Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.34314/jalca.v118i6.7659
Tingyuan Chen, Yunhang Zeng, Bi Shi
Enzymatic bating is important for producing clean, soft, and high-yield leather. However, it is prone to cause damage to hide collagen fibers and result in loose grain or damaged grain surface due to the longer enzymatic hydrolysis time of the grain layer than the middle layer caused by the slow mass transfer and the rapid hydrolysis reaction of the bating agent in hide. Considering trypsin is the most common bating agent, soybean flour (SF) that contains environmental friendly Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (KTI) was used after delimed hides were treated with trypsin for a certain time to opportunely inhibit its activity in the grain and avoid bating defects. The fluorescence micrographs of hides bated with fluorescently labelled trypsin and KTI showed that KTI could cover only the surface layers when it was added after bating for a certain time, whereas trypsin could penetrate the hide completely. When sufficient SF was added to the bating float at 2 h, the damage to hide collagen caused by trypsin was effectively reduced. In particular, the grain surface remained intact after bating for 8 h. The decrease in the strength of leather caused by bating was also reduced. In addition, the usage of SF scarcely affected the fiber dispersion of the middle layer, thereby ensuring the softness of leather. In summary, opportunely inhibiting the activity of trypsin in the grain could prevent hide damage and improve the quality of leather.
{"title":"Preventing Enzymatic Damage to Hides by Timely Inhibition of Trypsin Activity with Soybean Flour during Bating Process","authors":"Tingyuan Chen, Yunhang Zeng, Bi Shi","doi":"10.34314/jalca.v118i6.7659","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34314/jalca.v118i6.7659","url":null,"abstract":"Enzymatic bating is important for producing clean, soft, and high-yield leather. However, it is prone to cause damage to hide collagen fibers and result in loose grain or damaged grain surface due to the longer enzymatic hydrolysis time of the grain layer than the middle layer caused by the slow mass transfer and the rapid hydrolysis reaction of the bating agent in hide. Considering trypsin is the most common bating agent, soybean flour (SF) that contains environmental friendly Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (KTI) was used after delimed hides were treated with trypsin for a certain time to opportunely inhibit its activity in the grain and avoid bating defects. The fluorescence micrographs of hides bated with fluorescently labelled trypsin and KTI showed that KTI could cover only the surface layers when it was added after bating for a certain time, whereas trypsin could penetrate the hide completely. When sufficient SF was added to the bating float at 2 h, the damage to hide collagen caused by trypsin was effectively reduced. In particular, the grain surface remained intact after bating for 8 h. The decrease in the strength of leather caused by bating was also reduced. In addition, the usage of SF scarcely affected the fiber dispersion of the middle layer, thereby ensuring the softness of leather. In summary, opportunely inhibiting the activity of trypsin in the grain could prevent hide damage and improve the quality of leather.","PeriodicalId":17201,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The American Leather Chemists Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139371762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.34314/jalca.v118i6.7588
Mona Vajpayee, Mumal Singh, Hemen Dave, Lalita Ledwani
Due to its moisture retention capacity and huge surface area, leather is highly prone to microbial proliferation and biodeterioration; hence, leather products desired have an antimicrobial finish. In this study, acid protease enzyme pre-treatment of goat skin was utilized as an eco-friendly substitute for conventional wet-chemical processing. The treatment can impart the desired surface properties to improve the antimicrobial finish with natural extracts obtained from leaves of Azadirachta indica (Neem Tree), Ocimum sanctum (Holy Basil, Tulsi), and Camellia sinensis (Green Tea). The procedure was optimized for different process parameters, including enzyme concentration, pH, material to liquor ratio (MLR), treatment time, and temperature. The effect of the treatment on bulk and surface properties of the skin was characterized by weight loss analysis, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), and Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Water contact angle measurement, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) respectively. The effect of the enzymatic treatment on organoleptic properties and the mechanical strength of the skin was also studied. The enzymatic treatment resulted in weight loss, and removal of non-collagen components, thus opening the fibrous collagen matrix of the skin. Hence, the skin treated with acid protease enzyme provides better affinity and accessibility for phytoactive compounds from the natural extracts and better attachment by electrostatic attachment due to an increase in surface functional groups after the enzymatic treatment compared to untreated skin. The effectiveness of the antimicrobial finish was measured as a zone of inhibition and with a modified Hohenstein test against test microorganisms E. coli and S. aureus.Azadirachta indica (Neem Tree) extract showed the highest inhibitory activity (97%) against E. coli, while the Ocimum sanctum (Holy Basil, Tulsi) extract exhibited the highest inhibitory activity (95%) against S. aureus.
{"title":"Application of Acid Protease for Eco-friendly Pre-treatment of Goat Skin to Improve Antimicrobial Finish Using Herbal Natural Extracts","authors":"Mona Vajpayee, Mumal Singh, Hemen Dave, Lalita Ledwani","doi":"10.34314/jalca.v118i6.7588","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34314/jalca.v118i6.7588","url":null,"abstract":"Due to its moisture retention capacity and huge surface area, leather is highly prone to microbial proliferation and biodeterioration; hence, leather products desired have an antimicrobial finish. In this study, acid protease enzyme pre-treatment of goat skin was utilized as an eco-friendly substitute for conventional wet-chemical processing. The treatment can impart the desired surface properties to improve the antimicrobial finish with natural extracts obtained from leaves of Azadirachta indica (Neem Tree), Ocimum sanctum (Holy Basil, Tulsi), and Camellia sinensis (Green Tea). The procedure was optimized for different process parameters, including enzyme concentration, pH, material to liquor ratio (MLR), treatment time, and temperature. The effect of the treatment on bulk and surface properties of the skin was characterized by weight loss analysis, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), and Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Water contact angle measurement, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) respectively. The effect of the enzymatic treatment on organoleptic properties and the mechanical strength of the skin was also studied. The enzymatic treatment resulted in weight loss, and removal of non-collagen components, thus opening the fibrous collagen matrix of the skin. Hence, the skin treated with acid protease enzyme provides better affinity and accessibility for phytoactive compounds from the natural extracts and better attachment by electrostatic attachment due to an increase in surface functional groups after the enzymatic treatment compared to untreated skin. The effectiveness of the antimicrobial finish was measured as a zone of inhibition and with a modified Hohenstein test against test microorganisms E. coli and S. aureus.Azadirachta indica (Neem Tree) extract showed the highest inhibitory activity (97%) against E. coli, while the Ocimum sanctum (Holy Basil, Tulsi) extract exhibited the highest inhibitory activity (95%) against S. aureus.","PeriodicalId":17201,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The American Leather Chemists Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139372073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.34314/jalca.v118i6.7660
B. Sahu, Diya Deepak Sharma, Yogesh Sekar, Akash Bhalla, J. Alla
The oxidation of fish oil is a type of chain reaction. The use of oxidizing agents enhances the rate of oxidation of the same. This study predominantly focuses on the role of potassium persulfate as an accelerating agent in fish oil oxidation, its kinetics, and application in rapid fish oil tanning. The use of potassium persulfate (1%) completes the fish oil oxidation within 4 days, confirmed by its kinetic studies. Chamois leathers made using potassium persulfate (1%) exhibited excellent water absorption capacity (454%). The physical parameters such as tensile strength, shrinkage temperature, surface morphology, and organoleptic properties of the experimental leather exhibit better results than control leathers.
{"title":"The Kinetic Study on Potassium Persulfate Accelerated Fish Oil Oxidation-An Agreeing Conclusion on Chamois Tanning","authors":"B. Sahu, Diya Deepak Sharma, Yogesh Sekar, Akash Bhalla, J. Alla","doi":"10.34314/jalca.v118i6.7660","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34314/jalca.v118i6.7660","url":null,"abstract":"The oxidation of fish oil is a type of chain reaction. The use of oxidizing agents enhances the rate of oxidation of the same. This study predominantly focuses on the role of potassium persulfate as an accelerating agent in fish oil oxidation, its kinetics, and application in rapid fish oil tanning. The use of potassium persulfate (1%) completes the fish oil oxidation within 4 days, confirmed by its kinetic studies. Chamois leathers made using potassium persulfate (1%) exhibited excellent water absorption capacity (454%). The physical parameters such as tensile strength, shrinkage temperature, surface morphology, and organoleptic properties of the experimental leather exhibit better results than control leathers.","PeriodicalId":17201,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The American Leather Chemists Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139371136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-29DOI: 10.34314/jalca.v117i5.4916
E. E. Bayramoğlu
In this study, parchment was made of waste turkey skin and some tests were done. These tests were: Determination of thickness (TS 4117 EN ISO 2589), Determination of tensile strength and elongation (TS EN ISO 3376), Determination of tear load - Part 2: (Double edge tear) (TS 4118-2 EN ISO 3377-2), Leather - of distension and strength of grain (TS 4137 EN ISO 3379), Color fastness to water spotting (TS EN ISO 15700). Due to the low strength properties of turkey skin, a different usage area was tried to be created by making a decorative flower design. In this research, it has been tried to show how a waste material can be transformed into a product with a very high added value.
在这项研究中，用废弃的火鸡皮制作羊皮纸，并进行了一些测试。这些试验是:厚度测定(TS 4117 EN ISO 2589)、拉伸强度和伸长率测定(TS EN ISO 3376)、撕裂负荷测定-第2部分:(双面撕裂)(TS 4118-2 EN ISO 3377-2)、皮革-颗粒膨胀和强度测定(TS 4137 EN ISO 3379)、耐水渍色牢度测定(TS EN ISO 15700)。由于火鸡皮的强度较低，因此试图通过制作装饰性的花朵设计来创造不同的使用区域。在这项研究中，它试图展示如何将废料转化为具有非常高附加值的产品。
{"title":"Research on the Production of Parchment from Turkey Skin and its Decorative Use","authors":"E. E. Bayramoğlu","doi":"10.34314/jalca.v117i5.4916","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34314/jalca.v117i5.4916","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, parchment was made of waste turkey skin and some tests were done. These tests were: Determination of thickness (TS 4117 EN ISO 2589), Determination of tensile strength and elongation (TS EN ISO 3376), Determination of tear load - Part 2: (Double edge tear) (TS 4118-2 EN ISO 3377-2), Leather - of distension and strength of grain (TS 4137 EN ISO 3379), Color fastness to water spotting (TS EN ISO 15700). Due to the low strength properties of turkey skin, a different usage area was tried to be created by making a decorative flower design. In this research, it has been tried to show how a waste material can be transformed into a product with a very high added value.","PeriodicalId":17201,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The American Leather Chemists Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84584943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-29DOI: 10.34314/jalca.v117i5.4909
Sultan Çivi, E. E. Bayramoğlu
In this study, chrome tanned bovine crust leathers were dyed white during finishing process. Experiments with 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5% L-ascorbic acid addition were performed on the finishing layer of the finishing application. L-ascorbic acid was not added to the control group and processed according to the standard method. After these processes, color measurement analyzes were performed on Konica Minolta CM 3600d spectrophotometer. In order to investigate the effects of L-ascorbic acid on other performance properties of leather, light fastness test according to TS 1008 EN ISO 105-B02 (2001 TS EN ISO 11640 2001) and dry rub fastness test according to standard method were performed. The results of the study were statistically evaluated according to the NCSS (Number Cruncher Statistical System) method. As a result of the research, it was observed that L-ascorbic acid gave a pearly pink color to the leathers. It was found that the dry rubbing fastness of the leathers treated with L-ascorbic acid improved. In the light fastness tests, the results of the experimental group leathers were recorded better by the blue scale.
以铬鞣牛皮为原料，在整理过程中将其染成白色。在整理后的整理层上分别添加1%、2%、3%、4%和5%的l -抗坏血酸。对照组不添加l -抗坏血酸，按标准方法加工。在这些过程之后，在柯尼卡美能达CM 3600d分光光度计上进行颜色测量分析。为了考察l -抗坏血酸对皮革其他性能的影响，按照TS 1008 EN ISO 105-B02 (2001 TS EN ISO 11640 2001)进行了耐光牢度试验，并按照标准方法进行了干摩擦牢度试验。根据NCSS (Number Cruncher Statistical System)方法对研究结果进行统计评价。研究结果显示，l -抗坏血酸使皮革呈珍珠粉色。结果表明，经l -抗坏血酸处理后，皮革的干摩擦牢度有所提高。在耐光性测试中，实验组皮革用蓝标记录的结果较好。
{"title":"Application of L-Ascorbic Acid as an Antioxidative Colorment in Leather Finishing","authors":"Sultan Çivi, E. E. Bayramoğlu","doi":"10.34314/jalca.v117i5.4909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34314/jalca.v117i5.4909","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, chrome tanned bovine crust leathers were dyed white during finishing process. Experiments with 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5% L-ascorbic acid addition were performed on the finishing layer of the finishing application. L-ascorbic acid was not added to the control group and processed according to the standard method. After these processes, color measurement analyzes were performed on Konica Minolta CM 3600d spectrophotometer. In order to investigate the effects of L-ascorbic acid on other performance properties of leather, light fastness test according to TS 1008 EN ISO 105-B02 (2001 TS EN ISO 11640 2001) and dry rub fastness test according to standard method were performed. The results of the study were statistically evaluated according to the NCSS (Number Cruncher Statistical System) method. As a result of the research, it was observed that L-ascorbic acid gave a pearly pink color to the leathers. It was found that the dry rubbing fastness of the leathers treated with L-ascorbic acid improved. In the light fastness tests, the results of the experimental group leathers were recorded better by the blue scale.","PeriodicalId":17201,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The American Leather Chemists Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74353184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-29DOI: 10.34314/jalca.v117i5.4913
Liang Jia, Li Duo Wang, Jing Li, Jun Xiang, Yi Chen, H. Fan
A type of polyurea microspheres with rough surfaces and different sizes (1-12 μm), which was used for waterborne polyurethane matte leather coating, were prepared by precipitation polymerization in H 2 O/acetonitrile system, using isophorone diisocyanate as polymerized monomer, 2,4-diaminobenzenesulfonic acid sodium salt as hydrophilic monomer and nano-SiO 2 as surface roughener. The effect of the loading of isophorone diisocyanate and 2,4-diaminobenzenesulfonic acid sodium salt, the volume ratio of H 2 O/acetonitrile and the addition stage of nano-SiO 2 on the particle size and surface roughness were investigated so as to achieve the excellent matte effect of the coating. The results indicated that the adding of hydrophilic monomer can reduce the particle size of microspheres and improve its re-dispersibility in water, while the increase of the proportion of acetonitrile in the mixed solvent and the loading of polymerized monomer can enlarge the size of the polyurea microspheres. As surface roughener, with the increase of nano-SiO 2 loading, the surface roughness and the particle size of microspheres increase. When nano-SiO 2 is added at the stage of the reaction system getting turbid, the maximum surface roughness of polyurea microspheres can be achieved. Polyurea microspheres with particle size (1-2 μm) and high surface roughness have better matting effect, and the gloss of the prepared waterborne polyurethane coating can be adjusted to less than 1.6° (60°-incident Angle).
{"title":"Silica-Embedded Polyurea Microspheres with Rough Surface for Matte Leather Finishing","authors":"Liang Jia, Li Duo Wang, Jing Li, Jun Xiang, Yi Chen, H. Fan","doi":"10.34314/jalca.v117i5.4913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34314/jalca.v117i5.4913","url":null,"abstract":"A type of polyurea microspheres with rough surfaces and different sizes (1-12 μm), which was used for waterborne polyurethane matte leather coating, were prepared by precipitation polymerization in H 2 O/acetonitrile system, using isophorone diisocyanate as polymerized monomer, 2,4-diaminobenzenesulfonic acid sodium salt as hydrophilic monomer and nano-SiO 2 as surface roughener. The effect of the loading of isophorone diisocyanate and 2,4-diaminobenzenesulfonic acid sodium salt, the volume ratio of H 2 O/acetonitrile and the addition stage of nano-SiO 2 on the particle size and surface roughness were investigated so as to achieve the excellent matte effect of the coating. The results indicated that the adding of hydrophilic monomer can reduce the particle size of microspheres and improve its re-dispersibility in water, while the increase of the proportion of acetonitrile in the mixed solvent and the loading of polymerized monomer can enlarge the size of the polyurea microspheres. As surface roughener, with the increase of nano-SiO 2 loading, the surface roughness and the particle size of microspheres increase. When nano-SiO 2 is added at the stage of the reaction system getting turbid, the maximum surface roughness of polyurea microspheres can be achieved. Polyurea microspheres with particle size (1-2 μm) and high surface roughness have better matting effect, and the gloss of the prepared waterborne polyurethane coating can be adjusted to less than 1.6° (60°-incident Angle).","PeriodicalId":17201,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The American Leather Chemists Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85719603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-29DOI: 10.34314/jalca.v117i5.4923
Jalca Editor
ACLA Spring Council Meeting Minutes
ACLA春季理事会会议记录
{"title":"ACLA Spring Council Meeting Minutes","authors":"Jalca Editor","doi":"10.34314/jalca.v117i5.4923","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34314/jalca.v117i5.4923","url":null,"abstract":"ACLA Spring Council Meeting Minutes","PeriodicalId":17201,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The American Leather Chemists Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81790832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-29DOI: 10.34314/jalca.v117i5.4917
Xinle Yang, Yanchun Li, Mao Yang, Xugang Dang, Shan Cao
A novel method of high performance leather prepared via in situ reduction of graphene oxide after tanning was proposed in this research. First, nano-graphene oxide (GO) was prepared by an improved Hummers method. Then, the prepared GO was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Finally, GO was added during the chrome tanning process, and GO was reduced by ascorbic acid after the chrome tanning was completed. Moreover, the shrinkage temperature, tensile strength, tear strength and thermal conductivity of the finished leather were investigated. The results showed that the absorption of chrome tanning agent was significantly improved by the addition of GO. The tensile strength, tear strength, and the thermal conductivity of the resulted leather obviously surpassed the leather tanned by chrome tanning agent. Specifically, the tensile strength and tear strength of the leather reached 21.25 MPa and 163.95 N·mm-1 , respectively, when the amount of reducing agent was ten times the amount of GO. A combination of the tanning of leather and the in situ reduction of GO is expected to become a new processing method for preparation of high performance.
{"title":"High Performance Leather based on in Situ Formation of Reduced Graphene Oxide in Chrome Tanning","authors":"Xinle Yang, Yanchun Li, Mao Yang, Xugang Dang, Shan Cao","doi":"10.34314/jalca.v117i5.4917","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34314/jalca.v117i5.4917","url":null,"abstract":"A novel method of high performance leather prepared via in situ reduction of graphene oxide after tanning was proposed in this research. First, nano-graphene oxide (GO) was prepared by an improved Hummers method. Then, the prepared GO was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Finally, GO was added during the chrome tanning process, and GO was reduced by ascorbic acid after the chrome tanning was completed. Moreover, the shrinkage temperature, tensile strength, tear strength and thermal conductivity of the finished leather were investigated. The results showed that the absorption of chrome tanning agent was significantly improved by the addition of GO. The tensile strength, tear strength, and the thermal conductivity of the resulted leather obviously surpassed the leather tanned by chrome tanning agent. Specifically, the tensile strength and tear strength of the leather reached 21.25 MPa and 163.95 N·mm-1 , respectively, when the amount of reducing agent was ten times the amount of GO. A combination of the tanning of leather and the in situ reduction of GO is expected to become a new processing method for preparation of high performance.","PeriodicalId":17201,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The American Leather Chemists Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91071913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-29DOI: 10.34314/jalca.v117i5.4914
Peris N. Wainaina, B. Ongarora, Paul K Tanui
Leathers made from exotic skins or rare parts of animals have very good market value. The exotic leathers are usually preferred because of their patterns, naturally occurring marks and their unique structures. The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of tanning the ovine stomach into novelty leather and leather products. The ovine stomach was converted into an exotic leather using oil tanning methodology, with goat oil as a tanning agent. The rumen and reticulum parts of the stomach were taken through pre-tanning, tanning and post-tanning operation. The resultant leather had a different grain from the ordinary leather. Then mechanical operations like drying, toggling and staking were done. Physical properties of the leathers were analyzed by determining their thickness, tensile strength, elongation at break, tear strength, flex endurance and ball burst extension test. The grain structure of the leathers was analyzed using a light microscope. The results of physical tests were poor compared to the grains of conventional leathers since the composition of raw outer coverings of animals and those of the stomach are different. The leather processed from this non-conventional source has been found suitable for manufacturing fancy small leather goods like coin purse, key holders, purses and wallets.
{"title":"Manufacture of Exotic Leather and Small Leather Goods from Ovine Stomach","authors":"Peris N. Wainaina, B. Ongarora, Paul K Tanui","doi":"10.34314/jalca.v117i5.4914","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34314/jalca.v117i5.4914","url":null,"abstract":"Leathers made from exotic skins or rare parts of animals have very good market value. The exotic leathers are usually preferred because of their patterns, naturally occurring marks and their unique structures. The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of tanning the ovine stomach into novelty leather and leather products. The ovine stomach was converted into an exotic leather using oil tanning methodology, with goat oil as a tanning agent. The rumen and reticulum parts of the stomach were taken through pre-tanning, tanning and post-tanning operation. The resultant leather had a different grain from the ordinary leather. Then mechanical operations like drying, toggling and staking were done. Physical properties of the leathers were analyzed by determining their thickness, tensile strength, elongation at break, tear strength, flex endurance and ball burst extension test. The grain structure of the leathers was analyzed using a light microscope. The results of physical tests were poor compared to the grains of conventional leathers since the composition of raw outer coverings of animals and those of the stomach are different. The leather processed from this non-conventional source has been found suitable for manufacturing fancy small leather goods like coin purse, key holders, purses and wallets.","PeriodicalId":17201,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The American Leather Chemists Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83675158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-05DOI: 10.34314/jalca.v117i4.4900
Masood Aslam, T. M. Khan, S. Naqvi, Geoff Holmes
As part of industrial quality control in the leather industry, it is important to segment features/defects in wet-blue leather samples. Manual inspection of leather samples is the current norm in industrial settings. To comply with the current industrial standards that advocate large-scale automation, visual inspection based leather processing is imperative. Visual inspection of wet-blue leather features is a challenging problem as the characteristics of these features can take on a variety of shapes and colour variations to constitute various normal and abnormal surface regions. The aim of this work is to automatically segment leather images to detect various features/defects along with the background through visual analysis of the surfaces. To accomplish this, a deep learning-based technique is developed that learns to segment wet-blue leather surface features. On our own curated leather images dataset, the proposed ensemble network performed well, with an F1-Score of 74 percent.
{"title":"Ensemble of Fine-Tuned Deep Learning Networks for Wet-Blue Leather Segmentation","authors":"Masood Aslam, T. M. Khan, S. Naqvi, Geoff Holmes","doi":"10.34314/jalca.v117i4.4900","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34314/jalca.v117i4.4900","url":null,"abstract":"As part of industrial quality control in the leather industry, it is important to segment features/defects in wet-blue leather samples. Manual inspection of leather samples is the current norm in industrial settings. To comply with the current industrial standards that advocate large-scale automation, visual inspection based leather processing is imperative. Visual inspection of wet-blue leather features is a challenging problem as the characteristics of these features can take on a variety of shapes and colour variations to constitute various normal and abnormal surface regions. The aim of this work is to automatically segment leather images to detect various features/defects along with the background through visual analysis of the surfaces. To accomplish this, a deep learning-based technique is developed that learns to segment wet-blue leather surface features. On our own curated leather images dataset, the proposed ensemble network performed well, with an F1-Score of 74 percent.","PeriodicalId":17201,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The American Leather Chemists Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80073718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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