This paper explains the nature offire-resistant, water-based hydraulic fluids, and their applications, and gives comparisons with mineral oil-based hydraulic fluids. The content of the different types of fluid is described, and the technical requirements for water-based hydraulic fluids discussed. The chemistry of the synthetic thickeners of water, their thickening effect and shear stability, as well as their technical properties, are explained and compared. The construction and the mode of action of thickeners for hydraulic fire-resistant fluids (HFAS) or viscous high-water-based fluids (VHWBF) are detailed, and the physical chemistry of these hydrophilic-hydrophobic thickeners, which form microemulsions in water, is considered in interaction with emulsifying agents. In this case laser-light scattering correlation spectroscopy is shown to be helpful.
{"title":"Water‐based hydraulic fluids containing synthetic components","authors":"C. R. Rasp","doi":"10.1002/JSL.3000060305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/JSL.3000060305","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explains the nature offire-resistant, water-based hydraulic fluids, and their applications, and gives comparisons with mineral oil-based hydraulic fluids. The content of the different types of fluid is described, and the technical requirements for water-based hydraulic fluids discussed. The chemistry of the synthetic thickeners of water, their thickening effect and shear stability, as well as their technical properties, are explained and compared. The construction and the mode of action of thickeners for hydraulic fire-resistant fluids (HFAS) or viscous high-water-based fluids (VHWBF) are detailed, and the physical chemistry of these hydrophilic-hydrophobic thickeners, which form microemulsions in water, is considered in interaction with emulsifying agents. In this case laser-light scattering correlation spectroscopy is shown to be helpful.","PeriodicalId":17149,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Synthetic Lubrication","volume":"100 1","pages":"233-251"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84826393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The ‘Deuterium Isotope Effect’ was investigated as a means of further increasing the oxidation resistance of soap-thickened greases utilized in miniature bearing applications. Using lithium stearate as a model compound, the bearing performance life and induction period for oxidation were determined on four different greases prepared from non-deuterated and deuterated base oil and thickener. The expected increase in oxidation resistance and bearing performance life was observed for the deuterated base fluid; however, the use of a deuterated thickener did not provide any significant improvement. Details concerning the preparation of thickener and grease formulations and their properties are presented.
{"title":"Deuterated grease thickener","authors":"A. A. Conte","doi":"10.1002/JSL.3000060303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/JSL.3000060303","url":null,"abstract":"The ‘Deuterium Isotope Effect’ was investigated as a means of further increasing the oxidation resistance of soap-thickened greases utilized in miniature bearing applications. Using lithium stearate as a model compound, the bearing performance life and induction period for oxidation were determined on four different greases prepared from non-deuterated and deuterated base oil and thickener. The expected increase in oxidation resistance and bearing performance life was observed for the deuterated base fluid; however, the use of a deuterated thickener did not provide any significant improvement. Details concerning the preparation of thickener and grease formulations and their properties are presented.","PeriodicalId":17149,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Synthetic Lubrication","volume":"96 1","pages":"203-208"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80211841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Polyetherimide (PEI) is one of the latest generic high-performance engineering thermoplastics. PEI (developed by General Electric (USA) under the trade name ULTEM) is an amber and amorphous polymer with a heat distortion temperature between those of polyarylate resin and thermally stable crystalline polymers such as polyether-ether ketone (PEEK) and polyamideimide (PAI). It has excellent thermal, mechanical and electrical properties along with easy processability. In the work reported here, a wear-resistant formulated composite supplied by GEC (ULTEM 4001) was selected for tribological investigations on a pin on disc machine under unlubricated conditions, against mild steel. Analysis of the composite revealed that this grade contained PTFE (13–15%), which is the most promising polymeric lubricant. A very low and stable frictional coefficient was observed against moderately finished surfaces. However, its specific wear resistance (⋍10−14 m3/Nm) was comparatively lower than that of fibre-reinforced thermoplastics. The wear mechanism was found to be significantly dominated by the presence of PTFE. The friction coefficient was in the range of 0.2 and reduced to a still lower value (0.1) as the apparent contactpressure increased. Scanning electron microscopy was used to investigate the underlying wear mechanism. Film transfer of PTFE was observed to be the principal factor responsible for reduced friction.
{"title":"Friction and wear studies of an internally lubricated polyetherimide composite","authors":"J. Bijwe, U. Tewari, P. Vasudevan","doi":"10.1002/JSL.3000060302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/JSL.3000060302","url":null,"abstract":"Polyetherimide (PEI) is one of the latest generic high-performance engineering thermoplastics. PEI (developed by General Electric (USA) under the trade name ULTEM) is an amber and amorphous polymer with a heat distortion temperature between those of polyarylate resin and thermally stable crystalline polymers such as polyether-ether ketone (PEEK) and polyamideimide (PAI). It has excellent thermal, mechanical and electrical properties along with easy processability. In the work reported here, a wear-resistant formulated composite supplied by GEC (ULTEM 4001) was selected for tribological investigations on a pin on disc machine under unlubricated conditions, against mild steel. Analysis of the composite revealed that this grade contained PTFE (13–15%), which is the most promising polymeric lubricant. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000A very low and stable frictional coefficient was observed against moderately finished surfaces. However, its specific wear resistance (⋍10−14 m3/Nm) was comparatively lower than that of fibre-reinforced thermoplastics. The wear mechanism was found to be significantly dominated by the presence of PTFE. The friction coefficient was in the range of 0.2 and reduced to a still lower value (0.1) as the apparent contactpressure increased. Scanning electron microscopy was used to investigate the underlying wear mechanism. Film transfer of PTFE was observed to be the principal factor responsible for reduced friction.","PeriodicalId":17149,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Synthetic Lubrication","volume":"33 1","pages":"179-202"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76671435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Fundamentals of Gear Design by Raymond J. Drago (Butterworths, Stoneham MA, USA, 1988) 576 pages, hardcover, £E54.00","authors":"H. Winter, T. Placzek","doi":"10.1002/JSL.3000060307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/JSL.3000060307","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17149,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Synthetic Lubrication","volume":"18 1","pages":"256-256"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81594328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The physical and performance characteristics of representative synthetic base stocks are compared with those of mineral oils. Comparisons of the base stocks alone and as fully formulated crankcase lubricants are presented. Bench test results and physical properties of unformulated synthetic and mineral oil base stocks are compared. The volatility characteristics of synthetic base stocks are superior to typical mineral oil base stocks. All the synthetic base stocks displayed greater viscosity indices than did mineral oils. Bench tests designed to measure thermal and oxidative stabilities are used to compare synthetic with mineral oil base stocks. Although synthetics appeared no more resistant to oxidation than did mineral oils, fewer sediments, deposits and fluid viscosity increases were observed with synthetic base stocks. No one type of synthetic base oil showed a distinct advantage in these evaluations. Fully formulated mineral oil-based lubricants are compared with commonly used synthetic-based lubricants containing identical additive treatments. The synthetic lubricants showed superior engine cleanliness, and resistance to viscosity increased in these tests, but were directionally less effective in wear prevention than mineral oil-based lubricants. Proper formulation or addition of an antiwear supplement overcame this deficiency. These comparisons demonstrated that synthetic base stocks are available with a wide range of physical properties. Available synthetic base stocks offer performance advantages at an increased cost over mineral oils, but proper formulation of the synthetic lubricant is necessary to ensure totally acceptable lubricant performance.
{"title":"Performance comparisons of synthetic and mineral oil crankcase lubricant base stocks","authors":"D. Ripple, J. Fuhrmann","doi":"10.1002/JSL.3000060304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/JSL.3000060304","url":null,"abstract":"The physical and performance characteristics of representative synthetic base stocks are compared with those of mineral oils. Comparisons of the base stocks alone and as fully formulated crankcase lubricants are presented. \u0000 \u0000Bench test results and physical properties of unformulated synthetic and mineral oil base stocks are compared. The volatility characteristics of synthetic base stocks are superior to typical mineral oil base stocks. All the synthetic base stocks displayed greater viscosity indices than did mineral oils. Bench tests designed to measure thermal and oxidative stabilities are used to compare synthetic with mineral oil base stocks. Although synthetics appeared no more resistant to oxidation than did mineral oils, fewer sediments, deposits and fluid viscosity increases were observed with synthetic base stocks. No one type of synthetic base oil showed a distinct advantage in these evaluations. \u0000 \u0000Fully formulated mineral oil-based lubricants are compared with commonly used synthetic-based lubricants containing identical additive treatments. The synthetic lubricants showed superior engine cleanliness, and resistance to viscosity increased in these tests, but were directionally less effective in wear prevention than mineral oil-based lubricants. Proper formulation or addition of an antiwear supplement overcame this deficiency. \u0000 \u0000These comparisons demonstrated that synthetic base stocks are available with a wide range of physical properties. Available synthetic base stocks offer performance advantages at an increased cost over mineral oils, but proper formulation of the synthetic lubricant is necessary to ensure totally acceptable lubricant performance.","PeriodicalId":17149,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Synthetic Lubrication","volume":"213 1","pages":"209-232"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79762205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper looks at the properties of perfluoroether fluids, in terms of their phyisical and chemical properties and antiwear characteristics. The molecular weight-, kinematic viscosity- and specific gravity-temperature relationships are given, and the fluids' chemical resistance and compatibilty with plastics and elastomers. Test results for for fluids on lubricity are given, as well as information on PTFE greases.
{"title":"The properties and applications of Perfluoropolyether lubricants","authors":"G. Caporiccio, L. Flabbi, G. Marchionni, G. Viola","doi":"10.1002/JSL.3000060205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/JSL.3000060205","url":null,"abstract":"This paper looks at the properties of perfluoroether fluids, in terms of their phyisical and chemical properties and antiwear characteristics. The molecular weight-, kinematic viscosity- and specific gravity-temperature relationships are given, and the fluids' chemical resistance and compatibilty with plastics and elastomers. Test results for for fluids on lubricity are given, as well as information on PTFE greases.","PeriodicalId":17149,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Synthetic Lubrication","volume":"1 1","pages":"133-149"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73032757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper reviews the optimum synthetic and semi-synthetic lubricants for various types of compressors and gases being compressed. Several applications are given involving centrifugal, rotary, and reciprocating compressors. Gases include air, refrigerant, natural and other hydrocarbons, chemical processing and industrial. Included also are food grade air compressor applications. In addition, microlube systems for once-through cylinder lubrication of large reciprocating compressors designed to minimize gas contamination are also described.
{"title":"Synthetic and HVI compressor lubricants","authors":"J. W. Miller","doi":"10.1002/JSL.3000060203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/JSL.3000060203","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reviews the optimum synthetic and semi-synthetic lubricants for various types of compressors and gases being compressed. Several applications are given involving centrifugal, rotary, and reciprocating compressors. Gases include air, refrigerant, natural and other hydrocarbons, chemical processing and industrial. Included also are food grade air compressor applications. In addition, microlube systems for once-through cylinder lubrication of large reciprocating compressors designed to minimize gas contamination are also described.","PeriodicalId":17149,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Synthetic Lubrication","volume":"18 1","pages":"107-122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73342781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adamantane hydrocarbons and esters have already been described in the literature. This paper examines the properties of two types of adamantane oils, tri- and tetrabutyladamantanes, and esters prepared from adamantyl methanols and aliphatic acids, and alkyladamantane carboxylic acids and aliphatic alcohols. The preparation, properties and in particular the electrical properties are presented.
{"title":"Sxynthesis and properties of adamantane synthetic lubricants","authors":"J. Podehradská, L. Vodic̆ka, V. Stepina","doi":"10.1002/JSL.3000060204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/JSL.3000060204","url":null,"abstract":"Adamantane hydrocarbons and esters have already been described in the literature. This paper examines the properties of two types of adamantane oils, tri- and tetrabutyladamantanes, and esters prepared from adamantyl methanols and aliphatic acids, and alkyladamantane carboxylic acids and aliphatic alcohols. The preparation, properties and in particular the electrical properties are presented.","PeriodicalId":17149,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Synthetic Lubrication","volume":"40 1","pages":"123-131"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89076999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper describes studies of transmission lubricants in an axle efficiency test rig. The test lubricants were evaluated over various temperature ranges, for each of five road load speed conditions. This was done for both truck and passenger car. Three synthetic gear oils were evaluated, based on various combinations of synthetic hydrocarbons, esters, and viscosity improvers, and were compared to conventional SAE 80W-90 lubricants. All three oils demonstrated improvements in axle eficiency. Also reported are evaluations of seven test lubricants in a high-temperature, high-torque test, and results of seal compatibility tests.
{"title":"Synthetic fluids for automotive gear oil applications: A survey of potential performance","authors":"B. M. O'connor, A. Ross","doi":"10.1002/JSL.3000060104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/JSL.3000060104","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes studies of transmission lubricants in an axle efficiency test rig. The test lubricants were evaluated over various temperature ranges, for each of five road load speed conditions. This was done for both truck and passenger car. Three synthetic gear oils were evaluated, based on various combinations of synthetic hydrocarbons, esters, and viscosity improvers, and were compared to conventional SAE 80W-90 lubricants. All three oils demonstrated improvements in axle eficiency. Also reported are evaluations of seven test lubricants in a high-temperature, high-torque test, and results of seal compatibility tests.","PeriodicalId":17149,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Synthetic Lubrication","volume":"56 98 1","pages":"31-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72792786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents the results of an investigation of the fatigue damage of steel surfaces operated in rolling/sliding contact conditions in the presence of water glycol-based fire resistant fluids. It has been shown that pitting life depends on the relative magnitude of fluid film thickness and the lubrication regime in which the system is operated. A minimum in pitting life is shown to occur in the mixed-elastohydrodynamic region. Mechanisms for crack initiation, propagation and subsequent pit formation in aqueous lubricants are proposed.
{"title":"The mechanisms governing crack and pit formation in steel in rolling sliding contact in aqueous lubricants","authors":"J. Sullivan, M. R. Middleton","doi":"10.1002/JSL.3000060103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/JSL.3000060103","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the results of an investigation of the fatigue damage of steel surfaces operated in rolling/sliding contact conditions in the presence of water glycol-based fire resistant fluids. It has been shown that pitting life depends on the relative magnitude of fluid film thickness and the lubrication regime in which the system is operated. A minimum in pitting life is shown to occur in the mixed-elastohydrodynamic region. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Mechanisms for crack initiation, propagation and subsequent pit formation in aqueous lubricants are proposed.","PeriodicalId":17149,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Synthetic Lubrication","volume":"73 1","pages":"17-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83112909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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