Hydrocarbon mixtures containing olefins were produced from waste polyethylene, and oils were synthesized from various fractions of these. Various properties of these products are presented including viscosity and pour point.
{"title":"Correlations among the structure and flow characteristics of polyolefin compositions.","authors":"L. Bartha, G. Déak, Eva Bobest","doi":"10.1002/JSL.3000060105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/JSL.3000060105","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrocarbon mixtures containing olefins were produced from waste polyethylene, and oils were synthesized from various fractions of these. Various properties of these products are presented including viscosity and pour point.","PeriodicalId":17149,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Synthetic Lubrication","volume":"176 1","pages":"51-58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86809000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Perfluoropolyalkylether (PFPAE) oils and oil-based greases exhibit signifcant degradation under boundary lubrication conditions. In the absence of significant concentrations of oxygen, as in the case of spacecraft orbital environments, the degradation mechanism consists of two steps: (1) the initial reaction of the PFPAE molecules with freshly exposed iron to form the Lewis acid, FeF3, followed by (2) the reaction of the FeF3 with unreacted PFPAE molecules, which results in the cleavage of the etherate linkages. The result is an autocatalytic degradation that takes place at temperatures below the onset of thermal decomposition. This mechanistic hypothesis is supported by the following experimental results: (1) The reaction of PFPAE with FeF3 has been shown to give rise to fluorinated-ketone and acid fluoride ether-cleavage products that are more reactive than the parent PFPAE molecules and have lower molecular weights and thus poorer lubricating ability. (2) FeFx compounds are formed in the wear tracks of wear-test components under boundary lubrication conditions. On the basis of these experimental results, poor performance can be predicted for PFPAE oils under conditions in which high temperatures (approximately 350 °C) and freshly exposed metal surfaces are present (i.e., the conditions of boundary lubrication). This prediction is corroborated through wear tests in which the performance of PFPAE is compared to the performance of commercial petroleum-based and synthetic- hydrocarbon lubricants to which lead naphthenate or antimony dialkyldithiocarbamate have been added. The test results confirm the well-known fact that the antiwear additives are very important to prolonged wear life under boundary lubrication conditions. In addition, the results show that, compared to the other lubricants tested, the PFPAE lubricants do not demonstrate adequate lubrication pevormance. Both the PFPAE degradation mechanism and the fact that soluble antiwear additives are not currently available imply that PFPAE lubricants are not currently suitable for applications in which boundary lubrication conditions exist, especially when high loads are involved.
{"title":"Perfluoropolyalkylether lubricants under boundary conditions: Iron catalysis of lubricant degradation","authors":"D. J. Carré","doi":"10.1002/JSL.3000060102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/JSL.3000060102","url":null,"abstract":"Perfluoropolyalkylether (PFPAE) oils and oil-based greases exhibit signifcant degradation under boundary lubrication conditions. In the absence of significant concentrations of oxygen, as in the case of spacecraft orbital environments, the degradation mechanism consists of two steps: (1) the initial reaction of the PFPAE molecules with freshly exposed iron to form the Lewis acid, FeF3, followed by (2) the reaction of the FeF3 with unreacted PFPAE molecules, which results in the cleavage of the etherate linkages. The result is an autocatalytic degradation that takes place at temperatures below the onset of thermal decomposition. This mechanistic hypothesis is supported by the following experimental results: (1) The reaction of PFPAE with FeF3 has been shown to give rise to fluorinated-ketone and acid fluoride ether-cleavage products that are more reactive than the parent PFPAE molecules and have lower molecular weights and thus poorer lubricating ability. (2) FeFx compounds are formed in the wear tracks of wear-test components under boundary lubrication conditions. On the basis of these experimental results, poor performance can be predicted for PFPAE oils under conditions in which high temperatures (approximately 350 °C) and freshly exposed metal surfaces are present (i.e., the conditions of boundary lubrication). This prediction is corroborated through wear tests in which the performance of PFPAE is compared to the performance of commercial petroleum-based and synthetic- hydrocarbon lubricants to which lead naphthenate or antimony dialkyldithiocarbamate have been added. The test results confirm the well-known fact that the antiwear additives are very important to prolonged wear life under boundary lubrication conditions. In addition, the results show that, compared to the other lubricants tested, the PFPAE lubricants do not demonstrate adequate lubrication pevormance. Both the PFPAE degradation mechanism and the fact that soluble antiwear additives are not currently available imply that PFPAE lubricants are not currently suitable for applications in which boundary lubrication conditions exist, especially when high loads are involved.","PeriodicalId":17149,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Synthetic Lubrication","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76233756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The friction of various composites is generally little dependent upon the roughness. When the composites contain glass or carbon fibres, their wear rates are also little dependent upon the roughness. However, the wear rates of PTFE incorporating MoS2, graphite or bronze and polyacetal incorporating PTFE increase rapidly as the roughness increases beyond a certain critical value characteristic of each of these composites. The roughness-dependency of the wear rate is markedly affected by the transfer during sliding.
{"title":"Influence of counterface roughness on the friction and wear of polytetrafluorethylene‐ and polyacetal‐based composites","authors":"Kyuichiro Tanaka, Yoshinori Yamada","doi":"10.1002/JSL.3000050204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/JSL.3000050204","url":null,"abstract":"The friction of various composites is generally little dependent upon the roughness. When the composites contain glass or carbon fibres, their wear rates are also little dependent upon the roughness. However, the wear rates of PTFE incorporating MoS2, graphite or bronze and polyacetal incorporating PTFE increase rapidly as the roughness increases beyond a certain critical value characteristic of each of these composites. The roughness-dependency of the wear rate is markedly affected by the transfer during sliding.","PeriodicalId":17149,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Synthetic Lubrication","volume":"33 1","pages":"115-131"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82164197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Venkataramani, R. Srivastava, S. L. Kalra, H. Srivastava
Precision instrument mechanisms require highly specialized oils. These stringent requirements limit the choice of lubricants to synthetic types only. In this paper the physico-chemical and peformance characteristics of a watch oil developed by the authors have been discussed to show how it meets the basic requirements of watch oils, and compares favourably with widely accepted watch oils. Where the test methods and test limits are at variance with the specification IS: 1088–1975 for watch and clock oils, commentary is given and suitable recommendations for modifying IS: 1088–1975 are made.
{"title":"Precision instrument oils","authors":"P. Venkataramani, R. Srivastava, S. L. Kalra, H. Srivastava","doi":"10.1002/JSL.3000040404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/JSL.3000040404","url":null,"abstract":"Precision instrument mechanisms require highly specialized oils. These stringent requirements limit the choice of lubricants to synthetic types only. In this paper the physico-chemical and peformance characteristics of a watch oil developed by the authors have been discussed to show how it meets the basic requirements of watch oils, and compares favourably with widely accepted watch oils. Where the test methods and test limits are at variance with the specification IS: 1088–1975 for watch and clock oils, commentary is given and suitable recommendations for modifying IS: 1088–1975 are made.","PeriodicalId":17149,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Synthetic Lubrication","volume":"20 1","pages":"307-319"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77986373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The oxidation behaviour of synthetic oils has been extensively studied during recent decades, and there is general agreement on both the mechanism and products of the oxidative degradation of oils. However, the other phenomenon of oil ageing, polymerization has been little studied. These polymers are responsible for the increase of viscosity, production of sludge and the formation of deposits. In the investigation reported here, oligomers have been isolated and studied at an early ageing stage. The dependence of viscosity on the degree of polymerization is demonstrated. A polymerization mechanism and a monomer for polyolester oils are proposed and discussed.
{"title":"Thermal oxidation behaviour of synthetic oils: Basic studies in the polymerization of polyol ester oils","authors":"B. Koch, E. Jantzen","doi":"10.1002/JSL.3000040405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/JSL.3000040405","url":null,"abstract":"The oxidation behaviour of synthetic oils has been extensively studied during recent decades, and there is general agreement on both the mechanism and products of the oxidative degradation of oils. However, the other phenomenon of oil ageing, polymerization has been little studied. These polymers are responsible for the increase of viscosity, production of sludge and the formation of deposits. In the investigation reported here, oligomers have been isolated and studied at an early ageing stage. The dependence of viscosity on the degree of polymerization is demonstrated. A polymerization mechanism and a monomer for polyolester oils are proposed and discussed.","PeriodicalId":17149,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Synthetic Lubrication","volume":"19 1","pages":"321-336"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85518788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Laboratory performance tests for automotive gear lubricants intended for API GL‐5 Service (ASTM special technical publication (STP) 5 12A, £23.50)","authors":"H. Winter, K. Michaelis","doi":"10.1002/JSL.3000040406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/JSL.3000040406","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17149,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Synthetic Lubrication","volume":"54 1","pages":"337-338"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90582697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper are presented some results of research into gaseous emissions from a two-stroke engine. These engines require a particular fuel consisting of a mixture of petrol and lubricating oil. In the research, a comparison was made between fuel mixtures containing mineral and synthetic base-stock lubricants, in order to check the chemical differences between exhaust emissions from the same motor run under the same conditions. This comparison was made because synthetic lubricants based on organic carboxylic esters, when compared to mineral ones, have some peculiar properties: a smaller combustion residue, better lubricating ability and better thermal stability. There are therefore good reasons to suppose that the lubricant fraction of fuel mixtures, after combustion, may cause gaseous emissions whose composition may vary according to the lubricant used.
{"title":"PAH emissions of synthetic organic esters used as lubricants in a two‐stroke engine","authors":"E. Cosmacini, D. Cottica, L. Pozzoli, R. Leoni","doi":"10.1002/JSL.3000030402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/JSL.3000030402","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper are presented some results of research into gaseous emissions from a two-stroke engine. These engines require a particular fuel consisting of a mixture of petrol and lubricating oil. In the research, a comparison was made between fuel mixtures containing mineral and synthetic base-stock lubricants, in order to check the chemical differences between exhaust emissions from the same motor run under the same conditions. This comparison was made because synthetic lubricants based on organic carboxylic esters, when compared to mineral ones, have some peculiar properties: a smaller combustion residue, better lubricating ability and better thermal stability. There are therefore good reasons to suppose that the lubricant fraction of fuel mixtures, after combustion, may cause gaseous emissions whose composition may vary according to the lubricant used.","PeriodicalId":17149,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Synthetic Lubrication","volume":"27 1","pages":"251-261"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89899374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The primary objective of this research project was to compare the tool wear resulting when a semi-synthetic cutting fluid was used, to that from use of a premium soluble oil. The secondary objective was to determine the effects of cutting speed, drill diameter, and fluid concentration, on tool wear. The experiments contained two key elements: (1) cast aluminium alloy 390 was used as the workpiece material and (2) deep-hole drilling to a depth greater than two diameters was performed. Numerous drilling tests were performed with each cutting fluid using a flood application. To meet the primary objective, an experiment was designed for each cutting fluid and the wear on the lands of twist drills was measured. The secondary objective utilized a statistically-designed 23 factorial experiment which evaluated the effects that moderate and relatively high cutting speeds, two drill diameters, and two levels of fluid concentration, had on tool wear. After analysis of the test results, it was concluded that concentration had the most significant effect on land wear when the experimentally-formulated semi-synthetic cutting fluid was used. Cutting speed was the most significant factor when drilling with the commercially-available premium soluble oil. Tool wear while using the semi-synthetic fluid was slightly less than that for the premium soluble oil.
{"title":"Effects of cutting fluids on drilling aluminium casting alloy 390","authors":"H. Leep, R. W. Sims","doi":"10.1002/JSL.3000040403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/JSL.3000040403","url":null,"abstract":"The primary objective of this research project was to compare the tool wear resulting when a semi-synthetic cutting fluid was used, to that from use of a premium soluble oil. The secondary objective was to determine the effects of cutting speed, drill diameter, and fluid concentration, on tool wear. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000The experiments contained two key elements: (1) cast aluminium alloy 390 was used as the workpiece material and (2) deep-hole drilling to a depth greater than two diameters was performed. Numerous drilling tests were performed with each cutting fluid using a flood application. To meet the primary objective, an experiment was designed for each cutting fluid and the wear on the lands of twist drills was measured. The secondary objective utilized a statistically-designed 23 factorial experiment which evaluated the effects that moderate and relatively high cutting speeds, two drill diameters, and two levels of fluid concentration, had on tool wear. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000After analysis of the test results, it was concluded that concentration had the most significant effect on land wear when the experimentally-formulated semi-synthetic cutting fluid was used. Cutting speed was the most significant factor when drilling with the commercially-available premium soluble oil. Tool wear while using the semi-synthetic fluid was slightly less than that for the premium soluble oil.","PeriodicalId":17149,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Synthetic Lubrication","volume":"63 1","pages":"283-305"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85895460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Because of their improved performance characteristics over mineral oil based lubricants, partly and fully synthetic fluids are being used more open, the main types of synthetic base fluids being esters and polyalphaolefins (PAOs). The response of additives, such as anti-oxidants, anti-wear additives and viscosity index improvers, to mineral oil, eslers or PAOs will obviously differ. This paper reports an attempt to find the most effective types of such additives for esters and PAOs, in order to optimize lubricant performance. PAOs have deficiencies in terms of a number of peformance characteristics, particularly with respect to additive solubility, and they are thus blended with esters to improve these properties.
{"title":"Improving the performance of synthetic base fluids with additives","authors":"G. V. D. Waal","doi":"10.1002/JSL.3000040402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/JSL.3000040402","url":null,"abstract":"Because of their improved performance characteristics over mineral oil based lubricants, partly and fully synthetic fluids are being used more open, the main types of synthetic base fluids being esters and polyalphaolefins (PAOs). The response of additives, such as anti-oxidants, anti-wear additives and viscosity index improvers, to mineral oil, eslers or PAOs will obviously differ. This paper reports an attempt to find the most effective types of such additives for esters and PAOs, in order to optimize lubricant performance. PAOs have deficiencies in terms of a number of peformance characteristics, particularly with respect to additive solubility, and they are thus blended with esters to improve these properties.","PeriodicalId":17149,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Synthetic Lubrication","volume":"1 1","pages":"267-282"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86944741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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