Makanjuola Olakunle Moses, Makanjuola John Olanrewaju
The proximate and selected mineral composition of seeds and skin of ripe matured pawpaw (Carica papaya) were evaluated using standard methods. Ripe matured pawpaw fruits were washed, peeled, cut and the seeds and skin collected, air dried for 14 days at room temperature. The proximate composition determined using AOAC (2000) method revealed 11.02% and 10.22% moisture contents for both seeds and skins. Crude protein of 27.42% for seeds and 14.36% for skin were also obtained. Pawpaw seed contained 27.62% oil while the skin had 2.54% oil. Ash content of 5.22% (seeds), 11.03% (skin) were obtained respectively for the two samples. 8.02% of crude fibre was present in the seeds while 35.23% ash was present in the skin. The carbohydrate contents for both seeds and skin were 19.71% and 37.33% respectively. The selected minerals revealed 6.43mg/100g and 16.23mg/100g Calcium, 720.83mg/100g and 504.33mg/100g Potassium, 4.21mg/100g and 2.73mg/100g Iron while 6.42mg/100g and 1.94mg/100g Zinc were present in papaya seeds and skin respectively. However, it is evident that papaya seeds and skin, which are often discarded, contained essential nutrients that are useful for both humans and animal.
{"title":"Proximate and selected Mineral Composition of Ripe Pawpaw (Carica papaya) Seeds and Skin","authors":"Makanjuola Olakunle Moses, Makanjuola John Olanrewaju","doi":"10.31254/jsir.2018.7304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31254/jsir.2018.7304","url":null,"abstract":"The proximate and selected mineral composition of seeds and skin of ripe matured pawpaw (Carica papaya) were evaluated using standard methods. Ripe matured pawpaw fruits were washed, peeled, cut and the seeds and skin collected, air dried for 14 days at room temperature. The proximate composition determined using AOAC (2000) method revealed 11.02% and 10.22% moisture contents for both seeds and skins. Crude protein of 27.42% for seeds and 14.36% for skin were also obtained. Pawpaw seed contained 27.62% oil while the skin had 2.54% oil. Ash content of 5.22% (seeds), 11.03% (skin) were obtained respectively for the two samples. 8.02% of crude fibre was present in the seeds while 35.23% ash was present in the skin. The carbohydrate contents for both seeds and skin were 19.71% and 37.33% respectively. The selected minerals revealed 6.43mg/100g and 16.23mg/100g Calcium, 720.83mg/100g and 504.33mg/100g Potassium, 4.21mg/100g and 2.73mg/100g Iron while 6.42mg/100g and 1.94mg/100g Zinc were present in papaya seeds and skin respectively. However, it is evident that papaya seeds and skin, which are often discarded, contained essential nutrients that are useful for both humans and animal.","PeriodicalId":17221,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74829813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Induction and development somatic embryos of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) from leaflet explants obtained from mature litchi trees were investigated. Somatic embryogenesis was significantly influenced by the cultivar, plant growth regulators, position of leaflet and orientation of leaf explants. Adaxial-face up orientation of leaf explants significantly enhanced embryogenesis in comparison with adaxial-face down orientation. Maximum number of somatic embryos were obtained using median position from basal leaflet with adaxial-face up orientation cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/l 2, 4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 0.5 mg/l 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) (37.67). Two types of salts media (MS and Gamborg’s B5) as well as different sucrose concentrations were examined for development and maturation of somatic embryos. MS salts medium with 45g/l sucrose was effective on size of mature somatic embryos (8.00 > 0.5 cm SE and 6.33 < 0.5 cm SE) compared with B5 salts medium (4.33 > 0.5 cm SE and 4.66 < 0.5 cm SE) on the same concentration of sucrose. Development of somatic embryos occurred on the media without growth regulators, heart and torpedo stage somatic embryos were obtained. Somatic embryos enlarged more and turned to milky opaque in color and finally reached to mature milky cotyledonary stage. Scanning electron microscopy revealed different morphological development of somatic embryos. In addition, Anatomical observation showed differences in the embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. Furthermore, anatomical observation for development stages of somatic embryos.
研究了成熟荔枝树小叶外植体诱导和发育荔枝(litchi chinensis Sonn。体细胞胚胎发生受品种、植物生长调节剂、小叶位置和叶片外植体取向的影响显著。叶片正面朝上的外植体比正面朝下的外植体更能促进胚的发生。在添加1.0 mg/l 2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4- d)和0.5 mg/l 6-苄基氨基嘌氨酸(BA)(37.67)的Murashige和Skoog (MS)培养基上，以近轴面朝上的基部小叶为中位培养体胚数量最多。研究了两种盐培养基(MS和Gamborg’s B5)以及不同浓度蔗糖对体细胞胚发育成熟的影响。在相同蔗糖浓度下，MS盐(含45g/l蔗糖)培养基对成熟体细胞胚的大小(8.00 > 0.5 cm SE和6.33 < 0.5 cm SE)优于B5盐(4.33 > 0.5 cm SE和4.66 < 0.5 cm SE)。体细胞胚在无生长调节剂的培养基上发育，获得心脏期和鱼雷期体细胞胚。体胚进一步增大，呈乳白色，颜色不透明，最终达到成熟乳白色子叶期。扫描电镜显示体胚形态发育的不同。此外，解剖观察显示胚性细胞和非胚性细胞存在差异。此外，体细胞胚胎发育阶段的解剖观察。
{"title":"Somatic embryogenesis induction of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) from leaves of mature trees","authors":"Aboshama H.M, El-Sayed G.A., Al-Dremly N.I","doi":"10.31254/jsir.2018.7305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31254/jsir.2018.7305","url":null,"abstract":"Induction and development somatic embryos of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) from leaflet explants obtained from mature litchi trees were investigated. Somatic embryogenesis was significantly influenced by the cultivar, plant growth regulators, position of leaflet and orientation of leaf explants. Adaxial-face up orientation of leaf explants significantly enhanced embryogenesis in comparison with adaxial-face down orientation. Maximum number of somatic embryos were obtained using median position from basal leaflet with adaxial-face up orientation cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/l 2, 4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 0.5 mg/l 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) (37.67). Two types of salts media (MS and Gamborg’s B5) as well as different sucrose concentrations were examined for development and maturation of somatic embryos. MS salts medium with 45g/l sucrose was effective on size of mature somatic embryos (8.00 > 0.5 cm SE and 6.33 < 0.5 cm SE) compared with B5 salts medium (4.33 > 0.5 cm SE and 4.66 < 0.5 cm SE) on the same concentration of sucrose. Development of somatic embryos occurred on the media without growth regulators, heart and torpedo stage somatic embryos were obtained. Somatic embryos enlarged more and turned to milky opaque in color and finally reached to mature milky cotyledonary stage. Scanning electron microscopy revealed different morphological development of somatic embryos. In addition, Anatomical observation showed differences in the embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. Furthermore, anatomical observation for development stages of somatic embryos.","PeriodicalId":17221,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78689727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present study was conducted to develop the effective disinfection protocol for the in vitro micropropagation of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch) with the use of shoot tips, runner tips, nodal segments and leaf segments as explants. The explants used in this study were surface sterilized using antibiotics, fungicides and other sterilants for different time durations. Although using the same sterilants, the most effective and successive way of using sterilants is different upon the time duration for each sterilant. In this study, two sterilization protocols were used and each protocol included same fungicide and antibiotics concentrations for the same time durations but there were slightly different concentrations and time durations of other sterilants. The present investigation revealed that the most effective way of sterilization protocol which were observed on the nodal segments while treated with protocol II including (10ml/L) fungicide solution for 2 hours, (500mg/L) concentration of ciprofloxacin for 1 hour, (20%) chlorox solution with two drops of Tween 20 for 5 mins, (70%) ethanol solution for 5 mins and (0.1 %) mercuric chloride solution for 4mins. However the same sterilants using the same sterilization time did not give raise the survival rate for runner tip explants, because these treatments resulted in tissue necrosis and contamination and then finally the death of the explant materials. And also, the explants of shoot tips and leaf segments were not shown the effective result compared with using nodal segments. So, for the micropropagation of field grown strawberry, the sterilization protocol II was suite for the nodal segments used as explants for the culture initiation on MS basal medium.
以草莓(Fragaria x ananassa Duch)茎尖、茎尖、节段和叶段为外植体，研究了草莓离体微繁的有效消毒方案。本研究采用抗生素、杀菌剂和其他灭菌剂对外植体进行不同时间的表面灭菌。虽然使用相同的灭菌剂，但每种灭菌剂的使用时间不同，最有效和连续的使用方法也不同。本研究采用了两种灭菌方案，每种灭菌方案中杀菌剂和抗生素浓度相同，灭菌时间相同，但其他灭菌剂的浓度和灭菌时间略有不同。本研究发现，方案二对结节段最有效的灭菌方案为(10ml/L)杀菌剂溶液2小时，(500mg/L)环丙沙星浓度1小时，(20%)含Tween 20两滴的氯氧溶液5分钟，(70%)乙醇溶液5分钟，(0.1%)氯化汞溶液4分钟。然而，相同的灭菌剂和相同的灭菌时间并不能提高外植体的成活率，因为这些处理会导致外植体组织坏死和污染，最终导致外植体材料死亡。茎尖和叶段的外植体与节段的外植体相比效果不佳。因此，对于大田栽培草莓的微繁来说，采用II型灭菌方案对作为外植体的节段在MS基培养基上进行起始培养是合适的。
{"title":"Establishment of Efficient Surface Sterilization Protocol on Different Types of Field Grown Strawberry Explants (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.)","authors":"K. Oo, Kyaw Swar Oo, Y. Mon","doi":"10.31254/jsir.2018.7303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31254/jsir.2018.7303","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was conducted to develop the effective disinfection protocol for the in vitro micropropagation of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch) with the use of shoot tips, runner tips, nodal segments and leaf segments as explants. The explants used in this study were surface sterilized using antibiotics, fungicides and other sterilants for different time durations. Although using the same sterilants, the most effective and successive way of using sterilants is different upon the time duration for each sterilant. In this study, two sterilization protocols were used and each protocol included same fungicide and antibiotics concentrations for the same time durations but there were slightly different concentrations and time durations of other sterilants. The present investigation revealed that the most effective way of sterilization protocol which were observed on the nodal segments while treated with protocol II including (10ml/L) fungicide solution for 2 hours, (500mg/L) concentration of ciprofloxacin for 1 hour, (20%) chlorox solution with two drops of Tween 20 for 5 mins, (70%) ethanol solution for 5 mins and (0.1 %) mercuric chloride solution for 4mins. However the same sterilants using the same sterilization time did not give raise the survival rate for runner tip explants, because these treatments resulted in tissue necrosis and contamination and then finally the death of the explant materials. And also, the explants of shoot tips and leaf segments were not shown the effective result compared with using nodal segments. So, for the micropropagation of field grown strawberry, the sterilization protocol II was suite for the nodal segments used as explants for the culture initiation on MS basal medium.","PeriodicalId":17221,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78489212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Md Faizul Islam, M. N. Uddin, A. A. Rana, M. M. Karim
Chili powder is a globally traded commodity and one of the most important parts of regular diet of the people of Bangladesh. It is reported that chili power has been adulterated by Sudan III-IV dyes since 2003. A simple, fast and cost effective method for the identification of Sudan dyes (III and IV) present in chili powder was proposed here and the method was based on the characterization of UV-visible spectral data using artificial neural network (ANN). Artificial neural network (ANN) was developed for the simultaneous assay of chili powder adulterated with Sudan III-IV. 47 standard mixture solutions were prepared using orthogonal experimental design (OED) to build a calibration data set. UV-visible spectra of these mixtures were obtained between 200 and 800 nm at 1 nm interval. The results of the artificial neural network were compared with that of other two calibration techniques namely, principal component regression (PCR) and partial least square regression (PLSR). ANN shows better prediction efficiencies comparing with PCR and PLSR. Prediction by ANN on the basis of spectroscopic data is 85% for chili powder, 70% for Sudan III and 60% for Sudan IV in terms of coefficient of determination (R2 ). Six different branded chili powders collected from the local market, and were measured by using the proposed method. It was found that no samples contained Sudan III-IV. So, the proposed method can be easily used in the quality control of any chili powder adulterated with Sudan IIIIV dyes as an alternative analysis tool.
{"title":"Development of a chemometric method for the analysis of Sudan III-IV dyes adulteration in chili powder using UV-visible spectroscopy data","authors":"Md Faizul Islam, M. N. Uddin, A. A. Rana, M. M. Karim","doi":"10.31254/jsir.2018.7201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31254/jsir.2018.7201","url":null,"abstract":"Chili powder is a globally traded commodity and one of the most important parts of regular diet of the people of Bangladesh. It is reported that chili power has been adulterated by Sudan III-IV dyes since 2003. A simple, fast and cost effective method for the identification of Sudan dyes (III and IV) present in chili powder was proposed here and the method was based on the characterization of UV-visible spectral data using artificial neural network (ANN). Artificial neural network (ANN) was developed for the simultaneous assay of chili powder adulterated with Sudan III-IV. 47 standard mixture solutions were prepared using orthogonal experimental design (OED) to build a calibration data set. UV-visible spectra of these mixtures were obtained between 200 and 800 nm at 1 nm interval. The results of the artificial neural network were compared with that of other two calibration techniques namely, principal component regression (PCR) and partial least square regression (PLSR). ANN shows better prediction efficiencies comparing with PCR and PLSR. Prediction by ANN on the basis of spectroscopic data is 85% for chili powder, 70% for Sudan III and 60% for Sudan IV in terms of coefficient of determination (R2 ). Six different branded chili powders collected from the local market, and were measured by using the proposed method. It was found that no samples contained Sudan III-IV. So, the proposed method can be easily used in the quality control of any chili powder adulterated with Sudan IIIIV dyes as an alternative analysis tool.","PeriodicalId":17221,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83976964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mohammad Nazmul Hossain, Mohammad Nashir, M. M. Karim, A. Das, A. A. Rana, R. A. Jahan
In order to ensure the quality of motor oils by measuring viscosity index (VI), regulatory agencies and producers need a more precise, easy and cost effective method for monitoring the qualities. Multivariate data analysis based on Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was reported in this work as an alternative for measuring viscosity index of motor oils. 27 samples of motor oils of different brands were collected from different regions of Bangladesh. Viscosity index of the samples were first determined by the conventional technique. Savitzky-Golay (S-G), smoothing and mean normalization are the three distinct data preprocessing methods and these were assessed to measure their efficiencies by applying them in developing calibration procedures prior to modeling. Artificial neural network (ANN), principal component regression (PCR) and partial least-square regression (PLSR) were then developed using these processed data for determination of viscosity index of motor oils. Results showed that PCR performed best when it used Savitzky-Golay smoothing data. Performance of PLSR was slightly more than that of PCR (R2≈ 98%). PLSR (R2≈ 99%) had better predictive performance comparing to ANN (R2≈ 97%). Among the calibration techniques studied here, PLSR showed the best prediction results with Savitzky-Golay smoothed FTIR spectral data. The method proposed here to determine viscosity index of motor oils requires less staff dedication, shorter turnaround times and lower expenses than conventional approaches.
{"title":"Prediction of viscosity index of motor oils using FTIR spectral data and chemometrics","authors":"Mohammad Nazmul Hossain, Mohammad Nashir, M. M. Karim, A. Das, A. A. Rana, R. A. Jahan","doi":"10.31254/jsir.2018.7203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31254/jsir.2018.7203","url":null,"abstract":"In order to ensure the quality of motor oils by measuring viscosity index (VI), regulatory agencies and producers need a more precise, easy and cost effective method for monitoring the qualities. Multivariate data analysis based on Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was reported in this work as an alternative for measuring viscosity index of motor oils. 27 samples of motor oils of different brands were collected from different regions of Bangladesh. Viscosity index of the samples were first determined by the conventional technique. Savitzky-Golay (S-G), smoothing and mean normalization are the three distinct data preprocessing methods and these were assessed to measure their efficiencies by applying them in developing calibration procedures prior to modeling. Artificial neural network (ANN), principal component regression (PCR) and partial least-square regression (PLSR) were then developed using these processed data for determination of viscosity index of motor oils. Results showed that PCR performed best when it used Savitzky-Golay smoothing data. Performance of PLSR was slightly more than that of PCR (R2≈ 98%). PLSR (R2≈ 99%) had better predictive performance comparing to ANN (R2≈ 97%). Among the calibration techniques studied here, PLSR showed the best prediction results with Savitzky-Golay smoothed FTIR spectral data. The method proposed here to determine viscosity index of motor oils requires less staff dedication, shorter turnaround times and lower expenses than conventional approaches.","PeriodicalId":17221,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research","volume":"13 3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78618755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rishikesh Kumar, G. Sahoo, Bhawna, A. Ramachandran, Md. Yousuf Ansari, K. Pandey, V. Das, R. Topno, M. Madhukar, P. Das
Following its emergence in Africa, spread to the Indian Ocean islands in 2006, and occurrences in regions of the world where it hadn’t been reported in the past, Chikungunya has become an emerging public health concern in many countries. The past outbreaks of the chikungunya virus (CHIKV) have caused widespread morbidity and mortality. No specific antiviral remedy against chikungunya is presently available and therapy only involves treating its symptoms and may involve side-effects. For instance, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can be used to treat chikungunya-related arthritis, but can cause extremely adverse effects such as haemorrhage, especially when co-infected with dengue. Hence, there is an urgent need to devise novel strategies to combat this disease. Nanotechnology is an emerging discipline that has the ability to transform the diagnosis and treatment of viruses and other microbial pathogens. A vast number of promising antiviral treatments involving nanotechnology are currently under investigation. In this review, we provide a brief overview of this disease over the years and the current treatments available to alleviate the symptoms of chikungunya. We then summarize prospective treatments integrating the ever-expanding field of nanotechnology that have proven to be successful against other viruses such as HIV, Influenza virus and HSV, with the objective of showing that these can potentially be developed as anti-CHIKV therapy.
{"title":"Nanotechnology: A promising approach of antiviral treatments against chikungunya virus (CHIKV)","authors":"Rishikesh Kumar, G. Sahoo, Bhawna, A. Ramachandran, Md. Yousuf Ansari, K. Pandey, V. Das, R. Topno, M. Madhukar, P. Das","doi":"10.31254/jsir.2018.7205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31254/jsir.2018.7205","url":null,"abstract":"Following its emergence in Africa, spread to the Indian Ocean islands in 2006, and occurrences in regions of the world where it hadn’t been reported in the past, Chikungunya has become an emerging public health concern in many countries. The past outbreaks of the chikungunya virus (CHIKV) have caused widespread morbidity and mortality. No specific antiviral remedy against chikungunya is presently available and therapy only involves treating its symptoms and may involve side-effects. For instance, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can be used to treat chikungunya-related arthritis, but can cause extremely adverse effects such as haemorrhage, especially when co-infected with dengue. Hence, there is an urgent need to devise novel strategies to combat this disease. Nanotechnology is an emerging discipline that has the ability to transform the diagnosis and treatment of viruses and other microbial pathogens. A vast number of promising antiviral treatments involving nanotechnology are currently under investigation. In this review, we provide a brief overview of this disease over the years and the current treatments available to alleviate the symptoms of chikungunya. We then summarize prospective treatments integrating the ever-expanding field of nanotechnology that have proven to be successful against other viruses such as HIV, Influenza virus and HSV, with the objective of showing that these can potentially be developed as anti-CHIKV therapy.","PeriodicalId":17221,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74272518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study was conducted to investigate traditional butter making practice, consumption and utilization in Sidama zone, Southern Nation Nationalities Peoples Region. A total of 180 households were selected from three agro ecology (60 household per each) where milk processing for butter making has long tradition. The highest and significant difference (P=0.010) on butter making practice was observed among three highlands (100%), midland (97%) and lowland agro ecology (88%). Regarding consumption of milk and milk products for household, butter milk and butter were ranked as 1st and 2nd. This was due to most of traditional foods in Sidama zone were prepared with butter and consumed by buttermilk. Besides the women’s in the study area process butter primarily for the combined benefit from the sale, for household consumption and as cosmetics which is holding the highest percent (89%) than consumption together with sailing (34%) and consumption alone (33%). In the process of making butter, the processing equipment (Clay Pot) smoked by different plant for the purpose of improving the flavor ranked as 1st and for increased butter yield (2nd rank) and to prolong the shelf life (3rd rank). Woira (Olea Africana) is the dominant smoking plant used for fumigation in the three agro-ecologies. In addition to Woira, Tside (Juniperous Procera) and Bamboo (Bambusa Vulgaris) the second and the third mostly used plants in the highlands of the studied locations respectively. Furthermore, different types of spices were added on butter while cooking. Among the spices, Koseret (Ocimum Hardiense) is dominant in the highland and lowland agro ecology where as Korerima (Aframomum Corrorima) and Abish (Trignella Foenum) in the lowland agro ecology. In the study area most of the respondents make butter from milk of local cow. The milk from exotic breeds was used for raw milk consumption than processing. There is also significance difference in the amount of milk used once for butter making that about 5.5 litter, 5litter and 3.5 liter for highland, midland and lowland agro ecology respectively. Moreover, the interviewed households make butter every 4 days in the highland and 3 day in both of the midland and lowland agro ecology. The finding also figured out that different butter processing constraints in all of the studied districts such as processing utensils easily be broken (clay Pot) (38%), time taking (30%), limited milk yield (20%) and labor taking (16%). Additionally, about 76% of the respondents have limited awareness on improved butter churner and about 17% of the respondents responded inaccessibility as the reason for not utilizing improved churner. Thus, an introduction and demonstration are required to fill the gap of improved butter churner which saves time, reduces women workload and minimize breakage of processing utensil.
{"title":"Assessment of butter making practice in Sidama zone, SNNPR","authors":"Tsedey Azeze","doi":"10.31254/jsir.2018.7204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31254/jsir.2018.7204","url":null,"abstract":"This study was conducted to investigate traditional butter making practice, consumption and utilization in Sidama zone, Southern Nation Nationalities Peoples Region. A total of 180 households were selected from three agro ecology (60 household per each) where milk processing for butter making has long tradition. The highest and significant difference (P=0.010) on butter making practice was observed among three highlands (100%), midland (97%) and lowland agro ecology (88%). Regarding consumption of milk and milk products for household, butter milk and butter were ranked as 1st and 2nd. This was due to most of traditional foods in Sidama zone were prepared with butter and consumed by buttermilk. Besides the women’s in the study area process butter primarily for the combined benefit from the sale, for household consumption and as cosmetics which is holding the highest percent (89%) than consumption together with sailing (34%) and consumption alone (33%). In the process of making butter, the processing equipment (Clay Pot) smoked by different plant for the purpose of improving the flavor ranked as 1st and for increased butter yield (2nd rank) and to prolong the shelf life (3rd rank). Woira (Olea Africana) is the dominant smoking plant used for fumigation in the three agro-ecologies. In addition to Woira, Tside (Juniperous Procera) and Bamboo (Bambusa Vulgaris) the second and the third mostly used plants in the highlands of the studied locations respectively. Furthermore, different types of spices were added on butter while cooking. Among the spices, Koseret (Ocimum Hardiense) is dominant in the highland and lowland agro ecology where as Korerima (Aframomum Corrorima) and Abish (Trignella Foenum) in the lowland agro ecology. In the study area most of the respondents make butter from milk of local cow. The milk from exotic breeds was used for raw milk consumption than processing. There is also significance difference in the amount of milk used once for butter making that about 5.5 litter, 5litter and 3.5 liter for highland, midland and lowland agro ecology respectively. Moreover, the interviewed households make butter every 4 days in the highland and 3 day in both of the midland and lowland agro ecology. The finding also figured out that different butter processing constraints in all of the studied districts such as processing utensils easily be broken (clay Pot) (38%), time taking (30%), limited milk yield (20%) and labor taking (16%). Additionally, about 76% of the respondents have limited awareness on improved butter churner and about 17% of the respondents responded inaccessibility as the reason for not utilizing improved churner. Thus, an introduction and demonstration are required to fill the gap of improved butter churner which saves time, reduces women workload and minimize breakage of processing utensil.","PeriodicalId":17221,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research","volume":"134 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79448441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This review paper is aimed at, reviewing trade routes and border marketing centers, trends and implications of cross-border livestock trade (CBLT) along borderlands of Ethiopia. Traded across different corridors of borderland, Ethiopia’s CBLT were traditionally, destined to middle east countries, were the Eastern trade corridor with Somalia involves massive border crossing livestock trade and stand first in terms of traded volume and values. Nonetheless, a significant proportion of CBLT along Sudan, Kenya and Djibouti corridors were also carried out across northwestern, southern and northeastern parts of the country respectively. Livestock sector in Ethiopia, supporting more than 65% of the population and contributes more than 12–15% of total export earnings of the country. However, in recent year, the evidences show that, the trends of official livestock export were declining while, informal export is exponentially increasing. The role of CBLT, on the livelihoods of herders and economy of the country were loomed in the forms of its short- or long-term impacts. In short term, it improves the livelihoods of herders and/or traders through; assisting food security in supplying foods item to the food deficit areas, raising incomes to herders/traders through selling their animals at border crossing/international markets and creates employment opportunity for traders, trekkers or brokers. Whereas, in long term impacts, CBLT have significantly, damaged the economy of our country in several ways. Consequently, Ethiopia have been losing its multi-millions (ETB) of taxes revenue from trade and the devised irrelevant policies and strategies due to the missed livestock trade data (informal) from national statistics led to undermining of sector’s economic contributions. In conclusion, any intervention(s) to the CBLT in Ethiopia virtually, requires valuation of its long- and short-term implications to the livelihoods of herders and economies of the country.
{"title":"A Review on Cross-Border Livestock Trade Across Dry Land Borders of Ethiopia: The Trends and Implications","authors":"A. Tesfaye, N. Amaha","doi":"10.31254/jsir.2018.7202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31254/jsir.2018.7202","url":null,"abstract":"This review paper is aimed at, reviewing trade routes and border marketing centers, trends and implications of cross-border livestock trade (CBLT) along borderlands of Ethiopia. Traded across different corridors of borderland, Ethiopia’s CBLT were traditionally, destined to middle east countries, were the Eastern trade corridor with Somalia involves massive border crossing livestock trade and stand first in terms of traded volume and values. Nonetheless, a significant proportion of CBLT along Sudan, Kenya and Djibouti corridors were also carried out across northwestern, southern and northeastern parts of the country respectively. Livestock sector in Ethiopia, supporting more than 65% of the population and contributes more than 12–15% of total export earnings of the country. However, in recent year, the evidences show that, the trends of official livestock export were declining while, informal export is exponentially increasing. The role of CBLT, on the livelihoods of herders and economy of the country were loomed in the forms of its short- or long-term impacts. In short term, it improves the livelihoods of herders and/or traders through; assisting food security in supplying foods item to the food deficit areas, raising incomes to herders/traders through selling their animals at border crossing/international markets and creates employment opportunity for traders, trekkers or brokers. Whereas, in long term impacts, CBLT have significantly, damaged the economy of our country in several ways. Consequently, Ethiopia have been losing its multi-millions (ETB) of taxes revenue from trade and the devised irrelevant policies and strategies due to the missed livestock trade data (informal) from national statistics led to undermining of sector’s economic contributions. In conclusion, any intervention(s) to the CBLT in Ethiopia virtually, requires valuation of its long- and short-term implications to the livelihoods of herders and economies of the country.","PeriodicalId":17221,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89537904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A well-known and therapeutically effective sastric drug- Trikadu was subjected to further research to unravel its hidden efficacy in the management of obesity. We have employed the lipolytic assay technique to establish the above effect. Trikadu as finished product and the individual herbs in the formulation, both showed lipolytic activity. Trikadu is known to have therapeutic effect in the management of respiratory infection, induce digestion and appetite. The anti-obesity property assumes great importance where the Trikadu drug even when induce appetite and digestion control obesity. Findings are presented in the paper.
{"title":"Trikadu for obesity: Can you believe it?","authors":"R. Soundharya, T. Kalpana, V. Aruna, R. Gayathri","doi":"10.31254/jsir.2018.7103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31254/jsir.2018.7103","url":null,"abstract":"A well-known and therapeutically effective sastric drug- Trikadu was subjected to further research to unravel its hidden efficacy in the management of obesity. We have employed the lipolytic assay technique to establish the above effect. Trikadu as finished product and the individual herbs in the formulation, both showed lipolytic activity. Trikadu is known to have therapeutic effect in the management of respiratory infection, induce digestion and appetite. The anti-obesity property assumes great importance where the Trikadu drug even when induce appetite and digestion control obesity. Findings are presented in the paper.","PeriodicalId":17221,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87486924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose: The importance of statistical analysis in medical research papers is ever increasing, hence, evaluation of statistical validity is crucial when evidence based medicine is highly valued. Studies with poor methodological quality and poor statistics cannot prove or disprove study hypothesis with certainty. This study was designed to evaluate, analyze and compare the reporting of statistical methods and errors in articles published in Indian Journal of Pharmacology (IJP) and Journal of Association of Physicians of India (JAPI). Materials and Methods: All original articles published in IJP and JAPI from January 2009 to September 2014 were reviewed and evaluated by using a checklist which included type of statistical test, common errors, etc. The statistical software used for analysis of data in these articles were also reviewed. Results: Three hundred articles (IJP=154; JAPI=146) were reviewed. The most commonly used statistical test in IJP was one-way ANOVA (53.8%) as compared to Chi-square test (50.6%) in JAPI. The statistical software used for analysis was mentioned in 43.5% and 50.7% articles published in IJP and JAPI respectively. The most commonly used software was GraphPad Prism (66.4%) in IJP and SPSS (67%) in JAPI. Statistical errors as per the checklist were more common in JAPI (63.5%) as against 49% in IJP. Use of mean+SE instead of Mean+SD was the most common statistical error in IJP (51.9%) whereas failure to mention the type of 't' test was the most common error (38%) in JAPI. Conclusion: Statistical errors are common in IJP as well as JAPI. To elevate the quality of articles published in Indian journals, every article must be sent for statistical review.
{"title":"A comparative analysis of quality of reporting statistics in two Indian journals","authors":"M. N, Nerurkar Rajan P","doi":"10.31254/jsir.2018.7105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31254/jsir.2018.7105","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The importance of statistical analysis in medical research papers is ever increasing, hence, evaluation of statistical validity is crucial when evidence based medicine is highly valued. Studies with poor methodological quality and poor statistics cannot prove or disprove study hypothesis with certainty. This study was designed to evaluate, analyze and compare the reporting of statistical methods and errors in articles published in Indian Journal of Pharmacology (IJP) and Journal of Association of Physicians of India (JAPI). Materials and Methods: All original articles published in IJP and JAPI from January 2009 to September 2014 were reviewed and evaluated by using a checklist which included type of statistical test, common errors, etc. The statistical software used for analysis of data in these articles were also reviewed. Results: Three hundred articles (IJP=154; JAPI=146) were reviewed. The most commonly used statistical test in IJP was one-way ANOVA (53.8%) as compared to Chi-square test (50.6%) in JAPI. The statistical software used for analysis was mentioned in 43.5% and 50.7% articles published in IJP and JAPI respectively. The most commonly used software was GraphPad Prism (66.4%) in IJP and SPSS (67%) in JAPI. Statistical errors as per the checklist were more common in JAPI (63.5%) as against 49% in IJP. Use of mean+SE instead of Mean+SD was the most common statistical error in IJP (51.9%) whereas failure to mention the type of 't' test was the most common error (38%) in JAPI. Conclusion: Statistical errors are common in IJP as well as JAPI. To elevate the quality of articles published in Indian journals, every article must be sent for statistical review.","PeriodicalId":17221,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82615572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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