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Evidence for a by-product mutualism in a group hunter depends on prey movement state 群居猎人的副产品互利关系证据取决于猎物的运动状态
IF 4.6 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-23 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14638
K. Pacher, J. Krause, P. Bartashevich, P. Romanczuk, P. Bideau, D. Pham, A. L. Burns, D. Deffner, F. Dhellemmes, B. Binder, K. M. Boswell, F. Galván-Magaña, P. Domenici, M. J. Hansen

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有研究表明,群猎动物会对猎物进行长距离追逐(千米),以提高捕获成功率,但这方面的证据仅限于少数陆生物种。这种捕食策略在大洋中可能很有效,因为在大洋中,捕食者与猎物的体型比很大,猎物的藏身之处也很少。然而,记录掠食者在公海中长距离追捕时的攻击率、捕获率和捕获成功概率仍然是一个巨大的挑战。在这里,我们结合使用水下和空中视频来评估条纹旗鱼(Kajikia audax)在群捕过程中的攻击和捕获行为,并将其与学步猎物的运动("静止 "和 "移动 "运动状态)联系起来。我们发现,当猎物群处于 "静止 "状态时,攻击率较高,在此期间,大马林鱼个体可以对猎物群进行较长时间的连续攻击,从而在短时间内有效地垄断猎物资源。当猎物群处于 "移动 "状态时,攻击模式会发生变化,马林鱼个体会更频繁地交替攻击猎物群。捕获成功率(每次攻击捕获的可能性)不受猎物移动状态的影响。然而,对 "移动 "鱼群的攻击会导致更多的猎物从鱼群中分离出来,这些分离出来的猎物很容易被捕获--不是被攻击者捕获,而是被游到附近的同类捕获。猎物从 "移动 "鱼群中孤立出来的几率是由猎物鱼群的速度预测的,速度每增加 0.1 米,被孤立的几率就会增加 18.01%。总之,这意味着当猎物群是 "移动的 "而不是 "静止的 "时,群体捕获率最高,因为追逐 "移动的 "猎物群的捕食者有更多的孤立的、容易捕获的猎物。这一机制为选择同种群体形成的副产品互利关系提供了证据,我们将在考虑狩猎群体的社会结构和猎物类型的基础上讨论我们的发现。在期刊博客上免费阅读本文的通俗摘要。
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引用次数: 0
Potential drivers of differences in breeding phenology as a component of life history strategies among coexisting species 共存物种间作为生活史策略组成部分的繁殖物候差异的潜在驱动因素
IF 4.6 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-22 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14640
Thomas E. Martin, Penn Lloyd

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繁殖物候会对人口产生很大影响。然而,共存的动物物种在繁殖物候方面存在差异的原因却很少受到关注。我们测试了生命史变异的选择压力,如年龄特异性死亡率、饮食和体型,以解释南非干旱灌木林中16种共存鸣禽的繁殖物候。最早和最晚的物种的平均开始和结束日期相差 1.5 个月,其余物种之间存在梯度。巢被捕食的风险一般在整个季节都会增加,尽管物种的季节性模式有所不同。年成虫死亡率较低、巢捕食季节性增加较多、巢捕食率较高的物种的开始和结束日期较早,从而降低了人口风险。成体死亡率较高的物种的育雏规模较大,需要更多的食物,它们在食物较丰富时繁殖较晚。因此,繁殖时间的演变反映了与寿命和育雏规模有关的风险管理和食物供应情况。这些因素可能会对物种内部对气候变化的反应产生未被认识到的限制。鉴于物候对适应性的重要性,物候应作为核心生活史性状纳入未来的理论中,在应对气候变化时需要考虑进化限制因素。在期刊博客上免费阅读本文的通俗摘要。
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引用次数: 0
Of flippers and wings: The locomotor environment as a driver of the evolution of forelimb morphological diversity in mammals 脚蹼和翅膀:运动环境是哺乳动物前肢形态多样性进化的驱动力
IF 4.6 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-16 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14632
Priscila S. Rothier, Anne-Claire Fabre, Roger B. J. Benson, Quentin Martinez, Pierre-Henri Fabre, Brandon P. Hedrick, Anthony Herrel

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四足类动物在陆地环境中的早期分化涉及对其运动装置的适应,使其能够在不均匀的表面上支撑和推进重量。许多类群后来又回到了水中,而其他类群则征服了空中环境,在连续流体介质中运动的物理限制下进一步实现了多样化。虽然许多研究探讨了在连续介质中运动与体重之间的关系,但没有一项研究关注连续介质如何影响肢体形状多样性的宏观进化模式。我们研究了离开陆地环境以空气和水作为主要运动环境的哺乳动物是否经历了对其前肢形态进化的限制,评估了其形态差异和趋同的程度。我们收集了涵盖哺乳动物现存科级多样性的 800 多个物种的综合样本,利用对前肢骨骼的线性测量来确定其形状和大小。在哺乳动物中,完全水生类群的前肢形状差异最大,这可能是由于鳍肢扮演着多种不同的功能角色,或者是由于鳍肢内部骨骼比例的限制放宽了。与此相反,空中运动与前肢形状多样性受限有关。蝙蝠和滑翔哺乳动物表现出相似的形态模式,导致部分表型趋同,主要涉及前肢近端节段的伸长。因此,水生运动推动了前肢形状的多样化,而空中运动则限制了前肢的多样化。这些结果表明,在连续流体介质中运动既可以促进也可以限制形态多样性,更广泛地说,运动环境促进了哺乳动物前肢的形态和功能进化。在期刊博客上免费阅读本文的通俗摘要。
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引用次数: 0
Environment-dependent relationships between corticosterone and energy expenditure during reproduction: Insights from seabirds in the context of climate change 皮质酮与繁殖期间能量消耗之间的环境依赖关系:气候变化背景下海鸟的启示
IF 4.6 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-13 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14630
Andrea S. Grunst, Melissa L. Grunst, David Grémillet, Olivier Chastel, Marta Cruz-Flores, Sophie Gentès, Antoine Grissot, Dariusz Jakubas, Akiko Kato, Charline Parteneau, Katarzyna Wojczulanis-Jakubas, Jérôme Fort

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关于荷尔蒙皮质酮(CORT)如何介导繁殖期间的能量消耗,人们提出了不同的假设。基线皮质酮(CORTb)的升高可能会支持每日能量消耗(DEE),促进繁殖努力,或降低低质量个体在面临静力超载时的代价高昂的行为。我们研究了 CORTb、时间活动预算(TABs)、DEE 和潜水行为之间的关系,这些关系跨越了两年时间和小赤麻鸭(Alle alle)的群落,小赤麻鸭是一种北极海鸟,面对气候变化,提高 DEE 可能有助于其繁殖。我们还探讨了汞(Hg)污染是否会通过影响下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺(HPA)轴和CORT的产生来抑制DEE。此外,我们还对繁殖海鸟物种进行了系统发育控制分析,以更广泛地了解 CORT 与 DEE 的关系。在东格陵兰岛寒冷的一年中,CORTb与小赤麻鸭的活动、DEE和潜水持续时间呈正相关,当时小赤麻鸭种群中的CORTb升高,但在温暖的一年中或在斯瓦尔巴群岛,CORTb与小赤麻鸭的活动、DEE和潜水持续时间不呈正相关。CORTb不能预测雏鸟的供给量,汞也不能抑制CORTb。在所有繁殖海鸟物种中,CORTb与DEE不相关。相反,与预测相反,在低纬度繁殖的物种CORTb更高。种内分析结果表明,CORTb、行为和DEE之间的关系取决于环境,这对理解CORTb在适应气候变化中的作用具有重要意义。种间分析表明,在繁殖过程中,CORTb和DEE之间不存在相关选择,而且引起CORTb变化的DEE阈值可能因物种而异。在期刊博客上免费阅读本文的通俗摘要。
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引用次数: 0
Organic management improved the multifunctionality in recolonization soil by increasing microbial diversity and function 有机管理通过提高微生物多样性和功能,改善了再殖土壤的多功能性
IF 4.6 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-12 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14637
Taobing Yu, Ruoqi Yang, Xintian Jie, Tengxiang Lian, Huadong Zang, Zhaohai Zeng, Yadong Yang

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有机管理能促进独特而稳定的土壤微生物群落的形成,然而,有机管理对灭菌土壤微生物群落的时间恢复和多功能性的影响仍然知之甚少。我们使用扩增子测序法和元基因组测序法研究了长期有机和常规管理土壤中的微生物群落对恢复土壤微生物组和功能的影响。我们采用平均法计算了土壤在重新定殖 30 天和 90 天时的多功能性。结果表明,与常规管理(C)相比,有机管理(O)显著提高了微生物群落的α多样性、生态位宽度和网络复杂性。有机土壤悬浮液土壤中微生物群落的阿尔法多样性、生态位宽度和网络复杂性在重新定殖的第 30 天和第 90 天明显高于常规管理。接种了有机土壤悬浮剂(OO)的灭菌有机管理土壤的土壤多功能性比其他处理高出 14.6% 至 70.6%。宏基因组分析表明,与 C 相比,O 显著富集了 ABC 转运体、碳代谢、氨基酸生物合成、双组分和氮代谢的功能途径,以及碳降解、碳固定、氮循环和磷循环的大部分功能基因。此外,微生物组的α多样性、生态位宽度、网络复杂性、功能途径和功能基因与土壤多功能性呈正相关。综述与应用。我们的研究结果强调了有机管理引起的微生物群落多样性、网络复杂性和功能性变化对促进土壤微生物和功能损失恢复的重要性,为农艺生产中有机管理对土壤微生物组和功能的可持续影响提供了理论基础。在期刊博客上免费阅读本文的通俗摘要。
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引用次数: 0
Fractions of soil phosphorus mediated by rhizospheric phoD-harbouring bacteria of deep-rooted desert species are determined by fine-root traits 深根沙漠物种根瘤噬菌体所介导的土壤磷比例由细根特征决定
IF 4.6 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-12 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14635
Yanju Gao, Akash Tariq, Fanjiang Zeng, Jordi Sardans, Dhafer A. Al-Bakre, Josep Peñuelas

Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

土壤磷(P)的可用性是决定陆地生态系统初级生产力的关键因素。缺磷条件下的植物功能特性和微生物可以做出积极反应,提高土壤中磷的生物利用率。然而,深根沙漠物种的细根性状(FRTs)是否和/或如何影响根瘤菌圈和土壤中的噬菌体群落,从而改善土壤钾的可利用性,目前仍不清楚。为了填补这一空白,我们利用 Alhagi sparsifolia Shap.(以下简称 Alhagi)进行了为期三年的人工室外盆栽钾供应实验。我们采集了 1 年生和 3 年生 Alhagi 幼苗的细根样本以及根瘤和块状土壤样本。通过高通量测序、连续提取和根系扫描,确定了土壤 phoD-harbouring 细菌群落、Hedley-P 分馏物和 FRTs。与高磷供应条件相比,无磷供应条件下的细根表面积(RSA)、比根长、叶面锰浓度(表明根部羧酸盐的释放量)和酸性磷酸酶(APase)活性都显著较高。3 年生幼苗的酸性磷酸酶活性比 1 年生幼苗高 27%,但叶面锰浓度却比 1 年生幼苗低 26%。在无磷酸盐供应条件下,3 年生幼苗根瘤中的可溶性磷酸盐、中度可溶性磷酸盐、无机磷酸盐和有机磷酸盐浓度分别比 1 年生幼苗高 5%、11%、10% 和 21%。RSA 和叶面锰浓度是 1 年生幼苗根瘤菌群落 phoD-harbouring 细菌群落的主要根部预测因子,而细根 P 浓度是 3 年生幼苗根瘤菌群落和土壤中大量 phoD-harbouring 细菌群落的主要根部预测因子。土壤含水量作为驱动 phoD-有害细菌群落变化的最主要土壤因子,其作用不容忽视。FRTs是直接正向决定根瘤菌群落并进而影响土壤钾供应的主要因素,但大体积土壤噬菌体群落受无机钾浓度的支配。随着植物的生长,细根形态特征对土壤钾供应的重要性逐渐增加。总之,我们的研究结果强调了根瘤层 phoD-有害细菌对土壤钾的生物利用率的重要意义,而根瘤层 phoD-有害细菌是由 FRTs 对土壤钾的生物利用率的影响决定的。
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引用次数: 0
Sex, flies and flower trap: Trapping trichomes and their function in pollination 性、苍蝇和花诱捕器:诱捕毛状体及其在授粉中的功能
IF 4.6 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-10 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14633
C. A. Matallana‐Puerto, V. L. G. Brito, V. C. Kuster, Paulo E. Oliveira, J. C. Cardoso
Trapping trichomes, a common trait found in protogynous trap flowers, are thought to enable interaction with pollinators, promoting both pollen removal and fruit set. However, this hypothesis has yet to be empirically confirmed.In this study, we experimentally tested whether trapping trichomes favour male and female functions in trap flowers. Using protogynous South American Aristolochia esperanzae trap flowers, we observed the temporal variation in both sexual functions and associated them with the wilting of the flower and trapping trichomes. Next, we described the trapping trichomes features associated with the capture, entrapment and release of pollinators. Finally, we used manipulative experiments involving trapping trichome removal to quantify their influence on pollinator entrapment, pollen removal and fruit set.While flowers wilted after the end of the female phase, the trapping trichomes only wilted some hours after pollen presentation, promoting a delay in the exit of pollinators, so they carried pollen. Trapping trichomes features, such as a density gradient towards the interior of the tube, unidirectional orientation and epicuticular waxes, may be important in the capture and entrapment of pollinators. Trapping trichome removal decreased drastically the probability of pollinator entrapment and pollen removal, leading to no fruit set.These results indicate that the evolution and maintenance of trapping trichomes in trap flowers probably occurred through selective pressures from both sexual functions and highlight their role in the functioning of this highly phenotypically specialized pollination system.Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
诱捕毛状体是原生雌性诱捕花的常见特征,被认为能与传粉者互动,促进花粉清除和坐果。在本研究中,我们通过实验测试了诱捕毛状体是否有利于诱捕花的雌雄功能。我们利用原生雌性的南美马兜铃(Aristolochia esperanzae)诱导花,观察了两种性功能的时间变化,并将它们与花的枯萎和诱导毛状体联系起来。接着,我们描述了与捕获、诱捕和释放传粉昆虫有关的诱捕毛状体特征。花朵在雌花期结束后枯萎,而诱捕毛状体在花粉呈现后数小时才枯萎,这促使传粉昆虫延迟离开,因此它们携带了花粉。诱捕毛状体的特征,如向管内的密度梯度、单向定向和表皮蜡质,可能是捕获和诱捕传粉昆虫的重要因素。这些结果表明,诱捕花中诱捕毛状体的进化和维持可能是通过来自两种性功能的选择压力实现的,并突出了它们在这一高度表型特化的授粉系统中的作用。
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引用次数: 0
Sex, flies and flower trap: Trapping trichomes and their function in pollination 性、苍蝇和花诱捕器:诱捕毛状体及其在授粉中的功能
IF 4.6 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-10 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14633
Carlos A. Matallana-Puerto, Vinicius L. G. Brito, Vinícius C. Kuster, Paulo E. Oliveira, João C. F. Cardoso

Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

诱捕毛状体是原生雌性诱捕花的常见特征,被认为能与传粉者互动,促进花粉清除和坐果。在本研究中,我们通过实验测试了诱捕毛状体是否有利于诱捕花的雌雄功能。我们利用原生雌性的南美马兜铃(Aristolochia esperanzae)诱导花,观察了两种性功能的时间变化,并将它们与花的枯萎和诱导毛状体联系起来。接着,我们描述了与捕获、诱捕和释放传粉昆虫有关的诱捕毛状体特征。花朵在雌花期结束后枯萎,而诱捕毛状体在花粉呈现后数小时才枯萎,这促使传粉昆虫延迟离开,因此它们携带了花粉。诱捕毛状体的特征,如向管内的密度梯度、单向定向和表皮蜡质,可能是捕获和诱捕传粉昆虫的重要因素。这些结果表明,诱捕花中诱捕毛状体的进化和维持可能是通过来自两种性功能的选择压力实现的,并突出了它们在这一高度表型特化的授粉系统中的作用。
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引用次数: 0
Ecological succession shapes size–density scaling relationships of trees and soil invertebrates 生态演替塑造了树木和土壤无脊椎动物的大小密度比例关系
IF 4.6 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-09 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14636
Poppy Joaquina Romera, Kiri Joy Wallace, James K. McCarthy, Bibishan Rai, Grace Mitchell, Nico Eisenhauer, Christopher H. Lusk, Andrew D. Barnes

Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

据预测,在所有生命形式中,生物体大小与丰度之间广泛观察到的负比例关系具有一个普遍的-0.75比例指数。我们通过分析 183 个温带森林地块(包括城市次生林、城市原始森林和非城市天然林)中树木和土壤中无脊椎动物的大小-密度关系,探索了大小-密度比例关系对生态系统演替和生物特征的依赖性。随着小生物数量的增加,城市树木和无脊椎动物群落的比例关系指数随着恢复(人工)林分年龄的增加而逐渐变陡。相比之下,非城市树木的比例关系在演替过程中趋于平缓,指数偏离-0.75,而城市树木和无脊椎动物群落在演替后期趋向于这一预测。我们的研究结果揭示了跨越多个营养级的树木和土壤无脊椎动物群落的体型结构是如何随着演替时间的推移,随着大体型生物与小体型生物相对丰度的增加而变化的。这项研究强调了生物特征和生态系统演替对生物体型和丰度比例关系的基本影响。
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引用次数: 0
Root traits and soil legacies drive species competition outcomes 根系特征和土壤遗留物驱动物种竞争结果
IF 4.6 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14631
Xilatu Dabu, Hui Ji, Liang Yang, T. Martijn Bezemer, Jingying Jing

Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

植物竞争不仅会受到植物功能特性的影响,还会受到土壤微生物介导的适应性差异的影响。干旱等气候条件会进一步影响植物竞争。然而,人们对土壤微生物和干旱如何与具有不同根系特征的植物物种相互作用以及如何影响植物竞争结果知之甚少。我们在中国温带草原上种植了三种共生植物(Stipa krylovii、Artemisia frigida、Agropyron cristatum),将其单株或混种,并将植物组合置于五种土壤接种体(S. krylovii、A. frigida、A. cristatum 的根相关土壤、三种根区土壤的等量混合物和灭菌土壤)以及干旱处理中。这三个物种在竞争能力上表现出明显的差异,A. cristatum > S. krylovii > A. frigida,土壤接种剂或干旱处理并没有改变顺序。植株的相对产量(RY)受土壤接种物、干旱和植株排列的影响。最强的竞争者 A. cristatum 具有较高的根系总长度、根系表面积和根系体积,经历了更多的生物负反馈,而干旱加剧了这些负效应的程度。相反,最弱的竞争者 A. frigida 具有较高的比根长度,往往具有中性或积极的生物反馈,而干旱则没有影响。此外,三个物种的 RY 和适应性差异(反映为混合物中的竞争能力)受根系性状和植物-土壤反馈的影响不同。A.cristatum的RY可以通过混合物中的反馈效应预测,而适应性差异主要与根系性状有关。A. frigida(最弱的竞争者)的有效年限和适应性差异都可以通过根系性状差异和反馈效应预测。我们的研究表明,共存物种的竞争结果取决于根系性状和混合物中特定物种的 PSF 效应。未来的工作应该研究植物竞争和土壤微生物异质性如何与气候变化共同影响植物共存的机制。
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引用次数: 0
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Functional Ecology
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