Pub Date : 2021-06-03DOI: 10.34314/jalca.v116i6.4310
Vimudha Muralidharan, R. Ramesh, B. Madhan, S. Palanivel
The quality of the raw animal skin decides the final quality of leather. Preservation processes of raw animal skins until leather making predominantly uses salting as a popular method owing to the bacteriostatic effect provided by salt. The detrimental impact caused by the usage of salt from the leather processing is well established. This necessitates the quest for developing an economical, efficacious and environment-friendly preservation system. The present work investigates the effects on the physical and chemical characteristics of the animal skin caused by the putrefactive bacteria with respect to time. Physical changes were studied using visual examination, SEM analysis, and histological staining techniques where the structural deterioration was evidently established. Changes in biochemical aspects were studied by observing degradation in proteoglycan levels and collagen from the goat skin taken at various time intervals. Furthermore, the microorganisms that were responsible for the degradation of various skin components were isolated from the skin over the period of 36 hours from flaying. The occurrence of collagen-degrading organisms within 6 hours of initiation of putrefaction and increased number of proteolytic and collagenolytic bacteria at the end of 36-hours observation were indicative of tremendous skin spoilage leading to deteriorated quality of raw material.
{"title":"Biochemical and Physical Changes in Goatskin during Bacterial Putrefaction","authors":"Vimudha Muralidharan, R. Ramesh, B. Madhan, S. Palanivel","doi":"10.34314/jalca.v116i6.4310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34314/jalca.v116i6.4310","url":null,"abstract":"The quality of the raw animal skin decides the final quality of leather. Preservation processes of raw animal skins until leather making predominantly uses salting as a popular method owing to the bacteriostatic effect provided by salt. The detrimental impact caused by the usage of salt from the leather processing is well established. This necessitates the quest for developing an economical, efficacious and environment-friendly preservation system. The present work investigates the effects on the physical and chemical characteristics of the animal skin caused by the putrefactive bacteria with respect to time. Physical changes were studied using visual examination, SEM analysis, and histological staining techniques where the structural deterioration was evidently established. Changes in biochemical aspects were studied by observing degradation in proteoglycan levels and collagen from the goat skin taken at various time intervals. Furthermore, the microorganisms that were responsible for the degradation of various skin components were isolated from the skin over the period of 36 hours from flaying. The occurrence of collagen-degrading organisms within 6 hours of initiation of putrefaction and increased number of proteolytic and collagenolytic bacteria at the end of 36-hours observation were indicative of tremendous skin spoilage leading to deteriorated quality of raw material.","PeriodicalId":17201,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The American Leather Chemists Association","volume":"1552 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72432924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-03DOI: 10.34314/jalca.v116i5.4291
Masood Aslam, T. Khan, S. Naqvi, Geoff Holmes, Rafea Naffa
As part of industrial quality control in the leather industry, it is important to identify the abnormal features in wet-blue leather samples. Manual inspection of leather samples is the current norm in industrial settings. To comply with the current industrial standards that advocate large-scale automation, visual inspection based leather processing is imperative. Visual inspection of irregular surfaces is a challenging problem as the characteristics of the abnormalities can take a variety of shape and color variations. The aim of this work is to automatically categorize leather images into normal or abnormal by visual analysis of the surfaces. To achieve this aim, a deep learning based approach is devised that learns to recognize regular and irregular leather surfaces and categorize leather images on its basis. To this end, we propose an ensemble of multiple convolutional neural networks for classifying leather images. The proposed ensemble network exhibited competitive performance obtaining 92.68% test accuracy on our own curated leather images dataset.
{"title":"Learning to Recognize Irregular Features on Leather Surfaces","authors":"Masood Aslam, T. Khan, S. Naqvi, Geoff Holmes, Rafea Naffa","doi":"10.34314/jalca.v116i5.4291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34314/jalca.v116i5.4291","url":null,"abstract":"As part of industrial quality control in the leather industry, it is important to identify the abnormal features in wet-blue leather samples. Manual inspection of leather samples is the current norm in industrial settings. To comply with the current industrial standards that advocate large-scale automation, visual inspection based leather processing is imperative. Visual inspection of irregular surfaces is a challenging problem as the characteristics of the abnormalities can take a variety of shape and color variations. The aim of this work is to automatically categorize leather images into normal or abnormal by visual analysis of the surfaces. To achieve this aim, a deep learning based approach is devised that learns to recognize regular and irregular leather surfaces and categorize leather images on its basis. To this end, we propose an ensemble of multiple convolutional neural networks for classifying leather images. The proposed ensemble network exhibited competitive performance obtaining 92.68% test accuracy on our own curated leather images dataset.","PeriodicalId":17201,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The American Leather Chemists Association","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88534878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-03DOI: 10.34314/jalca.v116i5.4292
Qiaoping Xia, Y. Wang, Meina Zhang, Zongcai Zhang, H. Dai
It makes sense to use environmentally friendly methods of degreasing in fur-making process. In this study, subcritical n-pentane was used to degrease wool fibers. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to observe and analyze the properties of the subcritical n-pentane degreased wool fibers. The results showed that the thermal stability of the fibers increased. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to analyze the structural changes of macromolecular chains in wool fibers. It was found that when the pressure was higher than 0.4 MPa, the wool fibers underwent a conformational change with the α-helix changing to β-folding. If the pressure was as high as 0.6 MPa, the disulfide bonds in the wool fibers scale layer appeared to break. X-ray powder diffraction experiment was used to study changes in wool fiber aggregation morphology. It was demonstrated that the crystalline zone of wool fibers changed and the fibers index grew, from 22.89% to 30.19%. Field emission scanning electron microscopy and ultra-depth of field microscopy was used to analyze changes in the surface morphology of wool fibers. The results suggested that after the treatment, the wool fibers were not damaged and the impurities on the wool surface were reduced.
{"title":"Effects of a Clean Subcritical Degreasing System on Wool Fibers","authors":"Qiaoping Xia, Y. Wang, Meina Zhang, Zongcai Zhang, H. Dai","doi":"10.34314/jalca.v116i5.4292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34314/jalca.v116i5.4292","url":null,"abstract":"It makes sense to use environmentally friendly methods of degreasing in fur-making process. In this study, subcritical n-pentane was used to degrease wool fibers. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to observe and analyze the properties of the subcritical n-pentane degreased wool fibers. The results showed that the thermal stability of the fibers increased. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to analyze the structural changes of macromolecular chains in wool fibers. It was found that when the pressure was higher than 0.4 MPa, the wool fibers underwent a conformational change with the α-helix changing to β-folding. If the pressure was as high as 0.6 MPa, the disulfide bonds in the wool fibers scale layer appeared to break. X-ray powder diffraction experiment was used to study changes in wool fiber aggregation morphology. It was demonstrated that the crystalline zone of wool fibers changed and the fibers index grew, from 22.89% to 30.19%. Field emission scanning electron microscopy and ultra-depth of field microscopy was used to analyze changes in the surface morphology of wool fibers. The results suggested that after the treatment, the wool fibers were not damaged and the impurities on the wool surface were reduced.","PeriodicalId":17201,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The American Leather Chemists Association","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84568179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-03DOI: 10.34314/jalca.v116i5.4293
Xu Guo, Yue Yu, Ya-nan Wang, B. Shi
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) oxidized maltodextrin was prepared as the ligand for aluminum–zirconium complex tanning. The effects of catalyst dosage, initiation temperature, and H2O2 dosage on maltodextrin oxidation were investigated. FT-IR analysis demonstrated that carboxyl groups were successfully introduced into oxidized maltodextrin. The carboxyl content and degradation degree of oxidized maltodextrin increased with the increase of H2O2 dosage. Maltodextrin oxidized by 40% H2O2 and 0.015% Cu–Fe catalyst at an initiation temperature of 70°C (OD-40) with moderate carboxyl group (6.75 mmol/g) and molecular weight (Mw 450) promoted the penetration and fixation of aluminum–zirconium salts in leather and showed better tanning performance, such as hydrothermal stability and porosity of leather, than traditional citric acid ligand.
{"title":"Oxidized Maltodextrin: A Novel Ligand for Aluminum–Zirconium Complex Tanning","authors":"Xu Guo, Yue Yu, Ya-nan Wang, B. Shi","doi":"10.34314/jalca.v116i5.4293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34314/jalca.v116i5.4293","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) oxidized maltodextrin was prepared as the ligand for aluminum–zirconium complex tanning. The effects of catalyst dosage, initiation temperature, and H2O2 dosage on maltodextrin oxidation were investigated. FT-IR analysis demonstrated that carboxyl groups were successfully introduced into oxidized maltodextrin. The carboxyl content and degradation degree of oxidized maltodextrin increased with the increase of H2O2 dosage. Maltodextrin oxidized by 40% H2O2 and 0.015% Cu–Fe catalyst at an initiation temperature of 70°C (OD-40) with moderate carboxyl group (6.75 mmol/g) and molecular weight (Mw 450) promoted the penetration and fixation of aluminum–zirconium salts in leather and showed better tanning performance, such as hydrothermal stability and porosity of leather, than traditional citric acid ligand.","PeriodicalId":17201,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The American Leather Chemists Association","volume":"146 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77670137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-03DOI: 10.34314/jalca.v116i5.4290
Qian Zhang, Jie Liu, Xiu-Ling Liu, Hui Liu, Yadi Hu, K. Tang
In the beamhouse, liming might directly affect the structure and performance of collagen, as well as the quality of resultant leather. However, the influences of composition and content of liming agents on liming mechanism are quite complicated. In this study, calcium hydroxide and urea were utilized in liming. The solution pH, hide swelling ratio and non-collagenous protein removal were quantitatively analyzed. The morphologies of both limed and fresh hides were studied by optical microscopy. The reaction mechanism of fiber opening up of cattle hides was analyzed and speculated by the combination of thermogravimetric analysis and Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy. It was found that the fiber bundles of hides limed by urea/calcium hydroxide have a better opening up effect than that by pure calcium hydroxide. The mechanism of liming in an urea/calcium hydroxide solution system was proposed.
{"title":"Collagen Fiber Opening of Cattle Hides in Urea/Calcium Hydroxide Solutions","authors":"Qian Zhang, Jie Liu, Xiu-Ling Liu, Hui Liu, Yadi Hu, K. Tang","doi":"10.34314/jalca.v116i5.4290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34314/jalca.v116i5.4290","url":null,"abstract":"In the beamhouse, liming might directly affect the structure and performance of collagen, as well as the quality of resultant leather. However, the influences of composition and content of liming agents on liming mechanism are quite complicated. In this study, calcium hydroxide and urea were utilized in liming. The solution pH, hide swelling ratio and non-collagenous protein removal were quantitatively analyzed. The morphologies of both limed and fresh hides were studied by optical microscopy. The reaction mechanism of fiber opening up of cattle hides was analyzed and speculated by the combination of thermogravimetric analysis and Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy. It was found that the fiber bundles of hides limed by urea/calcium hydroxide have a better opening up effect than that by pure calcium hydroxide. The mechanism of liming in an urea/calcium hydroxide solution system was proposed.","PeriodicalId":17201,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The American Leather Chemists Association","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86700474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-01DOI: 10.34314/jalca.v116i4.4283
B. Sahu, M. Sathish, G. Jayakumar
Fatliquoring is an important step of post tanning process of leathermanufacturing where incorporation of self-emulsified oil (lubricant)makes the leather soft. There are several methods which introducepolarity into oil and provide the path where reactive species ofmodified oil can interact with water which leads to form a fatliquor.The aim of this work is to introduce an extra polarity into the fattyacid moiety through chemical modification of castor oil by carbeneintermediate. The spectroscopic characterisation such as FTIR,1H-NMR and 13C-NMR of fatliquor have been carried out. Particle size analysis of fatliquor has also been done. The experimental leathers have been tested for physical strength characterisation such as tensile and tear strength verses control and found to have better properties than control. SEM analysis for morphological study of experimental leather were also carried out which clearly indicates the uniform dispersion of fiber bundles due to the fine distribution of the novel and self-emulsifying fatliquor throughout the matrix.
{"title":"Chemically Modified Castor Oil for Softening of Leather– A Novel Approach","authors":"B. Sahu, M. Sathish, G. Jayakumar","doi":"10.34314/jalca.v116i4.4283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34314/jalca.v116i4.4283","url":null,"abstract":"Fatliquoring is an important step of post tanning process of leathermanufacturing where incorporation of self-emulsified oil (lubricant)makes the leather soft. There are several methods which introducepolarity into oil and provide the path where reactive species ofmodified oil can interact with water which leads to form a fatliquor.The aim of this work is to introduce an extra polarity into the fattyacid moiety through chemical modification of castor oil by carbeneintermediate. The spectroscopic characterisation such as FTIR,1H-NMR and 13C-NMR of fatliquor have been carried out. Particle size analysis of fatliquor has also been done. The experimental leathers have been tested for physical strength characterisation such as tensile and tear strength verses control and found to have better properties than control. SEM analysis for morphological study of experimental leather were also carried out which clearly indicates the uniform dispersion of fiber bundles due to the fine distribution of the novel and self-emulsifying fatliquor throughout the matrix.","PeriodicalId":17201,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The American Leather Chemists Association","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83010664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-01DOI: 10.34314/jalca.v116i4.4284
W. T. Wright, C. Richardson, M. Bonds, G. Pollard, P. O. Sudharkaran, A. M. Gonzalez, S. Martínez
Twenty groups of finished feedlot cattle (thirteen steer groups, seven heifer groups) of known origin, breed type, sex and implant status were studied after marketing to determine the type and extent of hide defects as related to days on feed, live market weight, and hot carcass weight. Origin of cattle did not significantly influence the five hide characteristics evaluated (hide defects score, hide vein score, healed scratches, ringworm, and warts). Live weight and sex influenced the weight of the hides (P < 0.05), with steers being heavier and having heavier hides. Days on feed increased (P = 0.06) the amount of vein damage observed on the hides but was not sex related. Results from this study indicate that under typical commercial cattle feeding practices in Texas, hide defects differ among cattle under the same management and are related to the days on feed in the feedlot, which influences final market weight and degree of finish.
{"title":"Hide Defects of Feedlot Cattle: Assessment of Cattle Management, Breed Type, Sex, Live Market Weight, and Source Factors on Hide Quality","authors":"W. T. Wright, C. Richardson, M. Bonds, G. Pollard, P. O. Sudharkaran, A. M. Gonzalez, S. Martínez","doi":"10.34314/jalca.v116i4.4284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34314/jalca.v116i4.4284","url":null,"abstract":"Twenty groups of finished feedlot cattle (thirteen steer groups, seven heifer groups) of known origin, breed type, sex and implant status were studied after marketing to determine the type and extent of hide defects as related to days on feed, live market weight, and hot carcass weight. Origin of cattle did not significantly influence the five hide characteristics evaluated (hide defects score, hide vein score, healed scratches, ringworm, and warts). Live weight and sex influenced the weight of the hides (P < 0.05), with steers being heavier and having heavier hides. Days on feed increased (P = 0.06) the amount of vein damage observed on the hides but was not sex related. Results from this study indicate that under typical commercial cattle feeding practices in Texas, hide defects differ among cattle under the same management and are related to the days on feed in the feedlot, which influences final market weight and degree of finish.","PeriodicalId":17201,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The American Leather Chemists Association","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91094997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-01DOI: 10.34314/jalca.v116i4.4285
V. Sundar, C. Muralidharan
Dyeing is the important unit process in leather manufacturing, which adds value to the leather. Although formic acid is used for fixing of dyes in leather processing, difficulties do arise in fixation of certain dye stuffs. Further high quantities of formic acid used do create health issues and adds to high cost of production. Compounds such as formic acid, acetic acid, mixture of organic acids and quaternary ammonium compounds have been found to function as dye fixatives. The efficacy of these compounds to function as dye fixatives for various dye stuffs and substances either alone or along with formic acid has been studied in detail in this work. The physical and color characteristics of leather and spent liquor analysis have been carried out.
{"title":"Evaluation of Dye Fixatives – A Comparative Study","authors":"V. Sundar, C. Muralidharan","doi":"10.34314/jalca.v116i4.4285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34314/jalca.v116i4.4285","url":null,"abstract":"Dyeing is the important unit process in leather manufacturing, which adds value to the leather. Although formic acid is used for fixing of dyes in leather processing, difficulties do arise in fixation of certain dye stuffs. Further high quantities of formic acid used do create health issues and adds to high cost of production. Compounds such as formic acid, acetic acid, mixture of organic acids and quaternary ammonium compounds have been found to function as dye fixatives. The efficacy of these compounds to function as dye fixatives for various dye stuffs and substances either alone or along with formic acid has been studied in detail in this work. The physical and color characteristics of leather and spent liquor analysis have been carried out.","PeriodicalId":17201,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The American Leather Chemists Association","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82204528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-01DOI: 10.34314/jalca.v116i3.4248
J. Alla, Nishad Fathima Nishter, J. Rao
In the present study we have synthesised thermoresponsive syntan using phase changing material (PCM) encapsulated into a replacement syntan. Syntan was analysed for their particle size, thermal response was verified using Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and surface morphology was analysed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). These syntans were applied to leathers for making leather thermoresponsive. The thermal comfort range achieved on leathers prepared using the experimental syntan was about 2.5℃, compared to control of about 0.5℃ with an error of ±0.5℃. The physical and strength properties of experimental leathers were superior compared to control.
{"title":"Dual Functional Replacement Syntans for Leather","authors":"J. Alla, Nishad Fathima Nishter, J. Rao","doi":"10.34314/jalca.v116i3.4248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34314/jalca.v116i3.4248","url":null,"abstract":"In the present study we have synthesised thermoresponsive syntan using phase changing material (PCM) encapsulated into a replacement syntan. Syntan was analysed for their particle size, thermal response was verified using Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and surface morphology was analysed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). These syntans were applied to leathers for making leather thermoresponsive. The thermal comfort range achieved on leathers prepared using the experimental syntan was about 2.5℃, compared to control of about 0.5℃ with an error of ±0.5℃. The physical and strength properties of experimental leathers were superior compared to control.","PeriodicalId":17201,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The American Leather Chemists Association","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72477356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-01DOI: 10.34314/jalca.v116i3.4249
Cigdem Ozkan, H. Ozgunay
Dialdehyde starches with different aldehyde content from native corn starch were prepared by sodium periodate oxidation to be used as a tanning agent in leather making. For this purpose, native corn starch was oxidized with sodium metaperiodate in different molar ratios. After oxidation processes, the yields, solubility in water and aldehyde contents of the obtained dialdehyde starches were determined as well as structure characterizations by Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Gel Permeation Chromatography. Evaluating the gel permeation chromatography data, the dialdehyde starch samples which were thought to be in appropriate molecular weight/size to penetrate into skin fibers were selected to be used in the tanning process. Their tanning abilities were evaluated by investigating hydrothermal stabilities, filling and fiber isolation characteristics and physical properties determined by mechanical tests and organoleptically. From the evaluation of the results, it was revealed that sodium metaperiodate oxidized starches which have appropriate molecular weight and adequate aldehyde content has a remarkable tanning effect and can be utilized as a tanning agent with the advantages of not necessitating pickling process which means saving time and simplifying the production but more importantly offering an important advantage from an environmental point of view.
{"title":"Alternative Tanning Agent for Leather Industry from a Sustainable Source","authors":"Cigdem Ozkan, H. Ozgunay","doi":"10.34314/jalca.v116i3.4249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34314/jalca.v116i3.4249","url":null,"abstract":"Dialdehyde starches with different aldehyde content from native corn starch were prepared by sodium periodate oxidation to be used as a tanning agent in leather making. For this purpose, native corn starch was oxidized with sodium metaperiodate in different molar ratios. After oxidation processes, the yields, solubility in water and aldehyde contents of the obtained dialdehyde starches were determined as well as structure characterizations by Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Gel Permeation Chromatography. Evaluating the gel permeation chromatography data, the dialdehyde starch samples which were thought to be in appropriate molecular weight/size to penetrate into skin fibers were selected to be used in the tanning process. Their tanning abilities were evaluated by investigating hydrothermal stabilities, filling and fiber isolation characteristics and physical properties determined by mechanical tests and organoleptically. From the evaluation of the results, it was revealed that sodium metaperiodate oxidized starches which have appropriate molecular weight and adequate aldehyde content has a remarkable tanning effect and can be utilized as a tanning agent with the advantages of not necessitating pickling process which means saving time and simplifying the production but more importantly offering an important advantage from an environmental point of view.","PeriodicalId":17201,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The American Leather Chemists Association","volume":"463 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83003063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：