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Improving Tearing Resistance of Leather - Part 2 Prevention and Treatment of Low Tearing Strength in the Tannery 提高皮革的抗撕裂性。第2部分制革厂低撕裂强度的预防和处理
IF 0.9 4区 工程技术 Q4 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED Pub Date : 2022-01-03 DOI: 10.34314/jalca.v117i1.4694
Ricardo A. Tournier, Fernando Lado
An appropriate tear strength is one of the main properties that concern customers and it is also a significant source of claims. The authors make a review of the production process, focusing on each step that can either damage the natural strength of collagen fibers or improve them, and therefore, the leather. The aim of this work, divided in Part 1 and 2, is to transfer field tannery experiences collected over 40 years of activity in different tanneries, to colleagues that are looking for world class leather production. Part 1 has been published in JALCA, 116 (12), 2021.
适当的撕裂强度是客户关心的主要性能之一,也是索赔的重要来源。作者对生产过程进行了回顾,重点关注每个步骤,这些步骤可能会破坏胶原纤维的天然强度,也可能会改善它们,从而改善皮革。这项工作分为第1部分和第2部分,目的是将在不同制革厂收集的40多年的现场制革经验传递给正在寻找世界一流皮革生产的同事。第1部分已发表在《JALCA》,116(12),2021。
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引用次数: 0
A Cleaner Process for Short-Term Preservation of Hides using Wheat Bran 一种用麦麸短期保鲜兽皮的清洁工艺
IF 0.9 4区 工程技术 Q4 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED Pub Date : 2022-01-03 DOI: 10.34314/jalca.v117i1.4695
J. Morera, E. Bartolí, R. Fernández, L. Cabeza
Salting is the most common method to preserve hides and skins. However, this preservation system requires the generation of large amounts of contaminated salt, approximately three million tons per year. In recent years several researchers have suggested different methods for the short-term preservation of hides using plant-based formulations, which either minimize or even completely eliminate the use of salt in the process. In this work, the possibility of using wheat bran for this purpose was studied. Two methods of application (dry and aqueous solution) have been developed. They enable the preservation of hides for one month, reducing by half the salt used in the preservation stage without undermining the quality of the final leather. These two methods contribute to the improvement of the overall sustainability of the tanning process. With dry application, the use of salt is avoided and preservation occurs because the hide is dried. The application in aqueous solution (10% wheat bran) requires its previous hydrolysis and a minimum amount of salt (10ºBé). The preservation occurs because the acidity of the hide is increased.
腌制是保存兽皮最常用的方法。然而,这种保存系统需要产生大量受污染的盐,每年约300万吨。近年来,几位研究人员提出了使用植物配方短期保存兽皮的不同方法,这些方法可以最大限度地减少甚至完全消除过程中盐的使用。本研究探讨了利用麦麸作为原料的可能性。已经开发了两种应用方法(干燥和水溶液)。它们可以使皮革保存一个月,在不影响最终皮革质量的情况下,将保存阶段使用的盐减少一半。这两种方法有助于提高鞣制过程的整体可持续性。干燥应用时,避免使用盐,因为皮是干燥的,所以可以保存。在水溶液(10%麦麸)中的应用需要其先前的水解和最少量的盐(10℃)。因为皮的酸度增加了,所以可以保存。
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引用次数: 0
Salt-free Chromium Tanning: Practical Approaches 无盐铬鞣制:实用方法
IF 0.9 4区 工程技术 Q4 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED Pub Date : 2022-01-03 DOI: 10.34314/jalca.v117i1.4690
M. Sathish, R. Aravindhan, J. Rao
Chromium tanning finds a prominant place in leather manufacturing for permanent stabilization of hide/skin matrix. Though, it has multiple advantages in terms of high thermal stability, easy process and low cost etc., the current practice is not environmentally sustainable. Poor chromium exhaustion and TDS load generation are the major environmental threats of conventional chromium tanning systems. On the other hand, salt-free chromium tanning is identified as one of the efficient alternative approaches for hide/skin matrix stabilization. However, it has not been commercially practiced due to the several practical difficulties. In this work attempts have been made to develop a practically viable high-performance salt-free chromium tanning system using deliming liquor as tanning float and changing the order of addition of masking salt. The developed methodologies completely avoid the use of salt/basification process and it is suitable for all kinds of raw materials and tannery houses. Besides, the process enjoys 71-77% reduction in TDS load and the uptake of chromium is around 90%. The physical strength characteristics are on par with conventional process and the leathers exhibit good grain tightness and roundness. The developed methodologies are simple and do not require any specialty chemicals.     
铬鞣制在皮革制造中占有重要地位,用于永久稳定皮革/皮肤基质。虽然它具有热稳定性高、工艺简单、成本低等优点,但目前的做法是不环保的。铬消耗差和TDS负荷产生是传统铬鞣系统的主要环境威胁。另一方面,无盐铬鞣制被认为是皮革/皮肤基质稳定的有效替代方法之一。然而,由于一些实际困难,它尚未商业化。本文尝试以定界液为鞣剂,改变掩蔽盐的添加顺序,开发一种实际可行的高性能无盐铬鞣体系。开发的方法完全避免了盐/碱化过程的使用,适用于各种原材料和制革厂。此外,该工艺的TDS负荷降低了71-77%,铬的吸收率在90%左右。物理强度特性与传统工艺相当,皮革具有良好的颗粒紧密性和圆度。开发的方法简单,不需要任何特殊化学品。
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引用次数: 1
Development of Leather Cutting Board from Plastic Waste 利用废旧塑料开发皮革砧板
IF 0.9 4区 工程技术 Q4 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.34314/jalca.v116i12.4689
F. E. Ahmed, Rotick K. Gideon
Cutting is the process in which goods or garment material are cut and converted into pattern shapes of the goods or garment components. There are two methods of Leather cutting, which are hand cutting and machine cutting. Hand cutting is done with the use of hand knife, cutting board and cutting patterns. Machine cutting can be done using semi-automatic cutting machines or fully-automatic cutting machines. Currently, in Ethiopia, different local and foreign investors are participating in leather products manufacturing. Most of the leather product manufacturing industry and some Small and Medium enterprise’s (SME’s) in the country are using leather cutting machines in order to cut leather goods or garment parts. Most of the industry and SMEs are using imported cutting board made of plastics and rubbers. However, these cutting boards are expensive.   This research aimed at developing a cutting board made from HDPE (High-Density Polyethylene) plastic waste as main material, calcium carbonate as a filler and glass fiber as a reinforcing material. Primary and secondary data gathering techniques were applied simultaneously. Primary data were collected through interview and field observation. Secondary data was gathered by reviewing different literature. The cutting board developed through collecting HDPE plastic waste, washing, shredding and melting the shredded plastic with filler and reinforcing material. The melted plastic poured in to cutting board mold and cooled. The developed cutting board was compared with HDPE cutting board available in the local market. The developed board showed relative compression and hardness properties with the HDPE cutting board available in the market. In the cost analysis, the developed cutting board is cheaper than the cutting board which available in the market. However, the cutting board in the market has better surface texture and quality than the developed cutting board. Melting HDPE plastic waste using metal or clay cooking pots and charcoal fire is a tedious task and smoke from the fire will cause human health problem and will affect environment. Consequently, manual plastic melting method is not feasible for mass production, because it is difficult to control the amount of heat (charcoal fire) during melting process. Based on this the authors recommend using machine based plastic melting and molding during HDPE and related plastic recycling.
裁剪是将商品或服装材料裁剪成商品或服装部件的图案形状的过程。皮革切割有两种方法,即手工切割和机器切割。手工切割是使用手刀,砧板和切割图案完成的。机器切割可采用半自动切割机或全自动切割机进行。目前,在埃塞俄比亚,不同的本地和外国投资者正在参与皮革制品制造。国内大多数皮革制品制造业和一些中小型企业都在使用皮革切割机来切割皮革制品或服装零件。大多数行业和中小企业都使用进口的塑料和橡胶制成的砧板。然而,这些砧板很贵。本研究以HDPE(高密度聚乙烯)塑料废料为主要材料,碳酸钙为填料,玻璃纤维为增强材料,研制出一种菜板。主要和次要数据收集技术同时应用。通过访谈和实地观察收集初步资料。通过查阅不同文献收集辅助资料。该砧板是通过收集HDPE塑料废料,将切碎的塑料与填料和增强材料进行洗涤、切碎和熔化而开发的。融化的塑料倒入切菜板模具冷却。将所研制的菜板与国内市场上的HDPE菜板进行了比较。所开发的板具有与市场上现有的HDPE砧板相对的压缩性能和硬度。在成本分析上,开发的菜板比市场上现有的菜板便宜。但是,市场上的菜板比发达的菜板具有更好的表面质感和质量。使用金属或粘土锅和炭火熔化HDPE塑料废物是一项繁琐的任务,并且火灾产生的烟雾会造成人体健康问题并影响环境。因此,人工塑料熔炼方法不适合大规模生产,因为熔炼过程中的热量(炭火)难以控制。在此基础上,作者建议在HDPE和相关塑料回收中使用机器熔融和成型。
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引用次数: 1
Long-Term Releasing Kinetics of Chromium from Leather 皮革中铬的长期释放动力学
IF 0.9 4区 工程技术 Q4 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.34314/jalca.v116i12.4688
Wenjun Long, Liangqiong Peng, Xiaofeng Jiang, Faming He, Wenhua Zhang
The release of chromium from leather inevitably results in potential risks and this study is conducted to investigate the long-term releasing behavior. The leaching tests proceed using water at solid to liquid ratio of 1:20 and rotational speed 60 r/min for 240 hours to simulate the release of chrome leather under natural conditions. The experimental data successfully fit with the Pseudo-second-order equation, Elovich equation, and Weber-Morris model, indicating the long-term leaching behavior of chromium in heterogeneous leather is controlled by liquid-solid film, while the interparticle and intraparticle diffusion also play important roles. The leachable chromium accounts for 2.8-4.5% total chromium in leather and increases with temperature. The Three-compartment model depicts the releasing process as rapid, slow, and very slow stages, and temperature mainly affected the very slow stage. The amount of released chromium in rapid and slow stages slightly increases with temperature, which could be used to assess the hazard of chrome leather.
皮革中铬的释放不可避免地会带来潜在的风险,本研究旨在探讨皮革中铬的长期释放行为。在料液比1:20的条件下,以60 r/min的转速进行240小时的浸出试验,模拟自然条件下铬革的释放。实验数据与拟二阶方程、Elovich方程和Weber-Morris模型拟合良好,表明铬在非均相皮革中的长期浸出行为受液-固膜控制,同时颗粒间和颗粒内的扩散也起重要作用。革中可浸铬占总铬的2.8 ~ 4.5%,随温度升高而升高。三室模型将释放过程分为快速、缓慢和极慢三个阶段,温度主要影响极慢阶段。随着温度的升高,快速和慢速阶段铬的释放量略有增加,可以用来评价铬革的危害。
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引用次数: 0
Analysis of Process Safety and Occupational Health in Leather Process Industry: A Holistic Approach 皮革加工工业过程安全与职业健康分析:一个整体的方法
IF 0.9 4区 工程技术 Q4 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.34314/jalca.v116i12.4687
V. Sivakumar
Process Safety and Occupational health (PSOH) aspects in process industries are essential and need more consideration along with development in manufacturing and processing. In this regard, PSOH aspects are essential for the leather industry in order to prevent health hazards associated with it and improve upon adequate measures. Better safeguards and practices are necessary in PSOH for the benefit of not only for people working in the industry but for the environment at large. The situation is significant wherever hazardous chemicals or chemicals which could lead to compromise on safety in the workplace are involved.  The degree of toxicity or hazard and exposure limit associated for some of them, inside factory premises are of major concern. In addition to the chemicals, other aspects such as dusts, noise levels, lighting, ergonomics, ventilation, personal safety and hygiene are worth considering. As mentioned above, the present paper analyzes various aspects of PSOH in leather process industries as a holistic approach.
过程安全与职业健康(PSOH)是过程工业中必不可少的方面,随着制造和加工的发展,需要更多的考虑。在这方面,PSOH方面对皮革工业至关重要,以便预防与之相关的健康危害并采取适当措施加以改进。PSOH需要更好的保障措施和实践,这不仅有利于在该行业工作的人,也有利于整个环境。只要涉及危险化学品或可能危及工作场所安全的化学品,情况就很严重。其中一些物质在工厂内的毒性或危害程度和接触限度是主要关注的问题。除了化学物质,其他方面,如灰尘、噪音水平、照明、人体工程学、通风、个人安全和卫生都值得考虑。如上所述,本文分析了皮革加工工业中PSOH的各个方面,作为一个整体的方法。
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引用次数: 1
Improving Tearing Resistance of Leather - Part 1 Prevention and Treatment of Low Tearing Strength in the Tannery 提高皮革的抗撕裂性。第1部分制革厂低撕裂强度的预防和处理
IF 0.9 4区 工程技术 Q4 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.34314/jalca.v116i12.4686
Ricardo A. Tournier, Fernando Lado
An appropriate tear strength is one of the main properties that concern customers and it is also a significant source of claims. The authors make a review of the production process, focusing on each step that can either damage the natural strength of collagen fibers or improve them and therefore, the leather. Although the authors’ experience is in bovine hides, the general concepts presented in this paper may be applied to other types of hides and skins. The aim of this work is to transfer field tannery experiences collected over 40 years of activity in different tanneries, to colleagues that are looking for world class leather production.
适当的撕裂强度是客户关心的主要性能之一,也是索赔的重要来源。作者对生产过程进行了回顾,重点关注每个步骤,这些步骤可能会破坏胶原纤维的天然强度,也可能会改善它们,从而改善皮革。虽然作者的经验是在牛皮,在本文中提出的一般概念可能适用于其他类型的皮革和皮肤。这项工作的目的是将40多年来在不同制革厂活动中收集的现场制革经验传递给正在寻找世界级皮革生产的同事。
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引用次数: 3
Changes to the Collagen Structure using Vibrational Spectroscopy and Chemometrics: A Comparison between Chemical and Sulfide-Free Leather Process 用振动光谱和化学计量学研究胶原蛋白结构的变化:化学和无硫化物皮革工艺的比较
IF 0.9 4区 工程技术 Q4 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED Pub Date : 2021-11-01 DOI: 10.34314/jalca.v116i11.4659
Megha K. Mehta, Yang Liu, Rafea Naffa, M. Waterland, Geoff Holmes
Chemical and physical changes take place when hides and skins are processed to leather that affect the quality and strength of the material. Understanding the structure at each leather-making stage is the basis of this study but also intend to improve the process through a biochemical approach, employing a proteolytic enzyme for processing leather more cleanly with reduced environmental impact. Raman and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy in conjunction with chemometrics was used to investigate each leather-making stage from fresh green cattle hide to dry crust leather. The changes in proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules with leather processing was measured and reported using three novel Raman ratiometric markers, 920/1476, 1345/1259 and 1605/1476 cm-1, to discriminate the structural changes in collagen of hide using standard chemical and enzymatic method. Amide I band was deconvoluted to investigate thecollagen secondary structures using curve fitting by Gaussians function. The results of Principal Component Analysis are well-corroborated with the ratiometric markers of structural changes.
当皮革被加工成皮革时,会发生化学和物理变化,影响材料的质量和强度。了解每个制革阶段的结构是本研究的基础,但也打算通过生化方法改进这一过程,使用一种蛋白水解酶来更清洁地加工皮革,同时减少对环境的影响。利用拉曼光谱和ATR-FTIR光谱结合化学计量学研究了从鲜牛皮到干皮革的各个制革阶段。本文采用920/1476、1345/1259和1605/1476 cm-1三种新型拉曼比率标记,采用标准化学和酶法测定皮革加工过程中蛋白质、脂质、核酸等生物分子的变化。利用高斯函数拟合曲线,对酰胺I带进行反卷积,研究胶原二级结构。主成分分析的结果与结构变化的比率标记相吻合。
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引用次数: 3
Biosorption of Chromium from Spent Semi-Chrome Liquor: Part 1 Effective Pollution Abatement using Bacillus cerus 半铬废液中铬的生物吸附:第一部分:蜡样芽孢杆菌的有效污染治理
IF 0.9 4区 工程技术 Q4 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED Pub Date : 2021-11-01 DOI: 10.34314/jalca.v116i11.4662
S. Kailasam, K. Balaji, S. Kanth
The current study focuses on the isolation of Bacillus cerus from mangrove rhizosphere and its ability to treat semi-chrome process liquor of upper leathers. This strain has been identified by its molecular characteristics (16s rRNA sequencing) and confirmation has been obtained from neighbor joining tree. Minimum inhibitory concentration of the strain has been found to be 50 ppm. The growth pattern of this organism has been investigated in the presence of chromium, which showed the bacterial strain can grow luxuriantly at 50 and 100 ppm concentration of chromium. Biosorption study has been conducted at different concentrations (50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 ppm) of chromium. The biosorption capability of Bacillus cerus has been found to be 80.78, 73.19, 65.86, 59.44 and 39.27% for 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 ppm respectively. Chromium sorption from the semi-chrome process liquor by Bacillus cerus has also been investigated, which showed a reduction of 76.15, 68.56, 61.63, 56.29 and 36.51% against 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 ppm of chromium. Sorption characterization has been carried out by FTIR (Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy) and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) analyses and the results confirmed the presence of sorption of chromium in Bacillus cerus.
本文主要研究了从红树林根际分离的蜡样芽孢杆菌及其对鞋面革半铬工艺液的处理能力。通过分子特征(16s rRNA测序)对该菌株进行了鉴定,并通过邻居连接树进行了鉴定。该菌株的最低抑菌浓度为50ppm。在铬的存在下,对该菌的生长模式进行了研究,结果表明该菌株在铬浓度为50和100 ppm时均能繁茂生长。在不同浓度的铬(50、100、150、200和250 ppm)下进行了生物吸附研究。在50、100、150、200和250 ppm浓度下,蜡样芽孢杆菌的吸附能力分别为80.78%、73.19%、65.86、59.44%和39.27%。研究了蜡样芽孢杆菌对半铬工艺液中铬的吸附效果,结果表明,当铬浓度分别为50、100、150、200和250 ppm时,铬的吸附效果分别为76.15%、68.56%、61.63%、56.29%和36.51%。通过傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析进行了吸附表征,结果证实了铬在蜡样芽孢杆菌中吸附的存在。
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引用次数: 0
Typical Defects of Natural Phospholipid Fatliquors in Leather Industry and Their Solutions 天然磷脂加脂剂在皮革工业中的典型缺陷及其解决方法
IF 0.9 4区 工程技术 Q4 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED Pub Date : 2021-11-01 DOI: 10.34314/jalca.v116i11.4663
Zhi-Kua Chen, Tao Luo, Xu Zhang, B. Peng, Chunxiao Zhang
Leather made with soybean phospholipid fatliquors is prone to problems such as yellowing, elevated hexavalent chromium content, and undesirable odor. In this study, the aforementioned typical defects of soybean phospholipid fatliquors were investigated in respect to the main components, the antioxidants and the unsaturation degree of the natural soybean phospholipid. The results showed that the oxidation of soybean phospholipid is the primary source for its yellowing, elevated hexavalent chromium content, and undesirable odor. The volatile aldehydes produced by lipid oxidative rancidity are the main components of the undesirable odor. The purification of natural soybean phospholipid through removing the non-phospholipid components cannot solve the problems caused by oxidation of phospholipid. Furthermore, as a typical natural antioxidant existing in natural soybean phospholipid, tocopherols can restrain the oxidation of phospholipid to a certain degree, however, the dissolving out and destruction of tocopherols at high temperature in the phospholipid purification process can lead to more obviously oxidation of phospholipids. Additionally, the oxidation defects of phospholipid cannot be completely resolved by adding extra tocopherols, even at high dosages. The research finds that the defects of soybean phospholipid fatliquors can be thoroughly solved by increasing the saturation degree of lipid through addition reaction, the suggested iodine value of phospholipid products is lower than 20 g I2/100 g.
用大豆磷脂脂质制成的皮革容易出现发黄、六价铬含量升高和难闻气味等问题。本研究从大豆磷脂的主要成分、抗氧化剂和天然大豆磷脂的不饱和程度等方面考察了上述大豆磷脂脂类的典型缺陷。结果表明,大豆磷脂氧化是其发黄、六价铬含量升高和产生异味的主要原因。油脂氧化酸败产生的挥发性醛是产生不良气味的主要成分。通过去除非磷脂成分提纯天然大豆磷脂,并不能解决磷脂氧化带来的问题。此外,作为天然大豆磷脂中存在的一种典型的天然抗氧化剂,生育酚可以在一定程度上抑制磷脂的氧化,但在磷脂纯化过程中,生育酚在高温下的溶出和破坏会导致磷脂的氧化更加明显。此外,磷脂的氧化缺陷不能通过添加额外的生育酚完全解决,即使在高剂量。研究发现,通过加成反应提高脂质饱和度,可以彻底解决大豆磷脂脂质液的缺陷,磷脂产品的建议碘值低于20 g /100 g。
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引用次数: 1
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Journal of The American Leather Chemists Association
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