made publicly available, and results for all outcomes evaluated should be reported.","PeriodicalId":17095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Swine Health and Production","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46565013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Sargeant, A. O'Connor, T. O’Sullivan, A. Ramirez
Researchers planning clinical trials should identify the primary trial outcome and adequately power the trial to detect clinically meaningful differences in this outcome. All primary and secondary outcomes and their measurement should be comprehensively described, and their results reported. There is evidence that trials on the same subject use different outcomes or measure the same outcome in different ways, making it difficult to compare intervention effectiveness across clinical trials. Consensus development of core outcome sets could improve consistency in outcome measures used across trials and aid in development of an evidence-based body of literature on intervention effectiveness in swine populations.
{"title":"Maximizing value and minimizing waste in clinical trials in swine: Selecting outcomes to build an evidence base","authors":"J. Sargeant, A. O'Connor, T. O’Sullivan, A. Ramirez","doi":"10.54846/jshap/1300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54846/jshap/1300","url":null,"abstract":"Researchers planning clinical trials should identify the primary trial outcome and adequately power the trial to detect clinically meaningful differences in this outcome. All primary and secondary outcomes and their measurement should be comprehensively described, and their results reported. There is evidence that trials on the same subject use different outcomes or measure the same outcome in different ways, making it difficult to compare intervention effectiveness across clinical trials. Consensus development of core outcome sets could improve consistency in outcome measures used across trials and aid in development of an evidence-based body of literature on intervention effectiveness in swine populations.","PeriodicalId":17095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Swine Health and Production","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45977321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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