Pub Date : 1986-08-01DOI: 10.1080/00022470.1986.10466127
J. Johnston, D. Shriner, C. Abner
During 1982-1984, experiments regarding the nature of crop responses to combinations of acid rain and gaseous pollutant treatments were conducted. Open-top field chambers were used in conjunction with an automatic rain exclusion-simulant distribution system to expose crops to controlled levels of gaseous pollutants and rain acidity in a field setting. Rain exclusion was achieved by automatically moving covers over the experimental plots at the onset of a rain event. The simulant distribution system was automatically activated after 0.25 mm of rain was collected in a recording rain gauge located adjacent to the experimental plots. Rain simulants were dispensed through nozzles until the amount deposited within the plot equaled that deposited by the natural rain outside the plot. The system was capable of dispensing rain simulants with three levels of acidity to ambient air plots and to charcoalfiltered and nonfiltered-air chambered plots. The ability to automatically dispense rain simulants during, and in e...
{"title":"Design and Performance of an Exposure System for Measuring the Response of Crops to Acid Rain and Gaseous Pollutants in the Field","authors":"J. Johnston, D. Shriner, C. Abner","doi":"10.1080/00022470.1986.10466127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00022470.1986.10466127","url":null,"abstract":"During 1982-1984, experiments regarding the nature of crop responses to combinations of acid rain and gaseous pollutant treatments were conducted. Open-top field chambers were used in conjunction with an automatic rain exclusion-simulant distribution system to expose crops to controlled levels of gaseous pollutants and rain acidity in a field setting. Rain exclusion was achieved by automatically moving covers over the experimental plots at the onset of a rain event. The simulant distribution system was automatically activated after 0.25 mm of rain was collected in a recording rain gauge located adjacent to the experimental plots. Rain simulants were dispensed through nozzles until the amount deposited within the plot equaled that deposited by the natural rain outside the plot. The system was capable of dispensing rain simulants with three levels of acidity to ambient air plots and to charcoalfiltered and nonfiltered-air chambered plots. The ability to automatically dispense rain simulants during, and in e...","PeriodicalId":17188,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association","volume":"2015 1","pages":"894-899"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83397032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1986-08-01DOI: 10.1080/00022470.1986.10466125
W R Ott, C E Rodes, R J Drago, C Williams, F J Burmann
Description du systeme de mesure et de l'enregistreur de donnees a microprocesseur utilises dans deux dosimetres
{"title":"Automated data-logging personal exposure monitors for carbon monoxide.","authors":"W R Ott, C E Rodes, R J Drago, C Williams, F J Burmann","doi":"10.1080/00022470.1986.10466125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00022470.1986.10466125","url":null,"abstract":"Description du systeme de mesure et de l'enregistreur de donnees a microprocesseur utilises dans deux dosimetres","PeriodicalId":17188,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association","volume":"36 8","pages":"883-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00022470.1986.10466125","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14878457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1986-08-01DOI: 10.1080/00022470.1986.10466128
A Dravnieks, W Schmidtsdorff, M Meilgaard
The reproducibility of odor thresholds determined by forced-choice dynamic triangle olfactometry was studied employing panels of 23- 45 subjects who tested 12 odorants, with four replications for one (1-butanol). Depending on the selection of panelists, their number, and between-session differences in olfactometer variables, the standard deviation of log(threshold) values ranged from 0.12 (same session, different panels of nine) to 0.37 (different sessions, different panels of nine). Among the demographic factors, only age was found significant; those below age of 30 were 1.6-3 times more sensitive than the older group. No systematic sensitivity difference was found between females and males, and nonsmokers and smokers. Suspicion has been raised in the literature that the method used here, ASTM E679, yields biased results. It is shown for panels of 6-45 members that such biases are inconsequential if the range of concentration presented to the panelists is large enough, and the group threshold is well wit...
{"title":"Odor thresholds by forced-choice dynamic triangle olfactometry: reproducibility and methods of calculation.","authors":"A Dravnieks, W Schmidtsdorff, M Meilgaard","doi":"10.1080/00022470.1986.10466128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00022470.1986.10466128","url":null,"abstract":"The reproducibility of odor thresholds determined by forced-choice dynamic triangle olfactometry was studied employing panels of 23- 45 subjects who tested 12 odorants, with four replications for one (1-butanol). Depending on the selection of panelists, their number, and between-session differences in olfactometer variables, the standard deviation of log(threshold) values ranged from 0.12 (same session, different panels of nine) to 0.37 (different sessions, different panels of nine). Among the demographic factors, only age was found significant; those below age of 30 were 1.6-3 times more sensitive than the older group. No systematic sensitivity difference was found between females and males, and nonsmokers and smokers. Suspicion has been raised in the literature that the method used here, ASTM E679, yields biased results. It is shown for panels of 6-45 members that such biases are inconsequential if the range of concentration presented to the panelists is large enough, and the group threshold is well wit...","PeriodicalId":17188,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association","volume":"36 8","pages":"900-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00022470.1986.10466128","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14878458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1986-07-01DOI: 10.1080/00022470.1986.10466115
J. Robertson, C. J. Price
The afton Copper Smelter adjacent to Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada commenced operation in 1978 and employed a mercury scrubbing system. Two years of preproduction studies, which included monitoring for mercury in ambient air, water, soil, and vegetation were performed. The results from similar studies conducted during four full years (1978-81) and two partial years (1982-83) of production are presented in the data analysis. These programs illustrated that the most frequent ground impingement occurred within a 1.6-3.2-km radius of the source, and that the levels decreased with increasing distance from the source to a maximum radius of 8 km. The results of a comprehensive source monitoring program illustrated that the average mercury emission levels ranged from 3.2 to 6.8 kg/calendar day during 1979-81, and that the majority of the emissions were in a vapor form. The ambient monitoring data acquired when smelter operations were significantly reduced indicate a quick recovery to preproduction levels in virtually all monitored parameters and at most monitored sites. The integrated results from all mercury monitoring programs illustrate the environmental impact from mercury emissions which were two to four times the permit standard of 1.8 kg/day.
{"title":"An Assessment of Mercury Emissions from the Afton Copper Smelter, British Columbia, Canada","authors":"J. Robertson, C. J. Price","doi":"10.1080/00022470.1986.10466115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00022470.1986.10466115","url":null,"abstract":"The afton Copper Smelter adjacent to Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada commenced operation in 1978 and employed a mercury scrubbing system. Two years of preproduction studies, which included monitoring for mercury in ambient air, water, soil, and vegetation were performed. The results from similar studies conducted during four full years (1978-81) and two partial years (1982-83) of production are presented in the data analysis. These programs illustrated that the most frequent ground impingement occurred within a 1.6-3.2-km radius of the source, and that the levels decreased with increasing distance from the source to a maximum radius of 8 km. The results of a comprehensive source monitoring program illustrated that the average mercury emission levels ranged from 3.2 to 6.8 kg/calendar day during 1979-81, and that the majority of the emissions were in a vapor form. The ambient monitoring data acquired when smelter operations were significantly reduced indicate a quick recovery to preproduction levels in virtually all monitored parameters and at most monitored sites. The integrated results from all mercury monitoring programs illustrate the environmental impact from mercury emissions which were two to four times the permit standard of 1.8 kg/day.","PeriodicalId":17188,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association","volume":"46 1","pages":"803-807"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87821472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1986-07-01DOI: 10.1080/00022470.1986.10466114
D. Golomb, J. Fay, Subramanyam Kumar
The large differences in seasonal rates of wet sulfate deposition observed at many receptors in eastern North America imply that reducing SO2 emissions only in the summer half of the year (April-September) would bring about greater annual wet sulfate deposition reductions than reducing emissions by the same amount year-round. Targeting the emission reductions to those source areas which contribute the bulk of summer depositions in ecologically sensitive areas would increase further the gain factor, defined as the ratio of annual fractional deposition decrement to annual fractional emission decrement. In the northeastern U.S., between 10 and 15 rain episodes deposit about 60 percent of the annual wet sulfate; reducing emissions in the dry periods preceding these heavy deposition episodes could further increase the gain factor. However, it is difficult to predict these episodes, and they do not occur simultaneously over large regions of the country.
{"title":"Seasonal, Episodic and Targeted Control of Sulfate Deposition","authors":"D. Golomb, J. Fay, Subramanyam Kumar","doi":"10.1080/00022470.1986.10466114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00022470.1986.10466114","url":null,"abstract":"The large differences in seasonal rates of wet sulfate deposition observed at many receptors in eastern North America imply that reducing SO2 emissions only in the summer half of the year (April-September) would bring about greater annual wet sulfate deposition reductions than reducing emissions by the same amount year-round. Targeting the emission reductions to those source areas which contribute the bulk of summer depositions in ecologically sensitive areas would increase further the gain factor, defined as the ratio of annual fractional deposition decrement to annual fractional emission decrement. In the northeastern U.S., between 10 and 15 rain episodes deposit about 60 percent of the annual wet sulfate; reducing emissions in the dry periods preceding these heavy deposition episodes could further increase the gain factor. However, it is difficult to predict these episodes, and they do not occur simultaneously over large regions of the country.","PeriodicalId":17188,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association","volume":"8 1","pages":"798-802"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80631750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1986-07-01DOI: 10.1080/00022470.1986.10466123
J. Weis, D. Baumgardner, D. Hendry
The Escalante Unit No. 1 flue gas desulfurization (FGD) waste slurry dewatering system represents the first domestic utility to deviate from the typical industry two-stage dewatering system design. Evaluations conducted during the design phase compared three dewatering options: 1) thickener in series with vacuum filters, 2) thickener in series with centrifuges, and 3) centrifuges with no thickener. The evaluation showed that centrifuges with no thickener (one stage) could significantly reduce capital costs. Coupled with capital costs, this option also decreases operation and maintenance costs, reduces the complexity of the system, saves a considerable amount of space, and centralized the FGD and dewatering systems within one building. This paper describes the evaluation that took place during the design phase of the project comparing the three dewatering options. Operational data for the first year of operation are presented, and operating and maintenance costs are discussed and compared with conventional two-stage dewatering systems.
{"title":"Single-stage dewatering of FGD waste: emerging technology at plains-escalante station","authors":"J. Weis, D. Baumgardner, D. Hendry","doi":"10.1080/00022470.1986.10466123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00022470.1986.10466123","url":null,"abstract":"The Escalante Unit No. 1 flue gas desulfurization (FGD) waste slurry dewatering system represents the first domestic utility to deviate from the typical industry two-stage dewatering system design. Evaluations conducted during the design phase compared three dewatering options: 1) thickener in series with vacuum filters, 2) thickener in series with centrifuges, and 3) centrifuges with no thickener. The evaluation showed that centrifuges with no thickener (one stage) could significantly reduce capital costs. Coupled with capital costs, this option also decreases operation and maintenance costs, reduces the complexity of the system, saves a considerable amount of space, and centralized the FGD and dewatering systems within one building. This paper describes the evaluation that took place during the design phase of the project comparing the three dewatering options. Operational data for the first year of operation are presented, and operating and maintenance costs are discussed and compared with conventional two-stage dewatering systems.","PeriodicalId":17188,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association","volume":"83 1","pages":"852-856"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73859500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1986-07-01DOI: 10.1080/00022470.1986.10466113
R. Feldman, Danielle Rowley
Recent publicity has focused on the crisis in the market for commercial liability insurance. Industries and professionals concerned with air pollution are among those facing an acute shortage of insurance coverage. Captive insurance companies are gaining popularity as a means of securing comprehensive pollution liability coverage. Captives are separate corporations established by companies with similar risk management problems to write policies covering pollution emissions. Federal tax law requires that captives be set up properly, with transfer and distribution of risk, before premiums paid by the member companies are deductible. Financial responsibility requirements of the EPA are being redesigned, and may be favorable to the use of captives. Six states and several off-shore countries have statutes allowing captive insurance companies. Attention to practical details can lead to success in using captives to secure business advantages as well as protection from the risk of environmental impairment. Several of such considerations are discussed in light of the tax, environmental, and state regulatory issues relevant to the question, with an eye toward giving practical legal advice for structuring captives.
{"title":"Captive insurance companies and the management of environmental risks","authors":"R. Feldman, Danielle Rowley","doi":"10.1080/00022470.1986.10466113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00022470.1986.10466113","url":null,"abstract":"Recent publicity has focused on the crisis in the market for commercial liability insurance. Industries and professionals concerned with air pollution are among those facing an acute shortage of insurance coverage. Captive insurance companies are gaining popularity as a means of securing comprehensive pollution liability coverage. Captives are separate corporations established by companies with similar risk management problems to write policies covering pollution emissions. Federal tax law requires that captives be set up properly, with transfer and distribution of risk, before premiums paid by the member companies are deductible. Financial responsibility requirements of the EPA are being redesigned, and may be favorable to the use of captives. Six states and several off-shore countries have statutes allowing captive insurance companies. Attention to practical details can lead to success in using captives to secure business advantages as well as protection from the risk of environmental impairment. Several of such considerations are discussed in light of the tax, environmental, and state regulatory issues relevant to the question, with an eye toward giving practical legal advice for structuring captives.","PeriodicalId":17188,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association","volume":"8 1","pages":"791-797"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83906241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1986-07-01DOI: 10.1080/00022470.1986.10466117
B. Chevone, D. Herzfeld, S. Krupa, A. Chappelka
Acid sulfate aerosol (500 μg/m3) had no effect on soybean or pinto bean after a single 4-h exposure. However, visible Injury and chlorophyll loss occurred when plants were sequentially exposed to acid aerosol and ozone (380 μg/m3) for 4 h. In yellow poplar seedlings exposed to ozone (200 μg/m3), sulfur dioxide (210 μg/m3) and simulated rain solutions (pH 5.6, 4.3 and 3.0) for 6 weeks, root dry weight, leaf area increase, mean relative growth rate and unit leaf rate decreased linearly with pH in ozone-treated plants. However, unit leaf rate and mean relative growth rate increased linearly in response to sulfur dioxide as solution acidity increased. Ambient wet and dry sulfate concentrations appear insufficient to directly impact vegetation.
{"title":"Direct Effects of Atmospheric Sulfate Deposition on Vegetation","authors":"B. Chevone, D. Herzfeld, S. Krupa, A. Chappelka","doi":"10.1080/00022470.1986.10466117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00022470.1986.10466117","url":null,"abstract":"Acid sulfate aerosol (500 μg/m3) had no effect on soybean or pinto bean after a single 4-h exposure. However, visible Injury and chlorophyll loss occurred when plants were sequentially exposed to acid aerosol and ozone (380 μg/m3) for 4 h. In yellow poplar seedlings exposed to ozone (200 μg/m3), sulfur dioxide (210 μg/m3) and simulated rain solutions (pH 5.6, 4.3 and 3.0) for 6 weeks, root dry weight, leaf area increase, mean relative growth rate and unit leaf rate decreased linearly with pH in ozone-treated plants. However, unit leaf rate and mean relative growth rate increased linearly in response to sulfur dioxide as solution acidity increased. Ambient wet and dry sulfate concentrations appear insufficient to directly impact vegetation.","PeriodicalId":17188,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association","volume":"34 1","pages":"813-815"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89521903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1986-07-01DOI: 10.1080/00022470.1986.10466119
K. Fung, Barbara Wright
Benzene is a toxic substance commonly found in ambient air, especially in the urban environment. Benzene is an industrial solvent and is also a component of gasoline, typically present in concentrations of 1-2 percent. Evaporative emissions account for some of the benzene in ambient air. However, benzene can also be produced in combustion processes including those in automobiles and can be emitted with the exhaust into the environment. Recently, the California Air Resources Board (CARB) has identified benzene as the first pollutant to be controlled under its toxic air contaminant control program. Thus, there is a need for an accurate, reliable, low-cost technique for the routine monitoring of benzene. This paper compares monitoring methods. 6 references, 3 figures, 1 table.
{"title":"Monitoring of benzene in ambient air with organic vapor badges","authors":"K. Fung, Barbara Wright","doi":"10.1080/00022470.1986.10466119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00022470.1986.10466119","url":null,"abstract":"Benzene is a toxic substance commonly found in ambient air, especially in the urban environment. Benzene is an industrial solvent and is also a component of gasoline, typically present in concentrations of 1-2 percent. Evaporative emissions account for some of the benzene in ambient air. However, benzene can also be produced in combustion processes including those in automobiles and can be emitted with the exhaust into the environment. Recently, the California Air Resources Board (CARB) has identified benzene as the first pollutant to be controlled under its toxic air contaminant control program. Thus, there is a need for an accurate, reliable, low-cost technique for the routine monitoring of benzene. This paper compares monitoring methods. 6 references, 3 figures, 1 table.","PeriodicalId":17188,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association","volume":"63 1","pages":"819-821"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80313291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1986-07-01DOI: 10.1080/00022470.1986.10466121
V. Cundy, J. S. Morse, D. Senser
This paper discusses a number of results obtained from a hazardous waste flat flame combustion study with implications to full scale incinerators. The results demonstrate that it is possible to obtain DREs of up to 99.95 percent firing mixtures of CH2Cl2/CH4 and air in such a facility. These results are significant since residence times are at the millisecond level. The paper presents DRE results obtained with this CH2Cl2 flat flame system when systematically varying the chlorine loading and equivalence ratio within the flames. Additionally, a PIC DRE is defined as an alternative approach to measure total stack emissions. PIC DRE results are presented for systematic variation of chlorine loading and equivalence ratio. Based upon the data of the paper, a suggested two-stage incineration process is presented which may be both economically advantageous and result in less total PIC emissions as compared with conventional incinerators for certain wastes. The data of this work further indicate that it is kineti...
{"title":"Practical incinerator implications from a fundamental flat flame study of dichloromethane combustion","authors":"V. Cundy, J. S. Morse, D. Senser","doi":"10.1080/00022470.1986.10466121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00022470.1986.10466121","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses a number of results obtained from a hazardous waste flat flame combustion study with implications to full scale incinerators. The results demonstrate that it is possible to obtain DREs of up to 99.95 percent firing mixtures of CH2Cl2/CH4 and air in such a facility. These results are significant since residence times are at the millisecond level. The paper presents DRE results obtained with this CH2Cl2 flat flame system when systematically varying the chlorine loading and equivalence ratio within the flames. Additionally, a PIC DRE is defined as an alternative approach to measure total stack emissions. PIC DRE results are presented for systematic variation of chlorine loading and equivalence ratio. Based upon the data of the paper, a suggested two-stage incineration process is presented which may be both economically advantageous and result in less total PIC emissions as compared with conventional incinerators for certain wastes. The data of this work further indicate that it is kineti...","PeriodicalId":17188,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association","volume":"8 1","pages":"824-828"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88914590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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