K. Chutani, Yoshihiro Imamura, Tomoyoshi Kondo, Y. Yamaguchi, Masakazu Shiwa, Shigeo Okumura
The effect to tea garden within the facility, caused by daytime hail which occurred during the season of first crop, has been thoroughly examined. The hails observed were 10-20mm in size and kept falling for approximately 10 minutes, damaging new shoots and causing leaves to fall. Extent of damage made by this hail depended on the shape of new shoots, and while bud weight type tea garden had many leaves fallen. Meanwhile, direct covering tea garden achieved to reduce the damage rate of shoots down to 12.2% in comparison to 55.6% without covering tea garden. Also, weight of new shoots became lighter as the result of hail and the amount of harvest was decreased by around 12%.
{"title":"Damages to New Shoots and Influence on Yields Caused by Hail at the Tea Season of First Crop","authors":"K. Chutani, Yoshihiro Imamura, Tomoyoshi Kondo, Y. Yamaguchi, Masakazu Shiwa, Shigeo Okumura","doi":"10.5979/cha.2014.118_11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5979/cha.2014.118_11","url":null,"abstract":"The effect to tea garden within the facility, caused by daytime hail which occurred during the season of first crop, has been thoroughly examined. The hails observed were 10-20mm in size and kept falling for approximately 10 minutes, damaging new shoots and causing leaves to fall. Extent of damage made by this hail depended on the shape of new shoots, and while bud weight type tea garden had many leaves fallen. Meanwhile, direct covering tea garden achieved to reduce the damage rate of shoots down to 12.2% in comparison to 55.6% without covering tea garden. Also, weight of new shoots became lighter as the result of hail and the amount of harvest was decreased by around 12%.","PeriodicalId":17156,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tea Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76963521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-11-29DOI: 10.5376/JTSR.2015.05.0008
Mamun M.S.A., M. M. Hoque, M. Ahmed
An experiment was conducted to evaluate some plant origin commercial biopesticides against red spider mite in tea under both in the Entomology Laboratory and main farm of Bangladesh Tea Research Institute (BTRI), Srimangal, Moulvibazar during the period from March 2013 to December 2014. Bio-Cawach ( Pongamia pinnata ), Karanza ( Azadirachta indica + Pongamia pinnata ), Miticon (Various herbs, alkaloids and salt of fatty acids), Neemakar (Neem, Karanja & Tulsi), Rescue ( Vitex negundu + Clerodendron infortunatum ) and Torpedo ( Sophora alopecuroides + Stemona sessilifolia ) were considered as treatments and dosages were @ 0.8 ml, 1.0 ml, 1.0 ml, 1.0 ml, 0.5 ml and 0.5 ml, respectively. Data were collected at 24 HAT, 48HAT, 72HAT (Hours after Treatment) in the laboratory and at weekly interval in field condition. Results indicated that all the biopesticides showed the toxic effect on red spider mite in tea and significantly reduced mite population both in laboratory and field conditions. In laboratory condition, Miticon showed the highest (93.28%) toxic effect at 72HAT followed by Karanza (92.55%) against red spider mite where as Bio-Cawach, Neemakar, Rescue and Torpedo exhibited pronounced acaricidal action (89.78%~91.67%) at 72HAT. Similar trend of toxicity was found at 24HAT & 48HAT. The mortality was in a linear trend i.e. increasing with increasing of time. From the field evaluation, it was found that the highest (81.34%) reduction in mite population was observed in Miticon treated plot followed by Rescue treated plot (81.01%). The lowest (74.07%) reduction in mite population was observed in Bio-Cawach treated plot. The order of toxicity of the six plant origin commercial biopesticides on adult red spider mite in both laboratory and field condition was: Miticon>Rescue>Neemakar>Karanza>Torpedo>Bio-Cawach. Application of the tested biopesticides did not affect the natural predators such as Stethorus gilvifrons and Oxyopes sp. Tea samples made from biopesticide-treated shoots were found taint free when subjected to organoleptic evaluation. These eco-friendly low cost plant products can therefore be incorporated in the strategy of integrated pest management (IPM) to reduce the load of chemical pesticides in tea.
{"title":"Evaluation of Some Plant Origin Commercial Biopesticides against Red Spider Mite, Oligonychus coffeae Nietner (Acarina: Tetranychydae) in Tea","authors":"Mamun M.S.A., M. M. Hoque, M. Ahmed","doi":"10.5376/JTSR.2015.05.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JTSR.2015.05.0008","url":null,"abstract":"An experiment was conducted to evaluate some plant origin commercial biopesticides against red spider mite in tea under both in the Entomology Laboratory and main farm of Bangladesh Tea Research Institute (BTRI), Srimangal, Moulvibazar during the period from March 2013 to December 2014. Bio-Cawach ( Pongamia pinnata ), Karanza ( Azadirachta indica + Pongamia pinnata ), Miticon (Various herbs, alkaloids and salt of fatty acids), Neemakar (Neem, Karanja & Tulsi), Rescue ( Vitex negundu + Clerodendron infortunatum ) and Torpedo ( Sophora alopecuroides + Stemona sessilifolia ) were considered as treatments and dosages were @ 0.8 ml, 1.0 ml, 1.0 ml, 1.0 ml, 0.5 ml and 0.5 ml, respectively. Data were collected at 24 HAT, 48HAT, 72HAT (Hours after Treatment) in the laboratory and at weekly interval in field condition. Results indicated that all the biopesticides showed the toxic effect on red spider mite in tea and significantly reduced mite population both in laboratory and field conditions. In laboratory condition, Miticon showed the highest (93.28%) toxic effect at 72HAT followed by Karanza (92.55%) against red spider mite where as Bio-Cawach, Neemakar, Rescue and Torpedo exhibited pronounced acaricidal action (89.78%~91.67%) at 72HAT. Similar trend of toxicity was found at 24HAT & 48HAT. The mortality was in a linear trend i.e. increasing with increasing of time. From the field evaluation, it was found that the highest (81.34%) reduction in mite population was observed in Miticon treated plot followed by Rescue treated plot (81.01%). The lowest (74.07%) reduction in mite population was observed in Bio-Cawach treated plot. The order of toxicity of the six plant origin commercial biopesticides on adult red spider mite in both laboratory and field condition was: Miticon>Rescue>Neemakar>Karanza>Torpedo>Bio-Cawach. Application of the tested biopesticides did not affect the natural predators such as Stethorus gilvifrons and Oxyopes sp. Tea samples made from biopesticide-treated shoots were found taint free when subjected to organoleptic evaluation. These eco-friendly low cost plant products can therefore be incorporated in the strategy of integrated pest management (IPM) to reduce the load of chemical pesticides in tea.","PeriodicalId":17156,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tea Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81812651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-11-05DOI: 10.5376/JTSR.2015.05.0007
P. Nepolean, R. Jayanthi, J. Mareeswaran, B. Radhakrishnan
The excessive use of chemicals in agriculture has resulted in several environmental problems like ozone layer depletion, poor soil health, due to the decline in natural microflora and acidification of water. To overcome these problems, application of biocontrol agents and biofertilizers has been found to be effective. Generally, these are beneficial microorganisms involved in the breakdown of organic matter, nitrogen fixation and secretion of growth promoting substances. They also supply nutrients to the plants, control diseases and maintain the soil structure in cultivable fields. Intensive research has been done to find out the usefulness of this aspect in the tea plantations. Certain groups of bacteria and fungi are considered as efficient biofertilizers and biocontrol agents in tea which are freely available in top soil, usually associated with plants with symbiotic relationship. These organisms receive nutrients from plant tissues and in turn supply the required nitrogen and phosphorus to the plants. In the present review article, the performance of Plant Pathology and Microbiology Division during the last five decade and the challenges ahead have been discussed.
{"title":"Plant Protection Development in Tea Plantations of South India in the Last Five Decades","authors":"P. Nepolean, R. Jayanthi, J. Mareeswaran, B. Radhakrishnan","doi":"10.5376/JTSR.2015.05.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JTSR.2015.05.0007","url":null,"abstract":"The excessive use of chemicals in agriculture has resulted in several environmental problems like ozone layer depletion, poor soil health, due to the decline in natural microflora and acidification of water. To overcome these problems, application of biocontrol agents and biofertilizers has been found to be effective. Generally, these are beneficial microorganisms involved in the breakdown of organic matter, nitrogen fixation and secretion of growth promoting substances. They also supply nutrients to the plants, control diseases and maintain the soil structure in cultivable fields. Intensive research has been done to find out the usefulness of this aspect in the tea plantations. Certain groups of bacteria and fungi are considered as efficient biofertilizers and biocontrol agents in tea which are freely available in top soil, usually associated with plants with symbiotic relationship. These organisms receive nutrients from plant tissues and in turn supply the required nitrogen and phosphorus to the plants. In the present review article, the performance of Plant Pathology and Microbiology Division during the last five decade and the challenges ahead have been discussed.","PeriodicalId":17156,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tea Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85551985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-11-04DOI: 10.5376/JTSR.2015.05.0006
Lokunarangodage C.V.K., I. Wickramasinghe, S. RanaweeraK.K.D.
A study was conducted to develop an ISO 22000 generic model for tea industry in synchronization with 5S while considering changes in currently adapted systems, processes, practices and adaptation to design synergetic technical solutions. Thus all stakeholders in tea manufacturing process were interviewed and requested to use the developed documents as a user innovation strategy and incorporated progressive changes in design until both document management and user’s requirements were satisfied. The documents were prepared in local language and 5S work instructions were enriched with food hygiene requirements instead of developing new set of instructions where harmonization, modification and adaptation was very effective. Work instructions, cleaning and housekeeping were further integrated while enriching with relevant standards to be met after cleaning as well as relevant records and references. Consequently, work instructions, preventive maintenance, general housekeeping, training and standardization were properly synchronized where it was used from existing 5S systems with modifications to harmonize and comply with ISO 22000 as well as 5S requirements which reduced the time spent for recordings on two systems. Synchronization reduced the number of documents used in the food safety management system up to a great extent and frequency of recording while improving the effectiveness of recording.
{"title":"Effectiveness of 5S Application in Tea Industry and Synchronization of 5S into ISO 22000:2005","authors":"Lokunarangodage C.V.K., I. Wickramasinghe, S. RanaweeraK.K.D.","doi":"10.5376/JTSR.2015.05.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JTSR.2015.05.0006","url":null,"abstract":"A study was conducted to develop an ISO 22000 generic model for tea industry in synchronization with 5S while considering changes in currently adapted systems, processes, practices and adaptation to design synergetic technical solutions. Thus all stakeholders in tea manufacturing process were interviewed and requested to use the developed documents as a user innovation strategy and incorporated progressive changes in design until both document management and user’s requirements were satisfied. The documents were prepared in local language and 5S work instructions were enriched with food hygiene requirements instead of developing new set of instructions where harmonization, modification and adaptation was very effective. Work instructions, cleaning and housekeeping were further integrated while enriching with relevant standards to be met after cleaning as well as relevant records and references. Consequently, work instructions, preventive maintenance, general housekeeping, training and standardization were properly synchronized where it was used from existing 5S systems with modifications to harmonize and comply with ISO 22000 as well as 5S requirements which reduced the time spent for recordings on two systems. Synchronization reduced the number of documents used in the food safety management system up to a great extent and frequency of recording while improving the effectiveness of recording.","PeriodicalId":17156,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tea Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75994545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-03-31DOI: 10.5376/JTSR.2015.05.0003
N. Hajra, C. Yang
Tea is most consumed drink in the world after water. Tea industry makes a vital contribution to the economy of the producing countries. Tea is a rich source of polyphenols and now-a-days interest in the possible health benefits of polyphenols, particularly flavonoids, has increased owing to their antioxidant and free-radical scavenging abilities. Presently, the world market price of tea has stagnated with supplies being stable and this situation emphasizes the need for exploring alternative means of increasing profits from tea cultivation. Product diversification of tea through value addition seems to be an important approach to mitigate the impacts of low market price and high production costs. In the present article diversified tea products developed in different tea producing countries have been described.
{"title":"Diversification of the Tea Products ---- Global Scenario","authors":"N. Hajra, C. Yang","doi":"10.5376/JTSR.2015.05.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JTSR.2015.05.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Tea is most consumed drink in the world after water. Tea industry makes a vital contribution to the economy of the producing countries. Tea is a rich source of polyphenols and now-a-days interest in the possible health benefits of polyphenols, particularly flavonoids, has increased owing to their antioxidant and free-radical scavenging abilities. Presently, the world market price of tea has stagnated with supplies being stable and this situation emphasizes the need for exploring alternative means of increasing profits from tea cultivation. Product diversification of tea through value addition seems to be an important approach to mitigate the impacts of low market price and high production costs. In the present article diversified tea products developed in different tea producing countries have been described.","PeriodicalId":17156,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tea Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79556650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-02-02DOI: 10.5376/JTSR.2015.05.0002
C. Uthurry, C. Gmez-Cordovs
The dregs of infusions (prepared as in the home) were examined to determine their antioxidant activity (AOA) and their potential as sources of phenolic compounds. Infusions of red tea, green tea and classic tea, chamomile, mint pennyroyal, linden, chamomile with anise and blends of different plants were made using commercially available ‘tea bags’. The AOAs of the original infusion material extracts and dreg extracts were measured using the ORAC-FL (Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity – Fluoresceine) method; their total phenolic compound contents (TPC)were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu assay. Classic tea dreg extract retained some 52.8% of the AOA of the original infusion extract; TPC retention was also high (up to 99.5%). A positive linear correlation was found between AOA and the TPC in all the dreg extracts. Significant differences were observed between the dreg extracts in terms of their TPC and AOA retentions. The potential of infusion dregs as a new source of antioxidants is discussed.
{"title":"Phenolic compound content and Antioxidant activity of Infusion dregs","authors":"C. Uthurry, C. Gmez-Cordovs","doi":"10.5376/JTSR.2015.05.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JTSR.2015.05.0002","url":null,"abstract":"The dregs of infusions (prepared as in the home) were examined to determine their antioxidant activity (AOA) and their potential as sources of phenolic compounds. Infusions of red tea, green tea and classic tea, chamomile, mint pennyroyal, linden, chamomile with anise and blends of different plants were made using commercially available ‘tea bags’. The AOAs of the original infusion material extracts and dreg extracts were measured using the ORAC-FL (Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity – Fluoresceine) method; their total phenolic compound contents (TPC)were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu assay. Classic tea dreg extract retained some 52.8% of the AOA of the original infusion extract; TPC retention was also high (up to 99.5%). A positive linear correlation was found between AOA and the TPC in all the dreg extracts. Significant differences were observed between the dreg extracts in terms of their TPC and AOA retentions. The potential of infusion dregs as a new source of antioxidants is discussed.","PeriodicalId":17156,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tea Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83887480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-02-08DOI: 10.5376/JTSR.2014.04.0002
W. Omwoyo, P. Owuor, D. Ongeri, D. Kamau
Essential elements are needed in the day to day living of both human beings and the plants including tea ( Camellia sinensis ). Different clones of tea have been developed and distributed to farmers in various locations however it remains obscure the levels of the essential elements in their resultant black teas. This study aimed at establishing the micronutrient levels of different clones planted in a single site and also establish whether the levels of the micronutrients varied in the same pattern when planted in different regions. It was found that the different clones varied significantly (p≤0.05) in their micronutrient levels when planted in a single location under similar agronomic practices and this did not follow a similar pattern when the clones were planted in different locations. Thus there is need to identify region specific clones in order to optimize the micronutrient content of resultant black teas.
{"title":"Effect of Genotypes in Different Environments on Micronutrient Content of Black Tea","authors":"W. Omwoyo, P. Owuor, D. Ongeri, D. Kamau","doi":"10.5376/JTSR.2014.04.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JTSR.2014.04.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Essential elements are needed in the day to day living of both human beings and the plants including tea ( Camellia sinensis ). Different clones of tea have been developed and distributed to farmers in various locations however it remains obscure the levels of the essential elements in their resultant black teas. This study aimed at establishing the micronutrient levels of different clones planted in a single site and also establish whether the levels of the micronutrients varied in the same pattern when planted in different regions. It was found that the different clones varied significantly (p≤0.05) in their micronutrient levels when planted in a single location under similar agronomic practices and this did not follow a similar pattern when the clones were planted in different locations. Thus there is need to identify region specific clones in order to optimize the micronutrient content of resultant black teas.","PeriodicalId":17156,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tea Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87586231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-02DOI: 10.5376/JTSR.2014.04.0001
A. Sharangi, J. Avina
Tea is the second most frequently consumed cheapest non-alcoholic beverage worldwide, black tea is the most produced type, followed by green and Oolong tea. The venture of this paper is to focus on the latest research efforts regarding the health effects related to consumption of black tea and derive some future research directions towards its therapeutic potentialities. With a view of the above, comprehensive information on the fermentation process, composition, and quality of black tea has been provided. Several major beneficial roles of black tea are antioxidant activity, antiulcer effect, anti-inflammatory effect, antimicrobial properties, anticancer properties, antimutagenic activity along with the attenuating or reducing effects on blood pressure, CHD and cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, oxidative damage are important. Moreover, black tea has been found to enhance insulin activity, help in treating asthma, retard cataract, maintain fluid balance, bone health and dental health, improve mean body mass index and body weight, prevent cellular DNA damage, inhibits HIV, lower stress hormone levels, etc. The potential effect on human biosynthetic pathways related to oxidative processes as well as that on cognitive performance has also been discussed with citation from various research findings. Keywords Camellia sp; Black tea; Polyphenols; Human health; Therapy
{"title":"Black Tea Magic: Overview of Global Research on Human Health and Therapeutic Potentialities","authors":"A. Sharangi, J. Avina","doi":"10.5376/JTSR.2014.04.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JTSR.2014.04.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Tea is the second most frequently consumed cheapest non-alcoholic beverage worldwide, black tea is the most produced type, followed by green and Oolong tea. The venture of this paper is to focus on the latest research efforts regarding the health effects related to consumption of black tea and derive some future research directions towards its therapeutic potentialities. With a view of the above, comprehensive information on the fermentation process, composition, and quality of black tea has been provided. Several major beneficial roles of black tea are antioxidant activity, antiulcer effect, anti-inflammatory effect, antimicrobial properties, anticancer properties, antimutagenic activity along with the attenuating or reducing effects on blood pressure, CHD and cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, oxidative damage are important. Moreover, black tea has been found to enhance insulin activity, help in treating asthma, retard cataract, maintain fluid balance, bone health and dental health, improve mean body mass index and body weight, prevent cellular DNA damage, inhibits HIV, lower stress hormone levels, etc. The potential effect on human biosynthetic pathways related to oxidative processes as well as that on cognitive performance has also been discussed with citation from various research findings. Keywords Camellia sp; Black tea; Polyphenols; Human health; Therapy","PeriodicalId":17156,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tea Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79580015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-04-28DOI: 10.5376/JTSR.2013.03.0001
M. Sahari, Soheila Zarringhlami, M. Barzegar, Z. Hamidi-Esfehani
In order to produce cocoa butter replacer (CBR), tea seed oil was modified with enzymatic interesterification. The modified product was then added to dark chocolate formulation as a replacement for 10, 15, and 20% of cocoa butter (CB) to study fat bloom formation and polymorphic structure in these samples.
{"title":"Fat Bloom and Polymorphism in Chocolate Prepared with Modified Tea Seed Oil","authors":"M. Sahari, Soheila Zarringhlami, M. Barzegar, Z. Hamidi-Esfehani","doi":"10.5376/JTSR.2013.03.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JTSR.2013.03.0001","url":null,"abstract":"In order to produce cocoa butter replacer (CBR), tea seed oil was modified with enzymatic interesterification. The modified product was then added to dark chocolate formulation as a replacement for 10, 15, and 20% of cocoa butter (CB) to study fat bloom formation and polymorphic structure in these samples.","PeriodicalId":17156,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tea Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87082917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-09-26DOI: 10.5376/JTSR.2012.02.0001
B. Antony, P. Sinu, A. Rehman
Tea industry in India hit a record loss of tea production in 2009-11 due to widespread attack of tea defoliators, looper caterpillar pests of geometrid moths (Lepidoptera) in major tea growing eco-belt of Assam and West Bengal states. This geometrid pest complex has at least four sister species, two each of Biston and Hyposidra ; and a mixed brood of Ectropis sp. The former one was reported as a pest of tea in India since 1911, and later one reported from China and introduced to India; but Hyposidra is a novel tea pest globally, reported recently and that too first from northeast India. Through this article, we attempt to portray the severity of looper outbreak and raised two key questions; viz ., present looper outbreak as an indication of climate change in north-east India? and habitat loss may be the fundamental reason for the primary invasion of looper?
{"title":"Looper Caterpillar Invasion in North East Indian Tea Agro-Ecosystem: Change of Weather and Habitat Loss May be Possible Causes?","authors":"B. Antony, P. Sinu, A. Rehman","doi":"10.5376/JTSR.2012.02.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JTSR.2012.02.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Tea industry in India hit a record loss of tea production in 2009-11 due to widespread attack of tea defoliators, looper caterpillar pests of geometrid moths (Lepidoptera) in major tea growing eco-belt of Assam and West Bengal states. This geometrid pest complex has at least four sister species, two each of Biston and Hyposidra ; and a mixed brood of Ectropis sp. The former one was reported as a pest of tea in India since 1911, and later one reported from China and introduced to India; but Hyposidra is a novel tea pest globally, reported recently and that too first from northeast India. Through this article, we attempt to portray the severity of looper outbreak and raised two key questions; viz ., present looper outbreak as an indication of climate change in north-east India? and habitat loss may be the fundamental reason for the primary invasion of looper?","PeriodicalId":17156,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tea Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86494417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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