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Application of Acid Protease for Eco-friendly Pre-treatment of Goat Skin to Improve Antimicrobial Finish Using Herbal Natural Extracts 应用酸性蛋白酶对山羊皮进行环保型预处理,利用草药天然提取物改善抗菌效果
IF 0.9 4区 工程技术 Q4 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.34314/jalca.v118i6.7588
Mona Vajpayee, Mumal Singh, Hemen Dave, Lalita Ledwani
Due to its moisture retention capacity and huge surface area, leather is highly prone to microbial proliferation and biodeterioration; hence, leather products desired have an antimicrobial finish. In this study, acid protease enzyme pre-treatment of goat skin was utilized as an eco-friendly substitute for conventional wet-chemical processing. The treatment can impart the desired surface properties to improve the antimicrobial finish with natural extracts obtained from leaves of Azadirachta indica (Neem Tree), Ocimum sanctum (Holy Basil, Tulsi), and Camellia sinensis (Green Tea). The procedure was optimized for different process parameters, including enzyme concentration, pH, material to liquor ratio (MLR), treatment time, and temperature. The effect of the treatment on bulk and surface properties of the skin was characterized by weight loss analysis, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), and Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Water contact angle measurement, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) respectively. The effect of the enzymatic treatment on organoleptic properties and the mechanical strength of the skin was also studied. The enzymatic treatment resulted in weight loss, and removal of non-collagen components, thus opening the fibrous collagen matrix of the skin. Hence, the skin treated with acid protease enzyme provides better affinity and accessibility for phytoactive compounds from the natural extracts and better attachment by electrostatic attachment due to an increase in surface functional groups after the enzymatic treatment compared to untreated skin. The effectiveness of the antimicrobial finish was measured as a zone of inhibition and with a modified Hohenstein test against test microorganisms E. coli and S. aureus.Azadirachta indica (Neem Tree) extract showed the highest inhibitory activity (97%) against E. coli, while the Ocimum sanctum (Holy Basil, Tulsi) extract exhibited the highest inhibitory activity (95%) against S. aureus.
由于皮革的保湿能力和巨大的表面积,它极易受到微生物增殖和生物劣化的影响;因此,皮革制品需要具有抗菌表面效果。本研究利用酸性蛋白酶酶预处理山羊皮,作为传统湿化学处理的环保型替代品。这种处理方法可赋予皮革所需的表面特性,从而利用从印度楝树、圣檀(圣罗勒、图尔西)和山茶(绿茶)叶中提取的天然提取物改善皮革的抗菌表面效果。该程序针对不同的工艺参数进行了优化,包括酶浓度、pH 值、料液比 (MLR)、处理时间和温度。分别通过失重分析、X 射线衍射(XRD)、热重力分析(TGA)、衰减全反射傅立叶变换红外光谱(ATR-FTIR)、X 射线光电子能谱(XPS)、水接触角测量、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)来表征处理对表皮的体积和表面特性的影响。此外,还研究了酶处理对表皮感官特性和机械强度的影响。酶处理导致重量减轻,非胶原成分被去除,从而打开了皮肤的纤维胶原基质。因此,与未经处理的皮肤相比,经过酸性蛋白酶处理的皮肤对天然提取物中的植物活性化合物具有更好的亲和力和可及性,并且由于酶处理后表面官能团的增加,静电附着性更好。楝树提取物对大肠杆菌的抑制活性最高(97%),而圣罗勒(Ocimum sanctum)提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制活性最高(95%)。
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引用次数: 0
Research on the Production of Parchment from Turkey Skin and its Decorative Use 用火鸡皮制作羊皮纸及其装饰用途的研究
IF 0.9 4区 工程技术 Q4 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED Pub Date : 2022-04-29 DOI: 10.34314/jalca.v117i5.4916
E. E. Bayramoğlu
In this study, parchment was made of waste turkey skin and some tests were done. These tests were: Determination of thickness (TS 4117 EN ISO 2589), Determination of tensile strength and elongation (TS EN ISO 3376), Determination of tear load - Part 2: (Double edge tear) (TS 4118-2 EN ISO 3377-2), Leather - of distension and strength of grain (TS 4137 EN ISO 3379), Color fastness to water spotting (TS EN ISO 15700). Due to the low strength properties of turkey skin, a different usage area was tried to be created by making a decorative flower design. In this research, it has been tried to show how a waste material can be transformed into a product with a very high added value.
在这项研究中,用废弃的火鸡皮制作羊皮纸,并进行了一些测试。这些试验是:厚度测定(TS 4117 EN ISO 2589)、拉伸强度和伸长率测定(TS EN ISO 3376)、撕裂负荷测定-第2部分:(双面撕裂)(TS 4118-2 EN ISO 3377-2)、皮革-颗粒膨胀和强度测定(TS 4137 EN ISO 3379)、耐水渍色牢度测定(TS EN ISO 15700)。由于火鸡皮的强度较低,因此试图通过制作装饰性的花朵设计来创造不同的使用区域。在这项研究中,它试图展示如何将废料转化为具有非常高附加值的产品。
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引用次数: 0
Application of L-Ascorbic Acid as an Antioxidative Colorment in Leather Finishing l -抗坏血酸作为抗氧化剂在皮革涂饰中的应用
IF 0.9 4区 工程技术 Q4 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED Pub Date : 2022-04-29 DOI: 10.34314/jalca.v117i5.4909
Sultan Çivi, E. E. Bayramoğlu
In this study, chrome tanned bovine crust leathers were dyed white during finishing process. Experiments with 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5% L-ascorbic acid addition were performed on the finishing layer of the finishing application. L-ascorbic acid was not added to the control group and processed according to the standard method. After these processes, color measurement analyzes were performed on Konica Minolta CM 3600d spectrophotometer. In order to investigate the effects of L-ascorbic acid on other performance properties of leather, light fastness test according to TS 1008 EN ISO 105-B02 (2001 TS EN ISO 11640 2001) and dry rub fastness test according to standard method were performed. The results of the study were statistically evaluated according to the NCSS (Number Cruncher Statistical System) method. As a result of the research, it was observed that L-ascorbic acid gave a pearly pink color to the leathers. It was found that the dry rubbing fastness of the leathers treated with L-ascorbic acid improved. In the light fastness tests, the results of the experimental group leathers were recorded better by the blue scale.
以铬鞣牛皮为原料,在整理过程中将其染成白色。在整理后的整理层上分别添加1%、2%、3%、4%和5%的l -抗坏血酸。对照组不添加l -抗坏血酸,按标准方法加工。在这些过程之后,在柯尼卡美能达CM 3600d分光光度计上进行颜色测量分析。为了考察l -抗坏血酸对皮革其他性能的影响,按照TS 1008 EN ISO 105-B02 (2001 TS EN ISO 11640 2001)进行了耐光牢度试验,并按照标准方法进行了干摩擦牢度试验。根据NCSS (Number Cruncher Statistical System)方法对研究结果进行统计评价。研究结果显示,l -抗坏血酸使皮革呈珍珠粉色。结果表明,经l -抗坏血酸处理后,皮革的干摩擦牢度有所提高。在耐光性测试中,实验组皮革用蓝标记录的结果较好。
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引用次数: 0
Silica-Embedded Polyurea Microspheres with Rough Surface for Matte Leather Finishing 表面粗糙的二氧化硅嵌入聚脲微球,用于哑光皮革整理
IF 0.9 4区 工程技术 Q4 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED Pub Date : 2022-04-29 DOI: 10.34314/jalca.v117i5.4913
Liang Jia, Li Duo Wang, Jing Li, Jun Xiang, Yi Chen, H. Fan
A type of polyurea microspheres with rough surfaces and different sizes (1-12 μm), which was used for waterborne polyurethane matte leather coating, were prepared by precipitation polymerization in H 2 O/acetonitrile system, using isophorone diisocyanate as polymerized monomer, 2,4-diaminobenzenesulfonic acid sodium salt as hydrophilic monomer and nano-SiO 2 as surface roughener. The effect of the loading of isophorone diisocyanate and 2,4-diaminobenzenesulfonic acid sodium salt, the volume ratio of H 2 O/acetonitrile and the addition stage of nano-SiO 2 on the particle size and surface roughness were investigated so as to achieve the excellent matte effect of the coating. The results indicated that the adding of hydrophilic monomer can reduce the particle size of microspheres and improve its re-dispersibility in water, while the increase of the proportion of acetonitrile in the mixed solvent and the loading of polymerized monomer can enlarge the size of the polyurea microspheres. As surface roughener, with the increase of nano-SiO 2 loading, the surface roughness and the particle size of microspheres increase. When nano-SiO 2 is added at the stage of the reaction system getting turbid, the maximum surface roughness of polyurea microspheres can be achieved. Polyurea microspheres with particle size (1-2 μm) and high surface roughness have better matting effect, and the gloss of the prepared waterborne polyurethane coating can be adjusted to less than 1.6° (60°-incident Angle).
以二异氰酸酯异福尔酮为聚合单体,2,4-二氨基苯磺酸钠盐为亲水性单体,纳米二氧化硅为表面粗糙剂,在乙腈体系中采用沉淀聚合法制备了一种表面粗糙、尺寸不同(1 ~ 12 μm)的聚脲微球,用于水性聚氨酯哑光皮革涂料。考察了二异氰酸酯异峰酮和2,4-二氨基苯磺酸钠盐的负载、h2o /乙腈的体积比和纳米sio2的添加阶段对涂层粒径和表面粗糙度的影响,以获得优异的哑光效果。结果表明,亲水性单体的加入可以减小聚脲微球的粒径,提高其在水中的再分散性,而混合溶剂中乙腈比例的增加和聚合单体的负载可以增大聚脲微球的粒径。作为表面粗化剂,随着纳米二氧化硅负荷量的增加,微球的表面粗糙度增大,颗粒尺寸增大。在反应体系混浊阶段加入纳米二氧化硅,可使聚脲微球的表面粗糙度达到最大。粒径(1 ~ 2 μm)、表面粗糙度高的聚脲微球具有较好的消光效果,制备的水性聚氨酯涂料光泽度可调至1.6°(60°入射角)以内。
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引用次数: 1
ACLA Spring Council Meeting Minutes ACLA春季理事会会议记录
IF 0.9 4区 工程技术 Q4 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED Pub Date : 2022-04-29 DOI: 10.34314/jalca.v117i5.4923
Jalca Editor
ACLA Spring Council Meeting Minutes
ACLA春季理事会会议记录
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引用次数: 0
High Performance Leather based on in Situ Formation of Reduced Graphene Oxide in Chrome Tanning 基于还原氧化石墨烯在铬鞣中原位形成的高性能皮革
IF 0.9 4区 工程技术 Q4 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED Pub Date : 2022-04-29 DOI: 10.34314/jalca.v117i5.4917
Xinle Yang, Yanchun Li, Mao Yang, Xugang Dang, Shan Cao
A novel method of high performance leather prepared via in situ reduction of graphene oxide after tanning was proposed in this research. First, nano-graphene oxide (GO) was prepared by an improved Hummers method. Then, the prepared GO was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Finally, GO was added during the chrome tanning process, and GO was reduced by ascorbic acid after the chrome tanning was completed. Moreover, the shrinkage temperature, tensile strength, tear strength and thermal conductivity of the finished leather were investigated. The results showed that the absorption of chrome tanning agent was significantly improved by the addition of GO. The tensile strength, tear strength, and the thermal conductivity of the resulted leather obviously surpassed the leather tanned by chrome tanning agent. Specifically, the tensile strength and tear strength of the leather reached 21.25 MPa and 163.95 N·mm-1 , respectively, when the amount of reducing agent was ten times the amount of GO. A combination of the tanning of leather and the in situ reduction of GO is expected to become a new processing method for preparation of high performance.
提出了一种利用氧化石墨烯原位还原法制备高性能皮革的新方法。首先,采用改进的Hummers法制备纳米氧化石墨烯(GO)。然后,利用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、x射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和x射线光电子能谱(XPS)对制备的氧化石墨烯进行表征。最后,在铬鞣过程中加入氧化石墨烯,铬鞣完成后氧化石墨烯被抗坏血酸还原。研究了成品皮革的收缩温度、拉伸强度、撕裂强度和导热系数。结果表明,氧化石墨烯的加入显著提高了铬鞣剂的吸收率。所得皮革的抗拉强度、撕裂强度和导热系数明显优于铬鞣剂鞣制的皮革。其中,当还原剂用量为氧化石墨烯用量的10倍时,皮革的拉伸强度和撕裂强度分别达到21.25 MPa和163.95 N·mm-1。皮革鞣制与氧化石墨烯原位还原相结合有望成为制备高性能皮革的一种新的加工方法。
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引用次数: 1
Manufacture of Exotic Leather and Small Leather Goods from Ovine Stomach 用羊胃制取异域皮革及小皮具
IF 0.9 4区 工程技术 Q4 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED Pub Date : 2022-04-29 DOI: 10.34314/jalca.v117i5.4914
Peris N. Wainaina, B. Ongarora, Paul K Tanui
Leathers made from exotic skins or rare parts of animals have very good market value. The exotic leathers are usually preferred because of their patterns, naturally occurring marks and their unique structures. The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of tanning the ovine stomach into novelty leather and leather products. The ovine stomach was converted into an exotic leather using oil tanning methodology, with goat oil as a tanning agent. The rumen and reticulum parts of the stomach were taken through pre-tanning, tanning and post-tanning operation. The resultant leather had a different grain from the ordinary leather. Then mechanical operations like drying, toggling and staking were done. Physical properties of the leathers were analyzed by determining their thickness, tensile strength, elongation at break, tear strength, flex endurance and ball burst extension test. The grain structure of the leathers was analyzed using a light microscope. The results of physical tests were poor compared to the grains of conventional leathers since the composition of raw outer coverings of animals and those of the stomach are different. The leather processed from this non-conventional source has been found suitable for manufacturing fancy small leather goods like coin purse, key holders, purses and wallets.
用珍奇动物皮或稀有动物部位制成的皮革具有很好的市场价值。异国皮革通常是首选,因为它们的图案,自然产生的痕迹和其独特的结构。本研究的目的是探讨将羊胃鞣制成新型皮革和皮革制品的可行性。用山羊油作为鞣制剂,将羊胃转化为一种奇异的皮革。分别在晒前、晒后和晒后取瘤胃和胃网部分。合成的皮革具有与普通皮革不同的纹理。然后进行机械操作,如干燥、翻转和打桩。通过测定皮革的厚度、拉伸强度、断裂伸长率、撕裂强度、弯曲耐久性和球爆拉伸试验,分析了皮革的物理性能。用光学显微镜对皮革的颗粒结构进行了分析。与传统皮革的颗粒相比,物理测试的结果较差,因为动物的原始外层覆盖物和胃的成分不同。从这种非传统来源加工的皮革被发现适合制造精致的小皮革制品,如硬币钱包、钥匙夹、钱包和钱包。
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引用次数: 0
Ensemble of Fine-Tuned Deep Learning Networks for Wet-Blue Leather Segmentation 用于湿蓝皮革分割的微调深度学习网络集成
IF 0.9 4区 工程技术 Q4 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED Pub Date : 2022-04-05 DOI: 10.34314/jalca.v117i4.4900
Masood Aslam, T. M. Khan, S. Naqvi, Geoff Holmes
As part of industrial quality control in the leather industry, it is important to segment features/defects in wet-blue leather samples. Manual inspection of leather samples is the current norm in industrial settings. To comply with the current industrial standards that advocate large-scale automation, visual inspection based leather processing is imperative. Visual inspection of wet-blue leather features is a challenging problem as the characteristics of these features can take on a variety of shapes and colour variations to constitute various normal and abnormal surface regions. The aim of this work is to automatically segment leather images to detect various features/defects along with the background through visual analysis of the surfaces. To accomplish this, a deep learning-based technique is developed that learns to segment wet-blue leather surface features. On our own curated leather images dataset, the proposed ensemble network performed well, with an F1-Score of 74 percent.
作为皮革工业质量控制的一部分,对湿蓝色皮革样品的特征/缺陷进行分割是很重要的。手工检查皮革样品是目前工业环境中的规范。为了符合目前提倡大规模自动化的工业标准,基于视觉检测的皮革加工势在必行。湿蓝色皮革特征的目视检查是一个具有挑战性的问题,因为这些特征的特征可以呈现各种形状和颜色变化,从而构成各种正常和异常的表面区域。这项工作的目的是通过对表面的视觉分析,自动分割皮革图像,以检测各种特征/缺陷以及背景。为了实现这一目标,开发了一种基于深度学习的技术,该技术可以学习分割湿蓝色皮革表面特征。在我们自己策划的皮革图像数据集上,提出的集成网络表现良好,F1-Score为74%。
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引用次数: 1
Synthesis of Multi-Site Polyether Amine Triazine Derivative for Sustainable Leather Manufacturing
IF 0.9 4区 工程技术 Q4 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED Pub Date : 2022-04-05 DOI: 10.34314/jalca.v117i4.4897
Xinju Jia, Ran Tan, B. Peng
In this work, a multi-site polyether amine triazine derivative (ET) was prepared via a one-step process and its structure was confirmed using FT-IR and 1H NMR analyses. Then, the ET was applied to the tanning process and the ET tanning approach optimized and evaluated. The result indicated that after tanning with 8% ET at pH 6 for 6 h, the shrinkage temperature of leather was 83.9°C and the thickness change rate was 97.5%. The XRD, DSC, TG, SEM and Zeta potential analyses demonstrated that ET could couple with the amino groups of the collagen side chains and breaking partial hydrogen bonds between fibers, brought significant improvement to the softness of leather without obvious damage to the high-level structure of collagen. Residual Cl- concentration in the wastewaterdecreased 42.1% in the tanning process compared to the conventional chrome tanning method. The emissions of COD and TDS in the tanning process reduced by 40.5% and 27.2%, respectively. It is conceivable that the ET tanning approach provides an improved approach to promote leather industry to develop sustainably.
本文采用一步法合成了多位点聚醚胺三嗪衍生物(ET),并通过FT-IR和1H NMR分析对其结构进行了确证。然后,将ET应用于鞣制过程,并对ET鞣制方法进行了优化和评价。结果表明,以8%的ET在pH 6条件下鞣制6 h后,皮革的收缩温度为83.9℃,厚度变化率为97.5%。XRD、DSC、TG、SEM和Zeta电位分析表明,ET可以与胶原侧链的氨基偶联,破坏纤维间的部分氢键,在不明显破坏胶原高级结构的情况下,显著改善皮革的柔软度。与传统铬鞣法相比,鞣制过程中废水中残留Cl-浓度降低了42.1%。制革过程中COD和TDS的排放量分别减少40.5%和27.2%。可以想象,ET鞣法为促进皮革工业的可持续发展提供了一种改进的途径。
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引用次数: 0
Antibacterial Properties of Several Lichen Extracts against Two Moderately Halophilic Bacteria from Salted Sheepskins 几种地衣提取物对盐渍羊皮中两种中度嗜盐细菌的抑菌性能
IF 0.9 4区 工程技术 Q4 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED Pub Date : 2022-04-05 DOI: 10.34314/jalca.v117i4.4898
I. Türkmenoğlu, Orçun Toksöz, D. Berber, P. Çağlayan, M. Birbir, N. C. Sesal
It is well known that possible undesirable defects in finished leathers can result from microbial activities on the salted raw hides/skins during storage. The traditionally used salt curing method can control bacterial activities on the raw stock, but it does not seem possible to completely eliminate microbial attacks. Moderately halophilic bacteria can cause serious damage to hides/skins. From this point of view, potential procedures such as applying new antibacterialagents in the leather industry should be considered. Since some lichen species have been indicated for their promising biological efficacies in the literature; most researchers have focused on their potencies in various fields including leather industry from ancient times. In this study, the bacterial growth of proteolytic and lipolytic Gram-negative moderately halophilic bacteria, Chromohalobacter canadensis (YN6) and Halomonas eurihalina (BL5), from saltedsheepskin samples were tested with the extracts of Usnea sp., Plastismatia glauca, Ramalina farinacea, Evernia divaricata, Bryoria capillaris, Hypogymnia tubulosa, Pseudevernia furfuracea and Lobaria pulmonaria. Some of these lichen species were found to be successful to inhibit the bacterial growth of C. canadensis (YN6) and H. eurihalina (BL5). In conclusion, lichen extracts may be utilized in stacked raw hides/skins in tanneries or warehouses to control moderately halophilic bacteria which causes several defects on leather.
众所周知,成品皮革中可能出现的不良缺陷可能是由于储存过程中盐渍生皮革/皮肤上的微生物活动造成的。传统的盐腌方法可以控制原料上的细菌活性,但似乎不可能完全消除微生物的攻击。中度嗜盐细菌会对皮革/皮肤造成严重损害。从这个角度来看,应该考虑在皮革工业中应用新的抗菌剂等潜在的程序。由于一些地衣物种在文献中已被指出具有良好的生物功效;从古代开始,包括皮革工业在内,大部分研究人员都在关注其在各个领域的潜力。本研究以盐渍羊皮样品为原料,用Usnea sp.、Plastismatia glauca、Ramalina farinacea、Evernia divaricata、Bryoria capillaris、Hypogymnia tubulosa、Pseudevernia furfuracea和Lobaria pulmonaria的提取物检测了水解蛋白菌和溶脂菌革兰氏阴性中等嗜盐菌加拿大嗜盐菌(Chromohalobacter canada, YN6)和eurihalina Halomonas eurihalina (BL5)的细菌生长情况。其中部分地衣能有效抑制C. canadensis (YN6)和H. eurihalina (BL5)的生长。综上所述,地衣提取物可用于制革厂或仓库中堆放的生皮/皮肤,以控制导致皮革上几种缺陷的中度嗜盐细菌。
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引用次数: 1
期刊
Journal of The American Leather Chemists Association
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