With the increases in engine performance, lubricants technology has quickly made great strides. The selection of mineral base oils has become more stringent, and the use of synthetic lubricants has been an important feature, allowing better perfonnance characteristics, among which is longer drain periods.1,2. These evolutions have not led to the elimination of performance additives, which must be included in the composition of every engine lubricant. Among these, antioxidants play a prominent part: they participate in the protection of the lubricant against degradation b y oxidative agents. The ways in which they act are complicated and not entirely understood even today: essentially the initiator, ie oxygen from air, reacts with the lubricant to form peroxides, and then radicals which are themselves secondary oxidative agents. According to the chemical structure of the antioxidant additives, a break in these chain reactions can occur. Thus it is important to select the best compounds for each lubricant: this can be achieved by experimentation and by specific identification of the antioxidant agents which are used.
{"title":"Antioxidant kinetics in synthetic lubricants field testing","authors":"I. Bigarré, J. Légeron","doi":"10.1002/JSL.3000040303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/JSL.3000040303","url":null,"abstract":"With the increases in engine performance, lubricants technology has quickly made great strides. The selection of mineral base oils has become more stringent, and the use of synthetic lubricants has been an important feature, allowing better perfonnance characteristics, among which is longer drain periods.1,2. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000These evolutions have not led to the elimination of performance additives, which must be included in the composition of every engine lubricant. Among these, antioxidants play a prominent part: they participate in the protection of the lubricant against degradation b y oxidative agents. The ways in which they act are complicated and not entirely understood even today: essentially the initiator, ie oxygen from air, reacts with the lubricant to form peroxides, and then radicals which are themselves secondary oxidative agents. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000According to the chemical structure of the antioxidant additives, a break in these chain reactions can occur. Thus it is important to select the best compounds for each lubricant: this can be achieved by experimentation and by specific identification of the antioxidant agents which are used.","PeriodicalId":17149,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Synthetic Lubrication","volume":"28 1","pages":"203-218"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86142097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. S. Venkataramani, R. G. Srivastava, S. K. Gupta
There is increasing demand for high temperature greases capable of operating in the range of 175–235°C. In this paper, one type of grease, polyurea, is described, and its preparation given, in terms of raw materials, temperature, solvents, base fluids including synthetics, catalysts, additives and thickeners. Two typical preparation procedures are described. The properties of polyurea greases are then reviewed, with detailed tabular matter given.
{"title":"High temperature greases based on polyurea gellants: A review","authors":"P. S. Venkataramani, R. G. Srivastava, S. K. Gupta","doi":"10.1002/JSL.3000040305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/JSL.3000040305","url":null,"abstract":"There is increasing demand for high temperature greases capable of operating in the range of 175–235°C. In this paper, one type of grease, polyurea, is described, and its preparation given, in terms of raw materials, temperature, solvents, base fluids including synthetics, catalysts, additives and thickeners. Two typical preparation procedures are described. The properties of polyurea greases are then reviewed, with detailed tabular matter given.","PeriodicalId":17149,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Synthetic Lubrication","volume":"53 1","pages":"229-244"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79249022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Polyphenylene sulphide is a polymer with good thermal stability and high crystallinity. This paper summarizes the results of friction and wear studies of polyphenylene sulphide and its composites made with conventional solid lubricants to ascertain the suitability of the material as a matrix for solid lubricant additives. The polymer itself has a high coefficient of friction. Wear rate increases with load and speed. Addition of solid lubricant additives helps in improving the friction and wear of the polymer. Composites with MoS2-Sb2O3 and PTFE gave better results than composites made by the addition of graphite and MoS2 graphite. Wear rate of these composites increased with load and speed; but load and speed had little effect on friction.
{"title":"The effect of lubricant additives on friction and wear studies of polyphenylene sulphide","authors":"U. Tewari, S. Sharma, P. Vasudevan","doi":"10.1002/JSL.3000040304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/JSL.3000040304","url":null,"abstract":"Polyphenylene sulphide is a polymer with good thermal stability and high crystallinity. This paper summarizes the results of friction and wear studies of polyphenylene sulphide and its composites made with conventional solid lubricants to ascertain the suitability of the material as a matrix for solid lubricant additives. The polymer itself has a high coefficient of friction. Wear rate increases with load and speed. Addition of solid lubricant additives helps in improving the friction and wear of the polymer. Composites with MoS2-Sb2O3 and PTFE gave better results than composites made by the addition of graphite and MoS2 graphite. Wear rate of these composites increased with load and speed; but load and speed had little effect on friction.","PeriodicalId":17149,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Synthetic Lubrication","volume":"10 1","pages":"219-228"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87479586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The main products of the thermal-oxidative degradation of p, p'-di-tert- octyldiphenylamine, phenothiazine and 3,7-di-tert-octylphenothiazine (DODPA/PTZ/DOPTZ) in pentaerythritol ester at 200°C were isolated and identified. Recombination o f aminyl radicals giving various dehydrodimers and dehydro-trimers is obviously the dominating reaction in the primary stage of antioxidant depletion during ageing of inhibited ester oils. Minor degradation products include quinone imines, quinones, sulphoxides, phenoxazine and phenoxazone derivatives. Because of the complexity of the reactions product analyses are inevitably incomplete.
{"title":"Fate of amine antioxidants during thermal oxidative ageing of neopentylpolyl ester oils","authors":"A. Zeman, V. V. Roenne, Y. Trebert","doi":"10.1002/JSL.3000040302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/JSL.3000040302","url":null,"abstract":"The main products of the thermal-oxidative degradation of p, p'-di-tert- octyldiphenylamine, phenothiazine and 3,7-di-tert-octylphenothiazine (DODPA/PTZ/DOPTZ) in pentaerythritol ester at 200°C were isolated and identified. Recombination o f aminyl radicals giving various dehydrodimers and dehydro-trimers is obviously the dominating reaction in the primary stage of antioxidant depletion during ageing of inhibited ester oils. Minor degradation products include quinone imines, quinones, sulphoxides, phenoxazine and phenoxazone derivatives. Because of the complexity of the reactions product analyses are inevitably incomplete.","PeriodicalId":17149,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Synthetic Lubrication","volume":"3 1","pages":"179-201"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77605657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Water-containing fluids are widely used in hydraulic applications where there is a significant risk of fire, as in underground mining and metal working applications. Although primarily intended as power transmitting media, hydraulic fluids need to possess a modicum of lubricating ability to limit wear, seizure and contact fatigue of pumps and other rubbing parts. Unfortunately water-based hydraulic fluids generally show significantly poorer wear and rolling-contact fatigue performance than mineral or synthetic oil-based fluids of similar viscosity and this means that pumping equipment usually has to be derated when used with water-based fluids. This paper examines the poor wear and fatigue performance of water-based fluids and discusses, in some detail, the origins of this poor performance and the ways it can be mitigated.
{"title":"Wear and fatigue problems in connection with water‐based hydraulic fluids","authors":"H. Spikes","doi":"10.1002/JSL.3000040203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/JSL.3000040203","url":null,"abstract":"Water-containing fluids are widely used in hydraulic applications where there is a significant risk of fire, as in underground mining and metal working applications. Although primarily intended as power transmitting media, hydraulic fluids need to possess a modicum of lubricating ability to limit wear, seizure and contact fatigue of pumps and other rubbing parts. Unfortunately water-based hydraulic fluids generally show significantly poorer wear and rolling-contact fatigue performance than mineral or synthetic oil-based fluids of similar viscosity and this means that pumping equipment usually has to be derated when used with water-based fluids. This paper examines the poor wear and fatigue performance of water-based fluids and discusses, in some detail, the origins of this poor performance and the ways it can be mitigated.","PeriodicalId":17149,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Synthetic Lubrication","volume":"328 5-6","pages":"115-135"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91509315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Different synthetic products currently available and which find wide application as lubricants, are described, and their merits and demerits compared with the mineral based lubricants are outlined. Some of the major synthetic lubricants used in Indian industries are identified. The Indian chemical industry's potential to meet some of the requirements of synthetic lubricants is discussed and the need to create additional facilities in India for the manufacture of certain critical products, is described.
{"title":"Synthetic lubricants in India — an overview","authors":"A. M. Rao, S. Srivastava, K. C. Mehta","doi":"10.1002/JSL.3000040204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/JSL.3000040204","url":null,"abstract":"Different synthetic products currently available and which find wide application as lubricants, are described, and their merits and demerits compared with the mineral based lubricants are outlined. Some of the major synthetic lubricants used in Indian industries are identified. The Indian chemical industry's potential to meet some of the requirements of synthetic lubricants is discussed and the need to create additional facilities in India for the manufacture of certain critical products, is described.","PeriodicalId":17149,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Synthetic Lubrication","volume":"12 1","pages":"137-145"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90167786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bismaleimides are the addition type of polyimide resin. They are synthesized by reaction of diamino compounds with maleic anhydride. By varying the structure of the diamino compound it is possible to make various bismaleimides. This paper discusses improvement of the friction and wear properties of bismaleimide resin, by the addition of solid lubricant additives such as MoS2, graphite and PTFE. The bismaleimide tested has the following structure: On heating, bismaleimide cross links through its unsaturated bonds, thus producing a highly cross linked polyimide. The friction and wear measurements were done on a Plint friction and wear machine (pin on disc type), wherein polymer pins slid against a steel disc at different loads and speeds. The polymer itself had a high coefficient of friction, ranging from 0.3 to 0.6 and a higher wear rate. Solid lubricant additives helped in improving its friction and wear characteristics. The addition of graphite brought the coefficient of friction to 0.3 but wear remained high at high loads. Best results were obtained with additions to the resin of MoS2-Sb2O3 and PTFE. Composites with MoS2-Sb203 and PTFE had low coefficient of friction and low rate of wear, at low as well as at high loads. It appears that these solid lubricant additives transfer to the counterface, thereby reducing effective counterface roughness, hence reducing both friction and wear.
{"title":"Solid lubricant additives for bismaleimide resin","authors":"U. Tewari, S. Sharma, P. Vasudevan","doi":"10.1002/JSL.3000040205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/JSL.3000040205","url":null,"abstract":"Bismaleimides are the addition type of polyimide resin. They are synthesized by reaction of diamino compounds with maleic anhydride. By varying the structure of the diamino compound it is possible to make various bismaleimides. This paper discusses improvement of the friction and wear properties of bismaleimide resin, by the addition of solid lubricant additives such as MoS2, graphite and PTFE. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000The bismaleimide tested has the following structure: \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000On heating, bismaleimide cross links through its unsaturated bonds, thus producing a highly cross linked polyimide. The friction and wear measurements were done on a Plint friction and wear machine (pin on disc type), wherein polymer pins slid against a steel disc at different loads and speeds. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000The polymer itself had a high coefficient of friction, ranging from 0.3 to 0.6 and a higher wear rate. Solid lubricant additives helped in improving its friction and wear characteristics. The addition of graphite brought the coefficient of friction to 0.3 but wear remained high at high loads. Best results were obtained with additions to the resin of MoS2-Sb2O3 and PTFE. Composites with MoS2-Sb203 and PTFE had low coefficient of friction and low rate of wear, at low as well as at high loads. It appears that these solid lubricant additives transfer to the counterface, thereby reducing effective counterface roughness, hence reducing both friction and wear.","PeriodicalId":17149,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Synthetic Lubrication","volume":"44 1","pages":"147-158"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81609010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines the use of water-based hydraulic fluids in hydraulic pumps, Four different types of HFA fluid are reviewed in terms of properties and usage. In a research programme, two principal fluids, a HFA micro emulsion and a HFA solution, were evaluated in relation to their wear protection capability in a short-term test procedure, and their operational behaviour and confirmation of the short-term test procedure in a long-term test. The differences between the fluids are mainly in terms of wear of the test pumps. It is concluded that a performance standard similar to oil-based fluids has not yet been reached.
{"title":"A practical investigation of wear in piston pumps operated with HFA fluids with different additives","authors":"K. Janko","doi":"10.1002/JSL.3000040202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/JSL.3000040202","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the use of water-based hydraulic fluids in hydraulic pumps, Four different types of HFA fluid are reviewed in terms of properties and usage. In a research programme, two principal fluids, a HFA micro emulsion and a HFA solution, were evaluated in relation to their wear protection capability in a short-term test procedure, and their operational behaviour and confirmation of the short-term test procedure in a long-term test. The differences between the fluids are mainly in terms of wear of the test pumps. It is concluded that a performance standard similar to oil-based fluids has not yet been reached.","PeriodicalId":17149,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Synthetic Lubrication","volume":"22 1","pages":"99-114"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76628864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper reviews the development of aviation turbine lubricants from the early days of jet propulsion and projects it through to the end of this century. Up to the present period, ester-based synthetic oils have predominated, and largely fulfilled service requirements. However, ester-based ‘Type 2’ lubricants are now perceived to be close to their optimum performance level and a new lubricant type will be required for the next generation of engines. The development of a ‘Type 3’ oil presents a great challenge to the aviation industry and could signal a departure from traditional routes of lubricant development.
{"title":"Aviation turbine lubricant development","authors":"G. J. Bishop","doi":"10.1002/JSL.3000040103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/JSL.3000040103","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reviews the development of aviation turbine lubricants from the early days of jet propulsion and projects it through to the end of this century. Up to the present period, ester-based synthetic oils have predominated, and largely fulfilled service requirements. However, ester-based ‘Type 2’ lubricants are now perceived to be close to their optimum performance level and a new lubricant type will be required for the next generation of engines. The development of a ‘Type 3’ oil presents a great challenge to the aviation industry and could signal a departure from traditional routes of lubricant development.","PeriodicalId":17149,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Synthetic Lubrication","volume":"4 1","pages":"25-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76998033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Various synthetic esters were tested for their biodegradability, using a test sequence that began with the creation of biomass using sucrose and municipal wastewater; biodegradation was measured using biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand values. The test esters and resulting extractable matter were analysed by spectrophotomety. The esters were found to be biodegradable, to different degrees, subject to the presence of large amounts of water and the correct saline nutritive substratum.
{"title":"Biodegradability test for synthetic esters","authors":"C. Versino, M. Novaria","doi":"10.1002/JSL.3000040102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/JSL.3000040102","url":null,"abstract":"Various synthetic esters were tested for their biodegradability, using a test sequence that began with the creation of biomass using sucrose and municipal wastewater; biodegradation was measured using biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand values. The test esters and resulting extractable matter were analysed by spectrophotomety. The esters were found to be biodegradable, to different degrees, subject to the presence of large amounts of water and the correct saline nutritive substratum.","PeriodicalId":17149,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Synthetic Lubrication","volume":"198 1","pages":"1-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86609454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：