Pub Date : 2024-09-16DOI: 10.1007/s11368-024-03903-w
Cristina Ponte Lira, Fátima Valverde, Ana Matias
Purpose
Learning science in early years can cultivate children’s curiosity and enjoyment in exploring the world around them, laying the foundation for the progression of science learning and ultimately increasing science literacy. Here, we present an example of a tailored preschool scientific activity designed to enhance literacy about sediments and illustrate their importance to both humans and nature.
Methods
The activity centres around a captivating story detailing the journey of a sand grain from the mountains to the sea. This storytelling experience is enriched with hands-on observation of various sand grains, informative cards on key topics, and culminates in a creative colouring activity.
Results
To date, the activity has been repeated five times, engaging 110 children (from 2 to 10 years). It has yielded positive outcomes with both preschool and primary school students, as they were actively engaged in the story and delighted in handling and observing the magnified sand grains.
Conclusions
The activity was successfully implemented for preschool and primary school students, fostering engagement with the story and the sand samples. However, while the immediate engagement was evident, the impact on sediment literacy remains to be measured. Future structured evaluations are needed to assess the long-term effectiveness of such initiatives in enhancing sediment literacy among young learners.
{"title":"“Once upon a time… a beach sand grain”: a bed-time story and scientific outreach activity for young children to increase sediment literacy","authors":"Cristina Ponte Lira, Fátima Valverde, Ana Matias","doi":"10.1007/s11368-024-03903-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-024-03903-w","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose</h3><p>Learning science in early years can cultivate children’s curiosity and enjoyment in exploring the world around them, laying the foundation for the progression of science learning and ultimately increasing science literacy. Here, we present an example of a tailored preschool scientific activity designed to enhance literacy about sediments and illustrate their importance to both humans and nature.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>The activity centres around a captivating story detailing the journey of a sand grain from the mountains to the sea. This storytelling experience is enriched with hands-on observation of various sand grains, informative cards on key topics, and culminates in a creative colouring activity.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>To date, the activity has been repeated five times, engaging 110 children (from 2 to 10 years). It has yielded positive outcomes with both preschool and primary school students, as they were actively engaged in the story and delighted in handling and observing the magnified sand grains.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>The activity was successfully implemented for preschool and primary school students, fostering engagement with the story and the sand samples. However, while the immediate engagement was evident, the impact on sediment literacy remains to be measured. Future structured evaluations are needed to assess the long-term effectiveness of such initiatives in enhancing sediment literacy among young learners.</p>","PeriodicalId":17139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soils and Sediments","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142259832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Incorporating rice straw into upland has been adopted as a strategy to increase crop productivity and decrease poisoning to rice from reducing substances accumulation as well as mitigate methane emission from paddy fields in South China. However, the mechanism underlying long-term ex situ incorporation of rice straw in upland on soil organic carbon (SOC) and crop yields through microbial metabolism remains unclear.
Materials and methods
Hence, a field experiment was established to investigate the response mechanism of SOC and crop yields underlying microbe-mediated carbon dynamics with nutrient stoichiometry by ex situ incorporation of rice straw in upland.
Results and discussion
The results showed that the treatment of cropping with chemical fertilizers plus rice straw (SCF) had the highest SOC accumulation rate (0.14 ± 0.03 g C kg−1 yr−1) during the 22-year experimental period. The mean yields of rapeseed and sweet potato were increased by 5.0% and 4.7% in the SCF treatment, correspondingly, compared with the treatment of cropping with chemical fertilizers (CF). Additionally, based on ecoenzymatic stoichiometry, soil microorganisms were found to be co-limited by carbon and phosphorus, which was aggravated by the decrease of soil available nutrients. The SCF treatment exhibited a higher soil microbiomass, resulting in an increased secretion of ecoenzymatic activities to mediate stoichiometric imbalance and mitigate nutrient competition between plant and microbial nutrient limitations. The findings revealed a significant association between stoichiometric imbalance and both SOC and crop yields, respectively.
Conclusions
Therefore, our study indicated that long-term ex situ incorporation of rice straw in upland could be adopted as an effective agricultural management strategy to improve SOC and crop yields.
目的在华南地区，将水稻秸秆掺入高地是提高作物产量、减少还原性物质积累对水稻的毒害以及缓解稻田甲烷排放的一种策略。材料与方法建立了一个田间试验，研究在高地长期原位掺入水稻秸秆对土壤有机碳（SOC）和作物产量的影响机制。结果与讨论结果表明，在 22 年的实验期内，化肥加稻草（SCF）处理的 SOC 积累率最高（0.14 ± 0.03 g C kg-1 yr-1）。与施用化肥（CF）相比，SCF 处理的油菜籽和甘薯平均产量分别增加了 5.0% 和 4.7%。此外，根据生态酶化学计量学，发现土壤微生物受到碳和磷的共同限制，而土壤可用养分的减少又加剧了这种限制。SCF 处理的土壤微生物量较高，导致生态酶活性分泌增加，从而调解了化学计量失衡，缓解了植物和微生物养分限制之间的养分竞争。结论因此，我们的研究表明，在高地长期异地掺入水稻秸秆可作为一种有效的农业管理策略，以提高土壤有机碳含量和作物产量。
{"title":"Microbial metabolism strengths carbon sequestration and crop yield in upland red soil after long-term ex situ incorporation of straw","authors":"Li Tang, Xiaobin Guo, Daoyou Huang, Xiaomeng Wei, Hao Sheng, Pei Luo, Ping Zhou, Wei Gao, Yan Li, Miaomiao Zhang, Wei Zheng, Jinshui Wu","doi":"10.1007/s11368-024-03894-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-024-03894-8","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose</h3><p>Incorporating rice straw into upland has been adopted as a strategy to increase crop productivity and decrease poisoning to rice from reducing substances accumulation as well as mitigate methane emission from paddy fields in South China. However, the mechanism underlying long-term <i>ex situ</i> incorporation of rice straw in upland on soil organic carbon (SOC) and crop yields through microbial metabolism remains unclear.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Materials and methods</h3><p>Hence, a field experiment was established to investigate the response mechanism of SOC and crop yields underlying microbe-mediated carbon dynamics with nutrient stoichiometry by <i>ex situ</i> incorporation of rice straw in upland.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results and discussion</h3><p>The results showed that the treatment of cropping with chemical fertilizers plus rice straw (SCF) had the highest SOC accumulation rate (0.14 ± 0.03 g C kg<sup>−1</sup> yr<sup>−1</sup>) during the 22-year experimental period. The mean yields of rapeseed and sweet potato were increased by 5.0% and 4.7% in the SCF treatment, correspondingly, compared with the treatment of cropping with chemical fertilizers (CF). Additionally, based on ecoenzymatic stoichiometry, soil microorganisms were found to be co-limited by carbon and phosphorus, which was aggravated by the decrease of soil available nutrients. The SCF treatment exhibited a higher soil microbiomass, resulting in an increased secretion of ecoenzymatic activities to mediate stoichiometric imbalance and mitigate nutrient competition between plant and microbial nutrient limitations. The findings revealed a significant association between stoichiometric imbalance and both SOC and crop yields, respectively.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>Therefore, our study indicated that long-term <i>ex situ</i> incorporation of rice straw in upland could be adopted as an effective agricultural management strategy to improve SOC and crop yields.</p>","PeriodicalId":17139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soils and Sediments","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142259794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Phosphorus (P) sorption processes in soils can influence P plant-availability and influence ‘build-up’ and ‘draw-down’ P cycles. Current fertiliser recommendations do not take these processes into account. This study aimed to integrate soil P sorption behaviour and P agronomic-indices to strengthen P management recommendations.
Methods
Mineral soil covering 35,716-km2 of Ireland was characterised by P status (Morgan’s P and Mehlich-3 P), and Langmuir sorption parameters of P sorption maximum capacity (Smax, mg·kg−1) and binding energy (k, L·mg−1).
Results
Segmented regression between Smax and M3-Al (R2 = 0.49) identified a significant change-point at Smax = 450.03 mg·kg−1, at which soils can be placed into ‘low’ (SLM3-Al) and ‘high’ (SHM3-Al) P sorbing classes. Sorption parameters in SLM3-Al did not change with soil P status; however, in high P sorbing soils, sorption parameters significantly correlated with P status. High sorbing soils that are P-deficient (Index 1 and 2) will ‘fix’ P and take longer to build-up plant available P to a value for agronomic production (Index 3). Low P sorbing soils at high P status (Index 4) will decline to Index 3 at faster rates than high P sorbing soils. These soils (SLM3-Al) are at higher risk of soluble P losses to water because of lower binding energies.
Conclusions
Efficient P fertiliser use can be more effective if soils are delineated into ‘low’ and ‘high’ sorbing soils coupled with soil P status. By integrating P sorption capacities with agronomic soil P indices, fertiliser advice and water quality measures can be targeted and more effective.
目的 土壤中的磷（P）吸附过程会影响植物对磷的利用率，并影响磷的 "积累 "和 "吸收 "循环。目前的施肥建议并未考虑这些过程。本研究旨在整合土壤对 P 的吸附行为和 P 的农艺指数，以加强对 P 的管理建议。方法根据 P 状态（摩根 P 和 Mehlich-3 P）、Langmuir 吸附参数 P 吸附最大容量（Smax，mg-kg-1）和结合能（k，L-mg-1）对爱尔兰 35,716 平方公里的矿质土壤进行表征。结果 Smax 与 M3-Al 之间的分段回归（R2 = 0.49）在 Smax = 450.03 mg-kg-1 处发现了一个显著的变化点，在此点上可将土壤划分为 "低"（SLM3-Al）和 "高"（SHM3-Al）磷吸附等级。SLM3-Al 中的吸附参数不随土壤钾状况的变化而变化；但在高钾吸附土壤中，吸附参数与钾状况显著相关。缺钾（指数 1 和 2）的高吸钾土壤会 "固定 "钾，需要更长的时间才能将植物可用钾积累到农艺生产所需的值（指数 3）。高吸钾状态下的低吸钾土壤（指数 4）会比高吸钾土壤以更快的速度下降到指数 3。这些土壤（SLM3-Al）由于结合能较低，可溶性钾流失到水中的风险较高。结论如果将土壤划分为 "低 "和 "高 "吸附性土壤，并结合土壤钾状况，就能更有效地使用钾肥。通过将钾吸附能力与农艺学土壤钾指数相结合，可以有针对性地提供更有效的施肥建议和水质措施。
{"title":"Integrating soil phosphorus sorption capacity with agronomic indices to improve sustainable P use in agriculture","authors":"Sifan Yang, Blánaid White, Fiona Regan, Nigel Kent, Rebecca L. Hall, Karen Daly","doi":"10.1007/s11368-024-03900-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-024-03900-z","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose</h3><p>Phosphorus (P) sorption processes in soils can influence P plant-availability and influence ‘build-up’ and ‘draw-down’ P cycles. Current fertiliser recommendations do not take these processes into account. This study aimed to integrate soil P sorption behaviour and P agronomic-indices to strengthen P management recommendations.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>Mineral soil covering 35,716-km<sup>2</sup> of Ireland was characterised by P status (Morgan’s P and Mehlich-3 P), and Langmuir sorption parameters of P sorption maximum capacity (Smax, mg·kg<sup>−1</sup>) and binding energy (k, L·mg<sup>−1</sup>).</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>Segmented regression between Smax and M3-Al (<i>R</i><sup><i>2</i></sup> = 0.49) identified a significant change-point at Smax = 450.03 mg·kg<sup>−1</sup>, at which soils can be placed into ‘low’ (SL<sub>M3-Al</sub>) and ‘high’ (SH<sub>M3-Al</sub>) P sorbing classes. Sorption parameters in SL<sub>M3-Al</sub> did not change with soil P status; however, in high P sorbing soils, sorption parameters significantly correlated with P status. High sorbing soils that are P-deficient (Index 1 and 2) will ‘fix’ P and take longer to build-up plant available P to a value for agronomic production (Index 3). Low P sorbing soils at high P status (Index 4) will decline to Index 3 at faster rates than high P sorbing soils. These soils (SL<sub>M3-Al</sub>) are at higher risk of soluble P losses to water because of lower binding energies.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>Efficient P fertiliser use can be more effective if soils are delineated into ‘low’ and ‘high’ sorbing soils coupled with soil P status. By integrating P sorption capacities with agronomic soil P indices, fertiliser advice and water quality measures can be targeted and more effective.</p>","PeriodicalId":17139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soils and Sediments","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142193330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-10DOI: 10.1007/s11368-024-03899-3
Ana Perošević-Bajčeta, Rajko Martinović, Danijela Joksimović, Aleksandra Huter, Neda Bošković
Purpose
The study aims to assess the ecological risks posed by metal contamination in Montenegrin marine sediments, focusing on both Boka Kotorska Bay and the coastal part of the open sea. By analyzing metal concentrations and identifying potential pollution hotspots and sources, the research seeks to contribute to a better understanding of the escalating threats to coastal regions and their ecological implications due to anthropogenic activities.
Methods
Total concentrations of Fe, Mn, Cr, Ni, Zn, Cu, Pb, As, Hg, and Cd were determined in surface sediment samples collected from 10 sites along the Montenegrin coast, targeting areas influenced with different sources and levels of anthropogenic pollution. Statistical analysis was performed, and various pollution indices (contamination factor (Cf), geo-accumulation index (Igeo), potential ecological risk factor (({E}_{r}^{i})), pollution load index (PLI), risk index (RI), mean ERM quotient (MERMQ), and toxic risk index (TRI)) were calculated to assess contamination status, severity of pollution, and potential ecological risks.
Results
The results showed varying levels of metals, with elevated concentrations of Fe, Mn, Ni, and Cr at location S10 (Ada Bojana), and higher Cu, Pb, Hg, and Zn levels at S5 (Bijela). Cf and Igeo values indicated mainly moderate to considerable pollution, with Pb concentrations of particular concern. Ecological risks were posed by Hg and, in some cases, Cd, while Ni concentrations presented the highest toxic risk to marine organisms according to TRIi values. Overall, pollution was present in the entire area, with mainly moderate ecological risk according to RI values, but considerable to very high toxic risks highlighted by MERMQ and TRI values at various locations.
Conclusion
This study revealed overall pollution presence in surface sediments along the Montenegrin coast, predominantly associated with anthropogenic sources, thereby posing potential ecological risks, particularly in Boka Kotorska Bay and at S10 (Ada Bojana). The obtained results highlighted the need for continued monitoring and management strategies to mitigate environmental impacts.
{"title":"Metal pollution in sediments along the Montenegrin coast, Adriatic Sea: a risk analysis","authors":"Ana Perošević-Bajčeta, Rajko Martinović, Danijela Joksimović, Aleksandra Huter, Neda Bošković","doi":"10.1007/s11368-024-03899-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-024-03899-3","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose</h3><p>The study aims to assess the ecological risks posed by metal contamination in Montenegrin marine sediments, focusing on both Boka Kotorska Bay and the coastal part of the open sea. By analyzing metal concentrations and identifying potential pollution hotspots and sources, the research seeks to contribute to a better understanding of the escalating threats to coastal regions and their ecological implications due to anthropogenic activities.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>Total concentrations of Fe, Mn, Cr, Ni, Zn, Cu, Pb, As, Hg, and Cd were determined in surface sediment samples collected from 10 sites along the Montenegrin coast, targeting areas influenced with different sources and levels of anthropogenic pollution. Statistical analysis was performed, and various pollution indices (contamination factor (<i>C</i><sub><i>f</i></sub>), geo-accumulation index (<i>Igeo</i>), potential ecological risk factor (<span>({E}_{r}^{i}))</span>, pollution load index (<i>PLI</i>), risk index (<i>RI</i>), mean ERM quotient (<i>MERMQ</i>), and toxic risk index (<i>TRI</i>)) were calculated to assess contamination status, severity of pollution, and potential ecological risks.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>The results showed varying levels of metals, with elevated concentrations of Fe, Mn, Ni, and Cr at location S10 (Ada Bojana), and higher Cu, Pb, Hg, and Zn levels at S5 (Bijela). <i>C</i><sub><i>f</i></sub> and <i>Igeo</i> values indicated mainly moderate to considerable pollution, with Pb concentrations of particular concern. Ecological risks were posed by Hg and, in some cases, Cd, while Ni concentrations presented the highest toxic risk to marine organisms according to <i>TRI</i><sub><i>i</i></sub> values. Overall, pollution was present in the entire area, with mainly moderate ecological risk according to <i>RI</i> values, but considerable to very high toxic risks highlighted by <i>MERMQ</i> and <i>TRI</i> values at various locations.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusion</h3><p>This study revealed overall pollution presence in surface sediments along the Montenegrin coast, predominantly associated with anthropogenic sources, thereby posing potential ecological risks, particularly in Boka Kotorska Bay and at S10 (Ada Bojana). The obtained results highlighted the need for continued monitoring and management strategies to mitigate environmental impacts.</p>","PeriodicalId":17139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soils and Sediments","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142193342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-09DOI: 10.1007/s11368-024-03895-7
Liying Sun, Qingyuan Dai
Purpose
The relations between rill morphology indicators and particle size selectivity by rainfall events were investigated, providing a new perspective on the mechanism of rill morphology indicators impacting on rill erosion processes.
Materials and methods
Indoor rainfall experiments were carried out with three-dimensional (3D) laser scanning technique for better monitoring the rill morphological indicators, using two types of soil collected from the north part and the south part of the Loess Plateau, respectively.
Results and discussions
The higher degree of headward erosion is occurred on loamy clay (LC) soil from the south part of the Loess Plateau with the higher total length (6.65 m) due to the higher clay content. Higher degree of side erosion is demonstrated on sandy loam (SL) soil from the north part of the Loess Plateau with the higher mean rill width (0.09 ± 0.00 m) due to the higher sand content. The ratios of rill width to depth do not show significant differences on two types of soil with the average value greater than 1, indicating the relatively higher degree of side erosion than downward erosion on both soils. Silt fraction is selected with much higher efficiency than other fractions in two types of soil due to the dominant silt fractions in the primary soil. Rill width (W) is the most sensitive indicator to the particle size selectivity, as both the contents of clay, silt and fine particles and the enrichment ratio of silt show significantly (P < 0.05) positive correlations with W. While, the enrichment ratio of sand fraction shows significantly (P < 0.05) negative correlations with rill maximum depth and degree of contour line departure.
Conclusions
The differences of rill morphology indicators on two types of soil slope mainly depend on soil texture and the development processes of rills.
{"title":"Effects of rill morphology characteristics on particle size selectivity using indoor simulation experiments with two types of soil from the Loess Plateau","authors":"Liying Sun, Qingyuan Dai","doi":"10.1007/s11368-024-03895-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-024-03895-7","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose</h3><p>The relations between rill morphology indicators and particle size selectivity by rainfall events were investigated, providing a new perspective on the mechanism of rill morphology indicators impacting on rill erosion processes.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Materials and methods</h3><p>Indoor rainfall experiments were carried out with three-dimensional (3D) laser scanning technique for better monitoring the rill morphological indicators, using two types of soil collected from the north part and the south part of the Loess Plateau, respectively.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results and discussions</h3><p>The higher degree of headward erosion is occurred on loamy clay (LC) soil from the south part of the Loess Plateau with the higher total length (6.65 m) due to the higher clay content. Higher degree of side erosion is demonstrated on sandy loam (SL) soil from the north part of the Loess Plateau with the higher mean rill width (0.09 ± 0.00 m) due to the higher sand content. The ratios of rill width to depth do not show significant differences on two types of soil with the average value greater than 1, indicating the relatively higher degree of side erosion than downward erosion on both soils. Silt fraction is selected with much higher efficiency than other fractions in two types of soil due to the dominant silt fractions in the primary soil. Rill width (<i>W</i>) is the most sensitive indicator to the particle size selectivity, as both the contents of clay, silt and fine particles and the enrichment ratio of silt show significantly (<i>P</i> < 0.05) positive correlations with <i>W</i>. While, the enrichment ratio of sand fraction shows significantly (<i>P</i> < 0.05) negative correlations with rill maximum depth and degree of contour line departure.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>The differences of rill morphology indicators on two types of soil slope mainly depend on soil texture and the development processes of rills.</p>","PeriodicalId":17139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soils and Sediments","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142193335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study aimed to assess the feasibility of the ecoenzymatic stoichiometry and isotope signature approaches as indicators of urban soil functionality, related to carbon and nutrient cycles.
Methods
In Pisa and Livorno (Italy), study sites with three degrees of urbanization (natural, peri-urban and central urban sites) were selected, where holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) was the most common evergreen species. The urban and peri-urban sites differed in terms of NO2 emissions. At each site, topsoil and plant litter were sampled, pH, EC, TOC, and TN were measured in soil and δ13C and δ15N in soil and plant litter. The β-glucosidase, acid phosphatase and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase enzyme activities were also determined in soil and the ratios were calculated.
Results
The δ15N in plant litter increased from peri-urban to urban sites, along with the NO2 emissions, emerging as a sensitive indicator of atmospheric N deposition. The δ15N and δ13C increased in soil, indicating more rapid N cycles and organic matter degradation in peri-urban and urban areas than in natural areas. The ecoenzymatic stoichiometry revealed C and P microbial limitations for all the sites studied. However, the microbial needs of C and P increased and decreased, respectively, along the urbanization gradient. Isotope abundance and microbial nutrient limitations were found to correlate with soil properties. Specifically, soil δ15N was closely correlated with microbial C limitations.
Conclusion
The isotope signature and enzymatic stoichiometry used as indicators revealed that the soil characteristics affected the soil carbon and nutrient cycles as well as microbial energy and nutrient needs.
方法 在比萨和里窝那（意大利）选择了三种城市化程度的研究地点（自然地点、近郊地点和中心城区地点），其中霍尔姆橡树（Quercus ilex L.）是最常见的常绿树种。城市和城市周边地区的二氧化氮排放量不同。每个地点都对表土和植物枯落物进行了取样，测量了土壤中的 pH 值、EC 值、总有机碳和 TN 值，以及土壤和植物枯落物中的δ13C 和 δ15N。此外，还测定了土壤中的β-葡萄糖苷酶、酸性磷酸酶和 N-乙酰基-β-D-葡萄糖苷酶的酶活性，并计算了其比率。土壤中的δ15N 和 δ13C有所增加，表明城郊和城市地区的氮循环和有机物降解比自然地区更快。生态酶化学计量学显示，在所有研究地点，微生物对 C 和 P 的需求都受到限制。然而，沿城市化梯度，微生物对 C 和 P 的需求分别增加和减少。研究发现，同位素丰度和微生物养分限制与土壤特性相关。结论 作为指标的同位素特征和酶的化学计量揭示了土壤特性对土壤碳和养分循环以及微生物能量和养分需求的影响。
{"title":"Isotope signature and ecoenzymatic stoichiometry as key indicators of urban soil functionality","authors":"Francesca Vannucchi, Andrea Scartazza, Cristina Macci, Francesca Bretzel, Serena Doni, Irene Rosellini, Eliana Tassi, Roberto Pini, Grazia Masciandaro, Eleonora Peruzzi","doi":"10.1007/s11368-024-03892-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-024-03892-w","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose</h3><p>This study aimed to assess the feasibility of the ecoenzymatic stoichiometry and isotope signature approaches as indicators of urban soil functionality, related to carbon and nutrient cycles.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>In Pisa and Livorno (Italy), study sites with three degrees of urbanization (natural, peri-urban and central urban sites) were selected, where holm oak (<i>Quercus ilex</i> L.) was the most common evergreen species. The urban and peri-urban sites differed in terms of NO<sub>2</sub> emissions. At each site, topsoil and plant litter were sampled, pH, EC, TOC, and TN were measured in soil and δ<sup>13</sup>C and δ<sup>15</sup>N in soil and plant litter. The β-glucosidase, acid phosphatase and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase enzyme activities were also determined in soil and the ratios were calculated.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>The δ<sup>15</sup>N in plant litter increased from peri-urban to urban sites, along with the NO<sub>2</sub> emissions, emerging as a sensitive indicator of atmospheric N deposition. The δ<sup>15</sup>N and δ<sup>13</sup>C increased in soil, indicating more rapid N cycles and organic matter degradation in peri-urban and urban areas than in natural areas. The ecoenzymatic stoichiometry revealed C and P microbial limitations for all the sites studied. However, the microbial needs of C and P increased and decreased, respectively, along the urbanization gradient. Isotope abundance and microbial nutrient limitations were found to correlate with soil properties. Specifically, soil δ<sup>15</sup>N was closely correlated with microbial C limitations.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusion</h3><p>The isotope signature and enzymatic stoichiometry used as indicators revealed that the soil characteristics affected the soil carbon and nutrient cycles as well as microbial energy and nutrient needs.</p>","PeriodicalId":17139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soils and Sediments","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142193336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-05DOI: 10.1007/s11368-024-03893-9
Liliya Bezberdaya, Olga Chernitsova, Mikhail Lychagin, Elena Aseeva, Anna Tkachenko, Nikolay Kasimov
Purpose
The study aimed to assess the accumulation levels, spatial distribution, and sources of the potentially toxic elements (PTEs), such as Zn, As, Cd, Pb, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Sb, Mo, V, W, Sr, Mn, Bi, Sn, Fe, Cs, Be, and Ba, in urban soils, road dust and their PM10 fractions in Yalta, a seaside resort town of the Crimean Peninsula.
Materials and methods
The concentrations of the PTEs were measured in the urban topsoil (0–10 cm), road dust, and their fine particles, < 10 μm in diameter (PM10), using ICP-MS and ICP-AES methods. The soil and road dust samples were collected in 2018 in various functional zones of Yalta and on different types of roads. In total, 69 soil samples and 57 road-dust samples were taken. The PM10 fraction was isolated by sedimentation method according to Stokes' law.
Results and discussion
The urban soils and the road dust were contaminated by Pb, Sb, Zn, Sn, Cd, Cu, Bi, Mo, and Mn. The finer particles (PM10) separated from the urban soils and the road dust showed higher accumulation of the PTEs than the bulk samples. The contribution of the PM10 fraction to the total amount of the pollutants in the bulk soil and road-dust samples accounted for 50–80%. The strongest contamination of the urban soils was found in the residential areas, while the road dust was mostly contaminated on the major highways.
Conclusion
According to the results of the principal component analysis, most of the pollutants can be attributed to anthropogenic sources − non-exhaust and exhaust vehicle emissions. The other important sources of the PTEs are soil parent materials and the resuspension of soil particles. The contents of PTEs in the bulk soil and road-dust samples correspond to low and medium pollution levels. The elevated levels of the PTEs in the PM10 fraction pose the greatest environmental hazard.
{"title":"Pollution of a Black Sea coastal city: potentially toxic elements in urban soils, road dust, and their PM10 fractions","authors":"Liliya Bezberdaya, Olga Chernitsova, Mikhail Lychagin, Elena Aseeva, Anna Tkachenko, Nikolay Kasimov","doi":"10.1007/s11368-024-03893-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-024-03893-9","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose</h3><p>The study aimed to assess the accumulation levels, spatial distribution, and sources of the potentially toxic elements (PTEs), such as Zn, As, Cd, Pb, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Sb, Mo, V, W, Sr, Mn, Bi, Sn, Fe, Cs, Be, and Ba, in urban soils, road dust and their PM<sub>10</sub> fractions in Yalta, a seaside resort town of the Crimean Peninsula.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Materials and methods</h3><p>The concentrations of the PTEs were measured in the urban topsoil (0–10 cm), road dust, and their fine particles, < 10 μm in diameter (PM<sub>10</sub>), using ICP-MS and ICP-AES methods. The soil and road dust samples were collected in 2018 in various functional zones of Yalta and on different types of roads. In total, 69 soil samples and 57 road-dust samples were taken. The PM<sub>10</sub> fraction was isolated by sedimentation method according to Stokes' law.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results and discussion</h3><p>The urban soils and the road dust were contaminated by Pb, Sb, Zn, Sn, Cd, Cu, Bi, Mo, and Mn. The finer particles (PM<sub>10</sub>) separated from the urban soils and the road dust showed higher accumulation of the PTEs than the bulk samples. The contribution of the PM<sub>10</sub> fraction to the total amount of the pollutants in the bulk soil and road-dust samples accounted for 50–80%. The strongest contamination of the urban soils was found in the residential areas, while the road dust was mostly contaminated on the major highways.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusion</h3><p>According to the results of the principal component analysis, most of the pollutants can be attributed to anthropogenic sources − non-exhaust and exhaust vehicle emissions. The other important sources of the PTEs are soil parent materials and the resuspension of soil particles. The contents of PTEs in the bulk soil and road-dust samples correspond to low and medium pollution levels. The elevated levels of the PTEs in the PM<sub>10</sub> fraction pose the greatest environmental hazard.</p>","PeriodicalId":17139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soils and Sediments","volume":"147 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142193339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The radionuclides pollution base on MMs (metals and metalloids) near uranium mines has been drawing broad attention, but the extent of their impact on soil and human health is still unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the distribution and health risk assessments of 238U, 226Ra, 232Th and 40 K base on MMs (Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb) in different surface soils near an uranium mine.
Materials and methods
Surface soil samples were extracted from 35 representative sites near the Lefu uranium mine. Radionuclides and MMs were measured using high-purity germanium (HPGe) N-type coaxial detector and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer, respectively. Pollution status was evaluated using DR, Raeq, AEDE, Hext, and ELCR for radionuclides and Pi, Igeo, RI and health risk index for MMs. Their correlation was analyzed through Pearson/Spearman correlation analysis.
Results and discussion
The average activity concentration of 238U, 226Ra, 232Th, and 40 K are 504, 1227, 118, and 769 Bq·kg−1 respectively and the average concentration of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb are 200, 33.9, 41.3, 132, 18.4, 0.26, and 78.7 mg·kg−1, respectively. Values of DR, Raeq, AEDE, Hext, and ELCR all exceed the world average to varying degrees and values of Pi, Igeo, RI and the health risk index are within the acceptable ranges. Correlation analyses showed that 238U, 226Ra, 232Th and Pb are strongly correlated (correlation coefficient > 0.6) with each other.
Conclusions
On the basis of the obtained values, it can be concluded that generally higher radionuclides and MMs were distributed near the Lefu uranium. There are potential health risks associated with the elevated radioactivity. The overall situation of MMs is controllable, however, particular attention is warranted for Cr and Cd, as they approach values-at-risk. The strong correlations between 238U, 226Ra, 232Th and Pb imply a uniform pollution level or a possible shared source.
{"title":"MMs (metals and metalloids) based 238U, 226Ra, 232Th,40 K contamination and health risk assessments in different surface soils near an uranium mine of Southeast China","authors":"Yanhe Guan, Zhongkui Zhou, Yadan Guo, Renyu Zeng, Jingying Chen, Zhanxue Sun","doi":"10.1007/s11368-024-03880-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-024-03880-0","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose</h3><p>The radionuclides pollution base on MMs (metals and metalloids) near uranium mines has been drawing broad attention, but the extent of their impact on soil and human health is still unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the distribution and health risk assessments of <sup>238</sup>U, <sup>226</sup>Ra, <sup>232</sup>Th and <sup>40</sup> K base on MMs (Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb) in different surface soils near an uranium mine.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Materials and methods</h3><p>Surface soil samples were extracted from 35 representative sites near the Lefu uranium mine. Radionuclides and MMs were measured using high-purity germanium (HPGe) N-type coaxial detector and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer, respectively. Pollution status was evaluated using D<sub>R</sub>, Ra<sub>eq</sub>, AEDE, H<sub>ext</sub>, and ELCR for radionuclides and P<sub>i</sub>, I<sub>geo</sub>, RI and health risk index for MMs. Their correlation was analyzed through Pearson/Spearman correlation analysis.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results and discussion</h3><p>The average activity concentration of <sup>238</sup>U, <sup>226</sup>Ra, <sup>232</sup>Th, and <sup>40</sup> K are 504, 1227, 118, and 769 Bq·kg<sup>−1</sup> respectively and the average concentration of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb are 200, 33.9, 41.3, 132, 18.4, 0.26, and 78.7 mg·kg<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. Values of D<sub>R</sub>, Ra<sub>eq</sub>, AEDE, H<sub>ext</sub>, and ELCR all exceed the world average to varying degrees and values of P<sub>i</sub>, I<sub>geo</sub>, RI and the health risk index are within the acceptable ranges. Correlation analyses showed that <sup>238</sup>U, <sup>226</sup>Ra, <sup>232</sup>Th and Pb are strongly correlated (correlation coefficient > 0.6) with each other.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>On the basis of the obtained values, it can be concluded that generally higher radionuclides and MMs were distributed near the Lefu uranium. There are potential health risks associated with the elevated radioactivity. The overall situation of MMs is controllable, however, particular attention is warranted for Cr and Cd, as they approach values-at-risk. The strong correlations between <sup>238</sup>U, <sup>226</sup>Ra, <sup>232</sup>Th and Pb imply a uniform pollution level or a possible shared source.</p>","PeriodicalId":17139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soils and Sediments","volume":"205 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142193338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The river-lake ecotone in lake ecosystems can strongly influence sediment nitrate dissimilatory reduction processes. However, the mechanisms underlying these processes in river-lake ecotone ecosystems are still poorly understood. This study aims to investigate the rates of sediment nitrate dissimilatory reduction processes in Poyang Lake and clarify the mechanisms and environmental implications of these processes.
Materials and methods
Sediment samples from five river-lake ecotones and lake ecosystems were collected from Poyang Lake, China. Sediment nitrate reduction and N2O production rates were measured using 15N isotope tracing experiments. The abundance of denitrifiers, anammox 16S rRNA bacteria, and nrfA genes was quantified using the polymerase chain reaction method. Correlation analysis, redundancy analysis, and stepwise linear regression were used to evaluate the mechanisms of sediment nitrate reduction processes.
Results and discussion
Sediments in the river-lake ecotone showed significantly higher denitrification (DEN), N2O production, dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA), and anammox rates compared to lake ecosystems. DEN was the dominant process contributing to nitrate reduction, accounting for 73.36% and 74.13% in the river-lake ecotone and lake ecosystem, respectively. DEN, N2O, and DNRA rates were significantly positively correlated with TOC, sulfide, and Fe2+ contents, which control the abundance of denitrifying and nrfA genes, ultimately increasing these rates.
Conclusion
The annual input of reactive N to the lake from the watershed is almost equivalent to the annual N removal. However, higher DNRA and N2O production rates indicate that approximately 23.59% of the annual N input to the lake may be transformed to NH4+ or N2O. N retention and N2O production in the river-lake ecotone significantly exceed those in the lake ecosystem, highlighting the ecotone as a hotspot for eutrophication risk and N2O emissions.
{"title":"Sediment nitrate dissimilatory reduction processes in the river-lake ecotone of Poyang Lake, China: Mechanisms and environmental implications","authors":"Yinghui Jiang, Zhenglei Xie, Mingjun Ding, Hua Zhang, Gaoxiang Huang, Yun Cao, Guoyu Yin","doi":"10.1007/s11368-024-03890-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-024-03890-y","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose</h3><p>The river-lake ecotone in lake ecosystems can strongly influence sediment nitrate dissimilatory reduction processes. However, the mechanisms underlying these processes in river-lake ecotone ecosystems are still poorly understood. This study aims to investigate the rates of sediment nitrate dissimilatory reduction processes in Poyang Lake and clarify the mechanisms and environmental implications of these processes.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Materials and methods</h3><p>Sediment samples from five river-lake ecotones and lake ecosystems were collected from Poyang Lake, China. Sediment nitrate reduction and N<sub>2</sub>O production rates were measured using <sup>15</sup>N isotope tracing experiments. The abundance of denitrifiers, anammox 16S rRNA bacteria, and <i>nrfA</i> genes was quantified using the polymerase chain reaction method. Correlation analysis, redundancy analysis, and stepwise linear regression were used to evaluate the mechanisms of sediment nitrate reduction processes.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results and discussion</h3><p>Sediments in the river-lake ecotone showed significantly higher denitrification (DEN), N<sub>2</sub>O production, dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA), and anammox rates compared to lake ecosystems. DEN was the dominant process contributing to nitrate reduction, accounting for 73.36% and 74.13% in the river-lake ecotone and lake ecosystem, respectively. DEN, N<sub>2</sub>O, and DNRA rates were significantly positively correlated with TOC, sulfide, and Fe<sup>2+</sup> contents, which control the abundance of denitrifying and <i>nrfA</i> genes, ultimately increasing these rates.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusion</h3><p>The annual input of reactive N to the lake from the watershed is almost equivalent to the annual N removal. However, higher DNRA and N<sub>2</sub>O production rates indicate that approximately 23.59% of the annual N input to the lake may be transformed to NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> or N<sub>2</sub>O. N retention and N<sub>2</sub>O production in the river-lake ecotone significantly exceed those in the lake ecosystem, highlighting the ecotone as a hotspot for eutrophication risk and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions.</p>","PeriodicalId":17139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soils and Sediments","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142193341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With ongoing global warming, the carbon (C) balance of Arctic ecosystems has become a ‘hot’ topic; however, C stocks and fluxes in the soil of Arctic cities remain overlooked. The research aimed to estimate wintertime soil respiration and its contribution to the cumulative annual CO2 emission from urban and natural soil of Apatity town in the Russian Arctic zone.
Materials and methods
Soil respiration and microclimatic parameters (i.e., air temperature, soil temperature at 0 cm, 7 cm and 20 cm, and snow height) were observed from November 2020 until May 2023 at two urban (UR) sites (UR1 was in the town centre, and UR2 was in the town’s outskirts) in comparison to the natural forested area. Soil chemical (i.e., bulk density, pHw, contents of available P, total C, N, bulk contents of Cu and Ni) and microbial (i.e., Cmic, BR, qCO2, number of rRNA gene copies and community-level physiological profile) properties were analysed to explain patterns in soil respiration.
Results
A thicker snow layer and warmer soil temperature at the urban sites determined a higher than at the natural site cumulative annual soil CO2 efflux. The wintertime and snowy-period respiration accounted for 20% and 50% of the cumulative annual soil CO2 efflux, respectively, with remarkable spikes during the thawing period. The high variation in soil respiration between urban sites was explained by different states of microbial communities, with higher activity shown for younger and more intensively managed soil at the UR2 site.
Conclusion
An adequate estimate of soil C balance in Arctic cities must consider the wintertime soil respiration as an essential part of the cumulative annual CO2 efflux, whereas monitoring points inside the cities represent the gradient in mesoclimatic conditions driven by the urban heat island effect as well as the age and management of urban soils.
{"title":"The effect of urbanisation on wintertime soil respiration in the Russian Arctic","authors":"Natalya Saltan, Viacheslav Vasenev, Maria Korneykova, Marina Slukovskaya, Marina Zavodskikh, Dmitrii Sarzhanov","doi":"10.1007/s11368-024-03885-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-024-03885-9","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose</h3><p>With ongoing global warming, the carbon (C) balance of Arctic ecosystems has become a ‘hot’ topic; however, C stocks and fluxes in the soil of Arctic cities remain overlooked. The research aimed to estimate wintertime soil respiration and its contribution to the cumulative annual CO<sub>2</sub> emission from urban and natural soil of Apatity town in the Russian Arctic zone.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Materials and methods</h3><p>Soil respiration and microclimatic parameters (i.e., air temperature, soil temperature at 0 cm, 7 cm and 20 cm, and snow height) were observed from November 2020 until May 2023 at two urban (UR) sites (UR1 was in the town centre, and UR2 was in the town’s outskirts) in comparison to the natural forested area. Soil chemical (i.e., bulk density, pH<sub>w</sub>, contents of available P, total C, N, bulk contents of Cu and Ni) and microbial (i.e., C<sub>mic</sub>, BR, qCO<sub>2</sub>, number of rRNA gene copies and community-level physiological profile) properties were analysed to explain patterns in soil respiration.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>A thicker snow layer and warmer soil temperature at the urban sites determined a higher than at the natural site cumulative annual soil CO<sub>2</sub> efflux. The wintertime and snowy-period respiration accounted for 20% and 50% of the cumulative annual soil CO<sub>2</sub> efflux, respectively, with remarkable spikes during the thawing period. The high variation in soil respiration between urban sites was explained by different states of microbial communities, with higher activity shown for younger and more intensively managed soil at the UR2 site.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusion</h3><p>An adequate estimate of soil C balance in Arctic cities must consider the wintertime soil respiration as an essential part of the cumulative annual CO<sub>2</sub> efflux, whereas monitoring points inside the cities represent the gradient in mesoclimatic conditions driven by the urban heat island effect as well as the age and management of urban soils.</p>","PeriodicalId":17139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soils and Sediments","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142193350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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