Pub Date : 2016-04-15DOI: 10.20425/IJTS.V0IOF.9580
K. Sita, S. S. Hariadi, Subejo
The existence of tea smallholder farmer groups as a social entity has an important and strategic role in realizing the self-reliance of its members on tea farming activity. This study aimed at determining the self-reliance of members on tea smallholder farmer groups in West Java Province, and the factors that influence toward the self-reliance of members on tea smallholder farmer groups in West Java Province. The study used mixed method approach with sequential explanantory strategy. Proportional stratified random sampling with 128 members of tea smallholders farmer group (farmers) or 20% of the sample population with 643 members (farmers) sampling method was used. Quantitative data were analyzed by using path analysis, while qualitative data were analyzed by using triangulation of sources. The study showed that the level of the member's self-reliance of tea smallholder farmer groups as a whole in decision making, initiatives creative and innovative, and solving problems related to the tea farming is in moderate category. The self-reliance of members needs to improve, especially on the initiative, creativity and innovation. From path analysis, member's self-reliance of tea smallholder farmer groups were affected from strongest to weakest by role of tea farmer groups, extension, the availability of capital, farming experience, age, land size, market opportunities, and work motivation. The self-reliance of members on tea smallholder farmer groups most effectively can be enhanced through the improving the role of tea smallholder farmer groups.
{"title":"The Self-Reliance of Member on Tea Smallholder Farmer Groups in West Java Province, Indonesia","authors":"K. Sita, S. S. Hariadi, Subejo","doi":"10.20425/IJTS.V0IOF.9580","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20425/IJTS.V0IOF.9580","url":null,"abstract":"The existence of tea smallholder farmer groups as a social entity has an important and strategic role in realizing the self-reliance of its members on tea farming activity. This study aimed at determining the self-reliance of members on tea smallholder farmer groups in West Java Province, and the factors that influence toward the self-reliance of members on tea smallholder farmer groups in West Java Province. The study used mixed method approach with sequential explanantory strategy. Proportional stratified random sampling with 128 members of tea smallholders farmer group (farmers) or 20% of the sample population with 643 members (farmers) sampling method was used. Quantitative data were analyzed by using path analysis, while qualitative data were analyzed by using triangulation of sources. The study showed that the level of the member's self-reliance of tea smallholder farmer groups as a whole in decision making, initiatives creative and innovative, and solving problems related to the tea farming is in moderate category. The self-reliance of members needs to improve, especially on the initiative, creativity and innovation. From path analysis, member's self-reliance of tea smallholder farmer groups were affected from strongest to weakest by role of tea farmer groups, extension, the availability of capital, farming experience, age, land size, market opportunities, and work motivation. The self-reliance of members on tea smallholder farmer groups most effectively can be enhanced through the improving the role of tea smallholder farmer groups.","PeriodicalId":17156,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tea Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90709067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-04-15DOI: 10.20425/IJTS.V0IOF.9579
Mu Lin
Technical development is necessary for overcoming some key pests and for providing economic management to organic tea growers. The cultivar TTES No. 12 is a satisfactory cultivar for organic tea farming (OTF) in Taiwan for its better resistance to pests. Infection of green leaf hopper tends to make the organic tea made having honey flavor. The key pest of OTF is tea mosquito bug. Long-term application of livestock organic fertilizer tends to accumulate high content of P and K in tea soils. Organic tea growers are recommended to apply oil-seed residues instead to lower down their nutrient input costs. Organic liquid fertilizers made from fermented soybeans with sugar, molasses and microorganism are used as auxiliary N supplements and as pest repellents, spraying on tea leaves regularly. To mitigate organic tea farmers' burdens in summer weeding, a hand-pushed and comb type weeding machine has been developed with low machine body weight and high efficiency in weeding. Organic tea products are quite diversely developed in Taiwan. Popular marketing organic products include green tea, oolong tea, black tea, GABA tea, Akai (red) oolong, honey flavor tea, green tea powder, and RTD tea etc.
{"title":"Technical development of production and products in organic tea farming","authors":"Mu Lin","doi":"10.20425/IJTS.V0IOF.9579","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20425/IJTS.V0IOF.9579","url":null,"abstract":"Technical development is necessary for overcoming some key pests and for providing economic management to organic tea growers. The cultivar TTES No. 12 is a satisfactory cultivar for organic tea farming (OTF) in Taiwan for its better resistance to pests. Infection of green leaf hopper tends to make the organic tea made having honey flavor. The key pest of OTF is tea mosquito bug. Long-term application of livestock organic fertilizer tends to accumulate high content of P and K in tea soils. Organic tea growers are recommended to apply oil-seed residues instead to lower down their nutrient input costs. Organic liquid fertilizers made from fermented soybeans with sugar, molasses and microorganism are used as auxiliary N supplements and as pest repellents, spraying on tea leaves regularly. To mitigate organic tea farmers' burdens in summer weeding, a hand-pushed and comb type weeding machine has been developed with low machine body weight and high efficiency in weeding. Organic tea products are quite diversely developed in Taiwan. Popular marketing organic products include green tea, oolong tea, black tea, GABA tea, Akai (red) oolong, honey flavor tea, green tea powder, and RTD tea etc.","PeriodicalId":17156,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tea Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84070123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-04-15DOI: 10.20425/IJTS.V0IOF.9575
Janet Too, J. Wanyoko, T. Kinyanjui, K. O. Moseti, F. Wachira
A study was carried out to quantitatively estimate the L-theanine content in 19 teas commercially available in the Kenyan market by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The test tea samples analyzed were green (n = 4), black (n = 8) and flavored (n = 7) teas from different origins viz., Kenya (n = 4), Uganda (n = 2), Tanzania (n = 5), Rwanda (n = 4), Cameroon (n = 1) and Sri-Lanka (n = 2) commercially available in the Kenyan market. The estimated Limit of Detection (LOD) of the current method was 0.01% L-theanine. The L-theanine content ranged from below the detection limit (<0.01% L-theanine) to 1.60% L-theanine on a dry weight (d.w) basis. Statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in the L-theanine contents of black, green and flavoured teas. Rwandan green tea contained the highest L-theanine content with 1.60% d.w. whereas six of the seven flavoured teas had very low theanine levels (<0.01%) that could not be quantified by the current method.
{"title":"Quantitative estimation of β-glutamylethylamide in commercially available made teas [ Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze, Theaceae] in Kenya","authors":"Janet Too, J. Wanyoko, T. Kinyanjui, K. O. Moseti, F. Wachira","doi":"10.20425/IJTS.V0IOF.9575","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20425/IJTS.V0IOF.9575","url":null,"abstract":"A study was carried out to quantitatively estimate the L-theanine content in 19 teas commercially available in the Kenyan market by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The test tea samples analyzed were green (n = 4), black (n = 8) and flavored (n = 7) teas from different origins viz., Kenya (n = 4), Uganda (n = 2), Tanzania (n = 5), Rwanda (n = 4), Cameroon (n = 1) and Sri-Lanka (n = 2) commercially available in the Kenyan market. The estimated Limit of Detection (LOD) of the current method was 0.01% L-theanine. The L-theanine content ranged from below the detection limit (<0.01% L-theanine) to 1.60% L-theanine on a dry weight (d.w) basis. Statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in the L-theanine contents of black, green and flavoured teas. Rwandan green tea contained the highest L-theanine content with 1.60% d.w. whereas six of the seven flavoured teas had very low theanine levels (<0.01%) that could not be quantified by the current method.","PeriodicalId":17156,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tea Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75329497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-04-15DOI: 10.20425/IJTS.V0IOF.9576
K. Stolze, L. Gille, B. Goodman
Tea consumption is associated with many health benefits including protection against neurodegenerative disorders, heart disease and viral infections, and stimulation of brain activity, it has also been reported to help diabetes prevention, and has been linked with anticancer properties. This presentation addresses the chemical components in teas that might be responsible for the reported health effects. Although many beneficial effects of tea consumption are associated with the high polyphenol contents of the beverages, the chemical forms of the specific polyphenols differ greatly among tea types, primarily as a consequence of their processing conditions. Furthermore, the wide ranges of beneficial health effects associated with tea consumption, makes it unlikely that all are derived from a single family of chemicals. Therefore, special consideration is given to the search for non-phenolic components in teas with potential biological activities.
{"title":"Attempting to Understand Health Effects Associated with Tea Consumption by Investigating Complexation Reactions with Copper","authors":"K. Stolze, L. Gille, B. Goodman","doi":"10.20425/IJTS.V0IOF.9576","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20425/IJTS.V0IOF.9576","url":null,"abstract":"Tea consumption is associated with many health benefits including protection against neurodegenerative disorders, heart disease and viral infections, and stimulation of brain activity, it has also been reported to help diabetes prevention, and has been linked with anticancer properties. This presentation addresses the chemical components in teas that might be responsible for the reported health effects. Although many beneficial effects of tea consumption are associated with the high polyphenol contents of the beverages, the chemical forms of the specific polyphenols differ greatly among tea types, primarily as a consequence of their processing conditions. Furthermore, the wide ranges of beneficial health effects associated with tea consumption, makes it unlikely that all are derived from a single family of chemicals. Therefore, special consideration is given to the search for non-phenolic components in teas with potential biological activities.","PeriodicalId":17156,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tea Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81344793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-04-15DOI: 10.20425/IJTS.V0IOF.9573
Jenipher A. Odak, P. Owuor, L. Manguro, E. Cheramgoi, F. Wachira
Mites infestations reduce yields in tea production world wide. However, some tea cultivars are resistant/tolerant to mites attack. The resistance/susceptibility can also be influenced by abiotic factors. This study evaluated some new tea clones for mite resistance/susceptibility and influence of Environmental factors (weather parameters) on dynamics of mite infestations of Kenyan tea at different ecological zones, Kangaita, Kipkebe and Timbilil. Maximum population of mites was reported during March when maximum temperature, average rainfall and relative humidity ranges for the sites were 23.9-28.7°C, 27.7-50.1mm and 38.0-70.4% respectively. There was a sharp decline in mites population in April when average rainfall was high (398.4-514.4mm) which was accompanied by reduction in maximum temperature (18.8-27.5°C) and increase in relative humidity (44.0-82.2%). The minimum population density was found during August which was characterized by low maximum temperature (16.4-26.6°C), low average rainfall (4.8- 190.5mm) and high average relative humidity (46.0-80.9%). The mites infestation levels highly correlated with maximum temperatures in Kangaita (r 2 = 0.801), Kipkebe (r 2 = 0.693) and Timbilil (r 2 = 0.744). There were significant (p≤0.05) monthly variations in clonal mite infestations at all sites. Susceptible clones showed higher monthly mite infestations variations than the resistant/tolerant clones. Of the clones evaluated for the first time, eight new clones were identified as tolerant/resistant while two clones were susceptible to mites attack. Resistant/tolerant clones are recommended for commercial exploitation while mitigation strategies should be put in place in mites prone areas during hot seasons with high monthly temperatures and low humidity
{"title":"Evaluation of tea clones for resistance/tolerance to mites infestations and the influence of environmental factors on mites dynamics in Kenyan tea farms","authors":"Jenipher A. Odak, P. Owuor, L. Manguro, E. Cheramgoi, F. Wachira","doi":"10.20425/IJTS.V0IOF.9573","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20425/IJTS.V0IOF.9573","url":null,"abstract":"Mites infestations reduce yields in tea production world wide. However, some tea cultivars are resistant/tolerant to mites attack. The resistance/susceptibility can also be influenced by abiotic factors. This study evaluated some new tea clones for mite resistance/susceptibility and influence of Environmental factors (weather parameters) on dynamics of mite infestations of Kenyan tea at different ecological zones, Kangaita, Kipkebe and Timbilil. Maximum population of mites was reported during March when maximum temperature, average rainfall and relative humidity ranges for the sites were 23.9-28.7°C, 27.7-50.1mm and 38.0-70.4% respectively. There was a sharp decline in mites population in April when average rainfall was high (398.4-514.4mm) which was accompanied by reduction in maximum temperature (18.8-27.5°C) and increase in relative humidity (44.0-82.2%). The minimum population density was found during August which was characterized by low maximum temperature (16.4-26.6°C), low average rainfall (4.8- 190.5mm) and high average relative humidity (46.0-80.9%). The mites infestation levels highly correlated with maximum temperatures in Kangaita (r 2 = 0.801), Kipkebe (r 2 = 0.693) and Timbilil (r 2 = 0.744). There were significant (p≤0.05) monthly variations in clonal mite infestations at all sites. Susceptible clones showed higher monthly mite infestations variations than the resistant/tolerant clones. Of the clones evaluated for the first time, eight new clones were identified as tolerant/resistant while two clones were susceptible to mites attack. Resistant/tolerant clones are recommended for commercial exploitation while mitigation strategies should be put in place in mites prone areas during hot seasons with high monthly temperatures and low humidity","PeriodicalId":17156,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tea Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84409387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-04-15DOI: 10.20425/IJTS.V0IOF.9572
P. Owuor, M. Obanda
Hard physical withers in tea processing result in reduced plain black tea quality parameters, but improve flavoury black tea quality. Chemical withers with minimal moisture loss improve plain black tea quality parameters. But chemical withered leaf is normally bulky and not flaccid thus reducing maceration rates. Hard physical withers reduce polyphenol oxidase activity, thereby impairing ability of the leaf to produce high amounts of plain black tea quality parameters, especially theaflavins and thearubigins. This study examined if rehydrating hard physical withered leaf could improve its fermentability and influence fermentation duration, and if such changes are cultivar dependent. Rehydrating hard physical withered leaf increased (p≤0.05) total theaflavins, thearubigins, brightness, total colour and sensory evaluation of resultant black teas. The patterns of the responses did not vary with cultivars or fermentation duration. The theaflavins and brightness declined (p≤0.05) while thearubigins and total colour increased (p≤0.05) with long fermentation durations irrespective of withering regime. Results demonstrate that problems of plain black tea quality reduction due to hard physical withers can be partially reversed by rehydration to chemical wither standard, but the withering regime does not influence when maximum plain black tea quality parameters are produced.
{"title":"Clonal plain black tea quality parameters responses of hard physical withered leaf to rehydration and fermentation durations","authors":"P. Owuor, M. Obanda","doi":"10.20425/IJTS.V0IOF.9572","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20425/IJTS.V0IOF.9572","url":null,"abstract":"Hard physical withers in tea processing result in reduced plain black tea quality parameters, but improve flavoury black tea quality. Chemical withers with minimal moisture loss improve plain black tea quality parameters. But chemical withered leaf is normally bulky and not flaccid thus reducing maceration rates. Hard physical withers reduce polyphenol oxidase activity, thereby impairing ability of the leaf to produce high amounts of plain black tea quality parameters, especially theaflavins and thearubigins. This study examined if rehydrating hard physical withered leaf could improve its fermentability and influence fermentation duration, and if such changes are cultivar dependent. Rehydrating hard physical withered leaf increased (p≤0.05) total theaflavins, thearubigins, brightness, total colour and sensory evaluation of resultant black teas. The patterns of the responses did not vary with cultivars or fermentation duration. The theaflavins and brightness declined (p≤0.05) while thearubigins and total colour increased (p≤0.05) with long fermentation durations irrespective of withering regime. Results demonstrate that problems of plain black tea quality reduction due to hard physical withers can be partially reversed by rehydration to chemical wither standard, but the withering regime does not influence when maximum plain black tea quality parameters are produced.","PeriodicalId":17156,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tea Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90689394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-04-15DOI: 10.20425/IJTS.V0IOF.9574
Jenipher A. Odak, P. O. Owuora, L. Manguro, E. Cheramgoi, and Francis N. Wachira
Tea production in Kenya is under threat due to red crevice mites (Brevipalpus phoenicis) infestations during droughts. Cultural pests control practices, e.g. use of resistant/tolerant cultivars are used in their control since pesticide use is prohibited. Plants release volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) that may influence susceptibility/resistance to pest infestations. OVOCs profiles released by 11 tea cultivars were evaluated to assess relationship between OVOCs and cultivar tolerance/susceptibility to B. phoenicis. Five clones were susceptible, with high B. phoenicis infestations while four clones were resistant, exhibiting low infestation levels. The infestations were linearly correlated to (E)-2-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexenal (p≤0.001), (Z)-3-hexenol, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, linalool, germacrene D, sum of green leaf volatiles (GLVs) (p≤0.01), 1-pentene-3-ol, hexanal, indole and (E)-β-ocimene (p≤0.05) levels. Most of aromatic compounds, some terpenoids compounds and sum of aromatic compounds were inversely (p≤0.05) correlated with B. phoenicis infestations. Susceptible varieties to B. phoenicis emitted high amounts of GLVs, especially (E)-2-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol and (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate. Results demonstrate that OVOCs profile may provide selection criteria for cultivars resistant to B. phoenicis infestations. Resistant cultivars are recommended for commercial exploitation in red crevice mites prone areas while breeding/selection programmes should incorporate OVOCs profiles to develop tea cultivars that resist red crevice mites attack.
{"title":"Variability of overhead volatile organic compounds in clonal tea ( Camellia sinensis ) and their influence on red crevice mite ( Brevipalpus phoenicis Geijskes) infestations","authors":"Jenipher A. Odak, P. O. Owuora, L. Manguro, E. Cheramgoi, and Francis N. Wachira","doi":"10.20425/IJTS.V0IOF.9574","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20425/IJTS.V0IOF.9574","url":null,"abstract":"Tea production in Kenya is under threat due to red crevice mites (Brevipalpus phoenicis) infestations during droughts. Cultural pests control practices, e.g. use of resistant/tolerant cultivars are used in their control since pesticide use is prohibited. Plants release volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) that may influence susceptibility/resistance to pest infestations. OVOCs profiles released by 11 tea cultivars were evaluated to assess relationship between OVOCs and cultivar tolerance/susceptibility to B. phoenicis. Five clones were susceptible, with high B. phoenicis infestations while four clones were resistant, exhibiting low infestation levels. The infestations were linearly correlated to (E)-2-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexenal (p≤0.001), (Z)-3-hexenol, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, linalool, germacrene D, sum of green leaf volatiles (GLVs) (p≤0.01), 1-pentene-3-ol, hexanal, indole and (E)-β-ocimene (p≤0.05) levels. Most of aromatic compounds, some terpenoids compounds and sum of aromatic compounds were inversely (p≤0.05) correlated with B. phoenicis infestations. Susceptible varieties to B. phoenicis emitted high amounts of GLVs, especially (E)-2-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol and (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate. Results demonstrate that OVOCs profile may provide selection criteria for cultivars resistant to B. phoenicis infestations. Resistant cultivars are recommended for commercial exploitation in red crevice mites prone areas while breeding/selection programmes should incorporate OVOCs profiles to develop tea cultivars that resist red crevice mites attack.","PeriodicalId":17156,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tea Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78675565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-04-07DOI: 10.5376/JTSR.2016.06.0007
K. Sitienei, Kiplangat Kirui, D. Kamau, J. Wanyoko, K. Langat
Trial on plant density which started in 1990 has revealed that in clonal tea, yield significantly increased with decrease in plant population density (ppd), with the highest ppd showing significantly lower yield than all the other ppd. However, this effect was opposite when the tea was young. It is not therefore known whether the same effect applies to nutrients content. This study was carried out to determine the effect of plant density of AHP S15/10 clonal tea plants and rates of nitrogenous fertilizer applied on soil content in Kericho, Kenya. Soil samples were collected from all the experimental plots. The samples were analyzed for their contents of macro and micro elements by ICPE spectroscopy. The results showed that plant density had no significant effect on the soil nutrients content. Nitrogen fertilizer application rates and depths of soil showed significant effects. Every element in the soils showed similar nutritional pattern for different nitrogen application rates across the four depths of the profile. However, the pattern was different for different plant density. Phosphorus content was least in the highest ppd.
{"title":"Effect of Plant Density, Nitrogen Fertilizer Application Rates and Soil Depth on Clonal Tea Soil Nutrient Content","authors":"K. Sitienei, Kiplangat Kirui, D. Kamau, J. Wanyoko, K. Langat","doi":"10.5376/JTSR.2016.06.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JTSR.2016.06.0007","url":null,"abstract":"Trial on plant density which started in 1990 has revealed that in clonal tea, yield significantly increased with decrease in plant population density (ppd), with the highest ppd showing significantly lower yield than all the other ppd. However, this effect was opposite when the tea was young. It is not therefore known whether the same effect applies to nutrients content. This study was carried out to determine the effect of plant density of AHP S15/10 clonal tea plants and rates of nitrogenous fertilizer applied on soil content in Kericho, Kenya. Soil samples were collected from all the experimental plots. The samples were analyzed for their contents of macro and micro elements by ICPE spectroscopy. The results showed that plant density had no significant effect on the soil nutrients content. Nitrogen fertilizer application rates and depths of soil showed significant effects. Every element in the soils showed similar nutritional pattern for different nitrogen application rates across the four depths of the profile. However, the pattern was different for different plant density. Phosphorus content was least in the highest ppd.","PeriodicalId":17156,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tea Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81250660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-03-28DOI: 10.5376/JTSR.2016.06.0006
C. Lokunarangodage, I. Wickramasinghe, S. RanaweeraK.K.D.
A study was conducted to identify and assess the major food safety violations in low grown orthodox black tea manufacturing process while assessing impact of HACCP based food safety management system (FSMS) in tea industry. Stratified random sampling was used where qualitative data was weighted averaged against GMP requirements and converted in to quantitative values to be used in statistical analyses. The impact of HACCP based FSMS in improving food safety was evaluated using representative sample. Organization and management responsibility was strongly correlated with establishment design and facilities while quality assurance had a strong or moderate correlation with all the factors. Pest control and personal hygiene was not satisfactorily developed according to the results. Establishment design and facilities (ED&F) was the major root cause for the food hygiene problems identified where continuous attention and top management commitment as well as additional capital investments were needed to improve design and facilities of manufacturing plants in the sector. Similarly, Quality assurance systems were not in complete compliance with food safety, mostly due to the incomplete system developments, lack of expert knowledge in the industry as well as inappropriate practices. However, HACCP based FSMS have created enabling environment to improve GMP requirements while increasing food safety implementation in tea industry. Nevertheless, factories with HACCP based FSMS had better infrastructure and systematic operations with trained operators rather than factories without any HACCP based FSMS. The efficacy of processing, recording and personnel hygiene were satisfactorily improved in factories which had implemented HACCP based FSMS.
{"title":"Impact of HACCP Based Food Safety Management Systems in Improving Food Safety of Sri Lankan Tea Industry","authors":"C. Lokunarangodage, I. Wickramasinghe, S. RanaweeraK.K.D.","doi":"10.5376/JTSR.2016.06.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JTSR.2016.06.0006","url":null,"abstract":"A study was conducted to identify and assess the major food safety violations in low grown orthodox black tea manufacturing process while assessing impact of HACCP based food safety management system (FSMS) in tea industry. Stratified random sampling was used where qualitative data was weighted averaged against GMP requirements and converted in to quantitative values to be used in statistical analyses. The impact of HACCP based FSMS in improving food safety was evaluated using representative sample. Organization and management responsibility was strongly correlated with establishment design and facilities while quality assurance had a strong or moderate correlation with all the factors. Pest control and personal hygiene was not satisfactorily developed according to the results. Establishment design and facilities (ED&F) was the major root cause for the food hygiene problems identified where continuous attention and top management commitment as well as additional capital investments were needed to improve design and facilities of manufacturing plants in the sector. Similarly, Quality assurance systems were not in complete compliance with food safety, mostly due to the incomplete system developments, lack of expert knowledge in the industry as well as inappropriate practices. However, HACCP based FSMS have created enabling environment to improve GMP requirements while increasing food safety implementation in tea industry. Nevertheless, factories with HACCP based FSMS had better infrastructure and systematic operations with trained operators rather than factories without any HACCP based FSMS. The efficacy of processing, recording and personnel hygiene were satisfactorily improved in factories which had implemented HACCP based FSMS.","PeriodicalId":17156,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tea Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81026549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-28DOI: 10.5376/JTSR.2016.06.0004
H. Upadhyaya, B. Dutta, S. Panda
Drought is one of the important environmental stress affecting agricultural productivity around the world. In this study, an attempt has been made to understand drought induced biochemical alterations in different clones of Camellia sinensis [TV-1, TV-20, TV-29 and TV-30]. Drought stress induced decrease in total chlorophyll and carotenoid, phenolics concentration and increases in proline concentration, lipid peroxidation and polyphenols oxidase activity as a consequent of decrease in leaf relative water content (RWC). Decreased Na + and K + concentration caused osmotic stress in leaves decreasing NR activity, and ultimately reducing leaf relative growth rate. Thus, drought induced a range of physiological and biochemical alterations causing membrane damage and loss in cellular functions ultimately leading to reduction in growth of one of the most important economic crop like tea. In comparison, TV-1 showed better drought tolerance by maintaining higher endogenous K + and proline content and a balance Na + /K + ratio in leaves.
{"title":"Drought Induced Physiological and Biochemical Changes in Leaves of Developing Seedlings of Tea [ Camellia sinensis (L) O Kuntze ] Cultivars","authors":"H. Upadhyaya, B. Dutta, S. Panda","doi":"10.5376/JTSR.2016.06.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JTSR.2016.06.0004","url":null,"abstract":"Drought is one of the important environmental stress affecting agricultural productivity around the world. In this study, an attempt has been made to understand drought induced biochemical alterations in different clones of Camellia sinensis [TV-1, TV-20, TV-29 and TV-30]. Drought stress induced decrease in total chlorophyll and carotenoid, phenolics concentration and increases in proline concentration, lipid peroxidation and polyphenols oxidase activity as a consequent of decrease in leaf relative water content (RWC). Decreased Na + and K + concentration caused osmotic stress in leaves decreasing NR activity, and ultimately reducing leaf relative growth rate. Thus, drought induced a range of physiological and biochemical alterations causing membrane damage and loss in cellular functions ultimately leading to reduction in growth of one of the most important economic crop like tea. In comparison, TV-1 showed better drought tolerance by maintaining higher endogenous K + and proline content and a balance Na + /K + ratio in leaves.","PeriodicalId":17156,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tea Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80810043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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