Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1177/14703203211003786
Xiwen Zang, Jun Zhao, Chengzhi Lu
Objects: To discuss the influence of PM2.5 on myocardial fibrosis and related mechanism.
Methods: PM2.5 particles were prepared into different concentrations of solution to drip into the mice's trachea twice each week. The mice were divided into five groups, Blank control group (C group), NS control group (J group), high dose group (G group, 10 mg/kg), medium dose group (Z group, 5 mg/kg), and 1ow dose group (D group, 2.5 mg/kg). After 6 weeks, the myocardial fibrosis was observed by HE and Masson staining. The expression of Ang II, ERK1/2, and TGF-β1 was examined by Western Blotting (WB) and Real time PCR (RT-PCR).
Results: The higher dose PM2.5 was administrated, the worse the myocardial fibrosis was in PM2.5 groups. The expression of Ang II, ERK1/2, and TGF-β1 was increased in higher dose groups in protein and mRNA level.
Conclusion: 1. PM2.5 induced the cardiac fibrosis. 2. PM2.5 dripped into trachea in mice model activated the expression of Ang II, ERK1/2, and TGF-β1. The activation of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) was suggested to participate in the cardiac fibrosis induced by PM2.5.
{"title":"PM2.5 inducing myocardial fibrosis mediated by Ang II/ERK1/2/TGF-β<sub>1</sub> signaling pathway in mice model.","authors":"Xiwen Zang, Jun Zhao, Chengzhi Lu","doi":"10.1177/14703203211003786","DOIUrl":"10.1177/14703203211003786","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objects: </strong>To discuss the influence of PM2.5 on myocardial fibrosis and related mechanism.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>PM2.5 particles were prepared into different concentrations of solution to drip into the mice's trachea twice each week. The mice were divided into five groups, Blank control group (C group), NS control group (J group), high dose group (G group, 10 mg/kg), medium dose group (Z group, 5 mg/kg), and 1ow dose group (D group, 2.5 mg/kg). After 6 weeks, the myocardial fibrosis was observed by HE and Masson staining. The expression of Ang II, ERK1/2, and TGF-β<sub>1</sub> was examined by Western Blotting (WB) and Real time PCR (RT-PCR).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The higher dose PM2.5 was administrated, the worse the myocardial fibrosis was in PM2.5 groups. The expression of Ang II, ERK1/2, and TGF-β<sub>1</sub> was increased in higher dose groups in protein and mRNA level.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>1. PM2.5 induced the cardiac fibrosis. 2. PM2.5 dripped into trachea in mice model activated the expression of Ang II, ERK1/2, and TGF-β<sub>1</sub>. The activation of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) was suggested to participate in the cardiac fibrosis induced by PM2.5.</p>","PeriodicalId":17330,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/0d/f3/10.1177_14703203211003786.PMC7983242.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25494203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1177/1470320320987118
Amer Harky, Cheryl Yan Ting Chor, Henry Nixon, Milad Jeilani
{"title":"The controversy of using angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers in COVID-19 patients.","authors":"Amer Harky, Cheryl Yan Ting Chor, Henry Nixon, Milad Jeilani","doi":"10.1177/1470320320987118","DOIUrl":"10.1177/1470320320987118","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17330,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/ec/ab/10.1177_1470320320987118.PMC7797594.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38792757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bryan Jael Collazo, Dariana Morales-Vázquez, Jaylene Álvarez-Del Valle, Javier E Sierra-Pagan, Juan Carlos Medina, Jarold Méndez-Álvarez, Yamil Gerena
Introduction: The roles of angiotensin II (Ang II) in the brain are still under investigation. In this study, we investigated if Ang II influences differentiation of human neuroblastoma cells with simultaneous activation of NADPH oxidase and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, we investigated the Ang II receptor type involved during differentiation.
Methods: Human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y; 5 × 105 cells) were exposed to Ang II (600 nM) for 24 h. Differentiation was monitored by measuring MAP2 and NF-H levels. Cell size and ROS were analyzed by flow cytometry, and NADPH oxidase activation was assayed using apocynin (500 μM). Ang II receptors (ATR) activation was assayed using ATR blockers or Ang II metabolism inhibitors (10-7 M).
Results: (1) Cell size decreased significantly in Ang II-treated cells; (2) MAP2 and ROS increased significantly in Ang II-treated cells with no changes in viability; (3) MAP2 and ROS decreased significantly in cells incubated with Ang II plus apocynin. (4) A significant decrease in MAP2 was observed in cells exposed to Ang II plus PD123.319 (AT2R blocker).
Conclusion: Our findings suggest that Ang II influences differentiation of SH-SY5Y by increasing MAP2 through the AT2R. The increase in MAP2 and ROS were also mediated through NADPH oxidase with no cell death.
{"title":"Angiotensin II Induces Differentiation of Human Neuroblastoma Cells by Increasing MAP2 and ROS Levels.","authors":"Bryan Jael Collazo, Dariana Morales-Vázquez, Jaylene Álvarez-Del Valle, Javier E Sierra-Pagan, Juan Carlos Medina, Jarold Méndez-Álvarez, Yamil Gerena","doi":"10.1155/2021/6191417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6191417","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The roles of angiotensin II (Ang II) in the brain are still under investigation. In this study, we investigated if Ang II influences differentiation of human neuroblastoma cells with simultaneous activation of NADPH oxidase and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, we investigated the Ang II receptor type involved during differentiation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y; 5 × 10<sup>5</sup> cells) were exposed to Ang II (600 nM) for 24 h. Differentiation was monitored by measuring MAP2 and NF-H levels. Cell size and ROS were analyzed by flow cytometry, and NADPH oxidase activation was assayed using apocynin (500 <i>μ</i>M). Ang II receptors (ATR) activation was assayed using ATR blockers or Ang II metabolism inhibitors (10<sup>-7</sup> M).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>(1) Cell size decreased significantly in Ang II-treated cells; (2) MAP2 and ROS increased significantly in Ang II-treated cells with no changes in viability; (3) MAP2 and ROS decreased significantly in cells incubated with Ang II plus apocynin. (4) A significant decrease in MAP2 was observed in cells exposed to Ang II plus PD123.319 (AT2R blocker).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings suggest that Ang II influences differentiation of SH-SY5Y by increasing MAP2 through the AT2R. The increase in MAP2 and ROS were also mediated through NADPH oxidase with no cell death.</p>","PeriodicalId":17330,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8265025/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9161377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objective: Mechanical ventilation is an important treatment for critically ill patients. Physicians generally perform a spontaneous breathing trial (SBT) to determine whether the patients can be weaned from mechanical ventilation, but almost 17% of the patients who pass the SBT still require respiratory support. Cardiac dysfunction is an important cause of weaning failure. The use of brain natriuretic peptide or N-terminal pro-BNP is a simple method to assess cardiac function. We performed a systematic review of investigations of brain natriuretic peptide or N-terminal pro-BNP as predictors of weaning from mechanical ventilation.
Data sources: PubMed (1950 to December 2020), Cochrane, and Embase (1974 to December 2020), and some Chinese databases for additional articles (China Biology Medicine (CBM), China Science and Technology Journal Database (CSTJ), and Wanfang Data and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI)).
Study selection: We systematically searched observation studies investigating the predictive value of brain natriuretic peptide or N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide in weaning outcome of patients with mechanical ventilation.
Data extraction: Two independent reviewers extracted data. The differences are resolved through consultation.
Data synthesis: We included 18 articles with 1416 patients and extracted six index tests with pooled sensitivity and specificity for each index test. For the BNP change rate predicting weaning success, the pooled sensitivity was 89% (83%-94%) and the pooled specificity was 82% (72%-89%) with the highest pooled AUC of 0.9511.
Conclusions: The brain natriuretic peptide change rate is a reliable predictor of weaning outcome from mechanical ventilation.
{"title":"The predictive value of brain natriuretic peptide or N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide for weaning outcome in mechanical ventilation patients: Evidence from SROC.","authors":"Jian Liu, Chuan-Jiang Wang, Jun-Huai Ran, Shi-Hui Lin, Dan Deng, Yu Ma, Fang Xu","doi":"10.1177/1470320321999497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1470320321999497","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Mechanical ventilation is an important treatment for critically ill patients. Physicians generally perform a spontaneous breathing trial (SBT) to determine whether the patients can be weaned from mechanical ventilation, but almost 17% of the patients who pass the SBT still require respiratory support. Cardiac dysfunction is an important cause of weaning failure. The use of brain natriuretic peptide or N-terminal pro-BNP is a simple method to assess cardiac function. We performed a systematic review of investigations of brain natriuretic peptide or N-terminal pro-BNP as predictors of weaning from mechanical ventilation.</p><p><strong>Data sources: </strong>PubMed (1950 to December 2020), Cochrane, and Embase (1974 to December 2020), and some Chinese databases for additional articles (China Biology Medicine (CBM), China Science and Technology Journal Database (CSTJ), and Wanfang Data and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI)).</p><p><strong>Study selection: </strong>We systematically searched observation studies investigating the predictive value of brain natriuretic peptide or N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide in weaning outcome of patients with mechanical ventilation.</p><p><strong>Data extraction: </strong>Two independent reviewers extracted data. The differences are resolved through consultation.</p><p><strong>Data synthesis: </strong>We included 18 articles with 1416 patients and extracted six index tests with pooled sensitivity and specificity for each index test. For the BNP change rate predicting weaning success, the pooled sensitivity was 89% (83%-94%) and the pooled specificity was 82% (72%-89%) with the highest pooled AUC of 0.9511.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The brain natriuretic peptide change rate is a reliable predictor of weaning outcome from mechanical ventilation.</p>","PeriodicalId":17330,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1470320321999497","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25442928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1177/1470320321995074
Mingyu Liu, Jian Yi, Wenwen Tang
Background: The current meta-analytic study explored the relation between ACE gene insertion/deletion (I/D), and the risk of EH by reviewing relevant trials so as to determine the association between Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphism and essential hypertension (EH) susceptibility.
Methods: Relevant studies published before May 2019 were collected from the PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, CNKI, VANFUN, and VIP databases.
Results: Fifty-seven studies involving a total of 32,862 patients were included. These studies found that ACE gene D allele was associated with higher EH susceptibility in allelic model, homozygote model, dominant model, and regressive model, and that Asian population with ACE gene D allele showed a higher EH susceptibility in all these models. Moreover, ACE gene D allele was found closely related to a higher EH susceptibility in the subgroups of HWE, NO HWE, Caucasian population, and Mixed population, with the majority being males in allelic model, homozygote model, and regressive model and the majority being females in allelic model.
Conclusion: ACE gene D allele is associated with an overall higher EH susceptibility, which is confirmed in the subgroup analysis of Asian population, HWE, NO HWE, Caucasian population, and Mixed population.
{"title":"Association between angiotensin converting enzyme gene polymorphism and essential hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Mingyu Liu, Jian Yi, Wenwen Tang","doi":"10.1177/1470320321995074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1470320321995074","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The current meta-analytic study explored the relation between ACE gene insertion/deletion (I/D), and the risk of EH by reviewing relevant trials so as to determine the association between Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphism and essential hypertension (EH) susceptibility.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Relevant studies published before May 2019 were collected from the PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, CNKI, VANFUN, and VIP databases.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Fifty-seven studies involving a total of 32,862 patients were included. These studies found that ACE gene D allele was associated with higher EH susceptibility in allelic model, homozygote model, dominant model, and regressive model, and that Asian population with ACE gene D allele showed a higher EH susceptibility in all these models. Moreover, ACE gene D allele was found closely related to a higher EH susceptibility in the subgroups of HWE, NO HWE, Caucasian population, and Mixed population, with the majority being males in allelic model, homozygote model, and regressive model and the majority being females in allelic model.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>ACE gene D allele is associated with an overall higher EH susceptibility, which is confirmed in the subgroup analysis of Asian population, HWE, NO HWE, Caucasian population, and Mixed population.</p>","PeriodicalId":17330,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1470320321995074","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25485429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.1177/1470320320963929
Birgit Markus, Julian Kreutz, Bernhard Schieffer
{"title":"Lifestyle and severe SARS-CoV-2 infections: Does the individual metabolic burden determines the outcome?","authors":"Birgit Markus, Julian Kreutz, Bernhard Schieffer","doi":"10.1177/1470320320963929","DOIUrl":"10.1177/1470320320963929","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17330,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/b5/f7/10.1177_1470320320963929.PMC7550949.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38577054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
End-stage heart failure is a condition in which the up-regulation of the systemic and local renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) leads to end-organ damage and is largely irreversible despite optimal medication. Left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) can downregulate RAAS activation by unloading the left ventricle and increasing the cardiac output translating into a better end-organ perfusion improving survival. However, the absence of pulsatility brought about by continuous-flow devices may variably trigger RAAS activation depending on left ventricular (LV) intrinsic contractility, the design and speed of the pump device. Moreover, the concept of myocardial recovery is being tested in clinical trials and in this setting LVAD support combined with intense RAAS inhibition can promote recovery and ensure maintenance of LV function after explantation. Blood pressure control on LVAD recipients is key to avoiding complications as gastrointestinal bleeding, pump thrombosis and stroke. Furthermore, emerging data highlight the role of RAAS antagonists as prevention of arteriovenous malformations that lead to gastrointestinal bleeds. Future studies should focus on the role of angiotensin receptor inhibitors in preventing myocardial fibrosis in patients with LVADs and examine in greater details the target blood pressure for these patients.
{"title":"The role of renin-angiotensin system in patients with left ventricular assist devices.","authors":"Alexandros Briasoulis, Ernesto Ruiz Duque, Dimitrios Mouselimis, Anastasios Tsarouchas, Constantinos Bakogiannis, Paulino Alvarez","doi":"10.1177/1470320320966445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1470320320966445","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>End-stage heart failure is a condition in which the up-regulation of the systemic and local renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) leads to end-organ damage and is largely irreversible despite optimal medication. Left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) can downregulate RAAS activation by unloading the left ventricle and increasing the cardiac output translating into a better end-organ perfusion improving survival. However, the absence of pulsatility brought about by continuous-flow devices may variably trigger RAAS activation depending on left ventricular (LV) intrinsic contractility, the design and speed of the pump device. Moreover, the concept of myocardial recovery is being tested in clinical trials and in this setting LVAD support combined with intense RAAS inhibition can promote recovery and ensure maintenance of LV function after explantation. Blood pressure control on LVAD recipients is key to avoiding complications as gastrointestinal bleeding, pump thrombosis and stroke. Furthermore, emerging data highlight the role of RAAS antagonists as prevention of arteriovenous malformations that lead to gastrointestinal bleeds. Future studies should focus on the role of angiotensin receptor inhibitors in preventing myocardial fibrosis in patients with LVADs and examine in greater details the target blood pressure for these patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":17330,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1470320320966445","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38513568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Creative Commons Non Commercial CC BY-NC: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage). Dear Editor, The long-term consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection and treatment of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) are not yet known. Several drug studies have focused on the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Angiotensin (Ang) II levels were found to be high in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2.1,2 The virus enters the cell after it binds to ACE2, as an ACE2– virus complex. The virus may alter ACE2 function and render the enzyme dysfunctional.2 Because the virus targets ACE2, treatments for COVID-19 may also need to target ACE2. In phase I and II studies and several case reports, recombinant ACE2 has been reported to improve the clinical course of patients with COVID-19 by increasing Ang II degradation.3–5 Along with Ang II, Ang III, and Ang IV may be responsible for severe forms of COVID-19. Ang II, a potent vasoconstrictor, triggers oxidative stress and inflammation. ACE2 converts Ang II to Ang 1–7 and Ang I to Ang 1–9.6 Ang 1–9 is one of the major products of the ACE pathway and is converted to Ang 1–7 by ACE and neprilysin.6,7 ACE inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), statins, and some oral antidiabetics cause ACE2 upregulation.8 ACE2 upregulation increases the degradation of Ang II to Ang 1–7 and alamandine.9 Alamandine is a vasodilator peptide with anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative effects.9 ACE2 upregulation and an increase in Ang 1–7 and Ang 1–9 cause vasodilation and alleviate inflammation.10–12 Thus, increasing ACE2 and Ang 1–7 may contribute to the treatment of hypertension and diabetes, two critical comorbidities of COVID-19.13 Although an increase in the degradation of Ang II occurs in patients using ACEIs, Ang II formation continues through secondary pathways. Cathepsin G and kallikrein enzymes produce Ang II independently of ACE.14 ACE also breaks down bradykinin and, when ACE is blocked, bradykinin levels increase.15 Bradykinin activates the chymase pathway in tissues such as the heart and lung,15 allowing production of Ang II, Ang III, and Ang IV. The chymase pathway also generates Ang II from Ang 1–12.14 According to the results of a meta-analysis, ACEIs and ARBs do not adversely affect mortality rate and duration of hospital stay in patients with COVID-19.16 The metaanalysis indicated that ACEIs have a protective effect against COVID-19, but ARBs do not.16 However, in patients using ACEIs, Ang II formation continues through non-ACE pathways. The existence of alternative pathways for Ang II production and the increased
{"title":"Angiotensin II, III, and IV may be important in the progression of COVID-19.","authors":"Erkan Cure, Tevfik Bulent Ilcol, Medine Cumhur Cure","doi":"10.1177/1470320320972019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1470320320972019","url":null,"abstract":"Creative Commons Non Commercial CC BY-NC: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage). Dear Editor, The long-term consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection and treatment of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) are not yet known. Several drug studies have focused on the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Angiotensin (Ang) II levels were found to be high in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2.1,2 The virus enters the cell after it binds to ACE2, as an ACE2– virus complex. The virus may alter ACE2 function and render the enzyme dysfunctional.2 Because the virus targets ACE2, treatments for COVID-19 may also need to target ACE2. In phase I and II studies and several case reports, recombinant ACE2 has been reported to improve the clinical course of patients with COVID-19 by increasing Ang II degradation.3–5 Along with Ang II, Ang III, and Ang IV may be responsible for severe forms of COVID-19. Ang II, a potent vasoconstrictor, triggers oxidative stress and inflammation. ACE2 converts Ang II to Ang 1–7 and Ang I to Ang 1–9.6 Ang 1–9 is one of the major products of the ACE pathway and is converted to Ang 1–7 by ACE and neprilysin.6,7 ACE inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), statins, and some oral antidiabetics cause ACE2 upregulation.8 ACE2 upregulation increases the degradation of Ang II to Ang 1–7 and alamandine.9 Alamandine is a vasodilator peptide with anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative effects.9 ACE2 upregulation and an increase in Ang 1–7 and Ang 1–9 cause vasodilation and alleviate inflammation.10–12 Thus, increasing ACE2 and Ang 1–7 may contribute to the treatment of hypertension and diabetes, two critical comorbidities of COVID-19.13 Although an increase in the degradation of Ang II occurs in patients using ACEIs, Ang II formation continues through secondary pathways. Cathepsin G and kallikrein enzymes produce Ang II independently of ACE.14 ACE also breaks down bradykinin and, when ACE is blocked, bradykinin levels increase.15 Bradykinin activates the chymase pathway in tissues such as the heart and lung,15 allowing production of Ang II, Ang III, and Ang IV. The chymase pathway also generates Ang II from Ang 1–12.14 According to the results of a meta-analysis, ACEIs and ARBs do not adversely affect mortality rate and duration of hospital stay in patients with COVID-19.16 The metaanalysis indicated that ACEIs have a protective effect against COVID-19, but ARBs do not.16 However, in patients using ACEIs, Ang II formation continues through non-ACE pathways. The existence of alternative pathways for Ang II production and the increased ","PeriodicalId":17330,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1470320320972019","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38584248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.1177/1470320320966177
L Li, E Y Lai, X Cao, W J Welch, C S Wilcox
Hypothesis: A lack of contraction of cerebral microarterioles to Ang II ("resilience") depends on cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipocalin type prostaglandin D sythase L-PGDS producing PGD2 that activates prostaglandin D type 1 receptors (DP1Rs) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS).
Materials & methods: Contractions were assessed in isolated, perfused vessels and NO by fluorescence microscopy.
Results: The mRNAs of penetrating intraparenchymal cerebral microarterioles versus renal afferent arterioles were >3000-fold greater for L-PGDS and DP1R and 5-fold for NOS III and COX 2. Larger cerebral arteries contracted with Ang II. However, cerebral microarterioles were entirely unresponsive but contracted with endothelin 1 and perfusion pressure. Ang II contractions were evoked in cerebral microarterioles from COX1 -/- mice or after blockade of COX2, L-PGDS or NOS and in deendothelialized vessels but effects of deendothelialization were lost during COX blockade. NO generation with Ang II depended on COX and also was increased by DP1R activation.
Conclusion: The resilience of cerebral arterioles to Ang II contractions is specific for intraparenchymal microarterioles and depends on endothelial COX1 and two products that are metabolized by L-PGDS to generate PGD2 that signals via DP1Rs and NO.
{"title":"Endothelial prostaglandin D<sub>2</sub> opposes angiotensin II contractions in mouse isolated perfused intracerebral microarterioles.","authors":"L Li, E Y Lai, X Cao, W J Welch, C S Wilcox","doi":"10.1177/1470320320966177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1470320320966177","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Hypothesis: </strong>A lack of contraction of cerebral microarterioles to Ang II (\"resilience\") depends on cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipocalin type prostaglandin D sythase L-PGDS producing PGD<sub>2</sub> that activates prostaglandin D type 1 receptors (DP1Rs) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS).</p><p><strong>Materials & methods: </strong>Contractions were assessed in isolated, perfused vessels and NO by fluorescence microscopy.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mRNAs of penetrating intraparenchymal cerebral microarterioles versus renal afferent arterioles were >3000-fold greater for L-PGDS and DP1R and 5-fold for NOS III and COX 2. Larger cerebral arteries contracted with Ang II. However, cerebral microarterioles were entirely unresponsive but contracted with endothelin 1 and perfusion pressure. Ang II contractions were evoked in cerebral microarterioles from COX1 -/- mice or after blockade of COX2, L-PGDS or NOS and in deendothelialized vessels but effects of deendothelialization were lost during COX blockade. NO generation with Ang II depended on COX and also was increased by DP1R activation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The resilience of cerebral arterioles to Ang II contractions is specific for intraparenchymal microarterioles and depends on endothelial COX1 and two products that are metabolized by L-PGDS to generate PGD<sub>2</sub> that signals via DP1Rs and NO.</p>","PeriodicalId":17330,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1470320320966177","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38527141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.1177/1470320320981321
Yang Xue, Shaoqing Sun, Jianing Cai, Linwen Zeng, Shihui Wang, Suhuai Wang, Jingjie Li, Lin Sun, Jianmin Huo
Background: The clinical use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARB) in patients with COVID-19 infection remains controversial. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis on the effects of ACEI/ARB on disease symptoms and laboratory tests in hypertensive patients infected with COVID-19 virus and those who did not use ACEI/ARB.
Methods: We systematically searched the relevant literatures from Pubmed, Embase, EuropePMC, CNKI, and other databases during the study period of 31 December 2019 (solstice, 15 March 2020), and analyzed the differences in symptoms and laboratory tests between patients with COVID-19 and hypertension who used ACEI/ARB drugs and those who did not. All statistical analyses were performed with REVMAN5.3.
Results: We included a total of 1808 patients with hypertension diagnosed with COVID-19 in six studies. Analysis results show that ACEI/ARB drugs group D-dimer is lower (SMD = -0.22, 95%CI: -0.36 to -0.06), and the chances of getting fever is lower (OR = 0.74, 95%CI: 0.55 to 0.98). Meanwhile, laboratory data and symptoms were not statistical difference, but creatinine tends to rise (SMD = 0.22, 95% CI: 0.04 to 0.41).
Conclusion: We found that the administration of ACEI/ARB drugs had positive effect on reducing D-dimer and the number of people with fever. Meanwhile it had no significant effect on other laboratory tests (creatinine excepted) or symptoms in patients with COVID-19, while special attention was still needed in patients with renal insufficiency.
{"title":"Effects of ACEI and ARB on COVID-19 patients: A meta-analysis.","authors":"Yang Xue, Shaoqing Sun, Jianing Cai, Linwen Zeng, Shihui Wang, Suhuai Wang, Jingjie Li, Lin Sun, Jianmin Huo","doi":"10.1177/1470320320981321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1470320320981321","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The clinical use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARB) in patients with COVID-19 infection remains controversial. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis on the effects of ACEI/ARB on disease symptoms and laboratory tests in hypertensive patients infected with COVID-19 virus and those who did not use ACEI/ARB.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We systematically searched the relevant literatures from Pubmed, Embase, EuropePMC, CNKI, and other databases during the study period of 31 December 2019 (solstice, 15 March 2020), and analyzed the differences in symptoms and laboratory tests between patients with COVID-19 and hypertension who used ACEI/ARB drugs and those who did not. All statistical analyses were performed with REVMAN5.3.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We included a total of 1808 patients with hypertension diagnosed with COVID-19 in six studies. Analysis results show that ACEI/ARB drugs group D-dimer is lower (SMD = -0.22, 95%CI: -0.36 to -0.06), and the chances of getting fever is lower (OR = 0.74, 95%CI: 0.55 to 0.98). Meanwhile, laboratory data and symptoms were not statistical difference, but creatinine tends to rise (SMD = 0.22, 95% CI: 0.04 to 0.41).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We found that the administration of ACEI/ARB drugs had positive effect on reducing D-dimer and the number of people with fever. Meanwhile it had no significant effect on other laboratory tests (creatinine excepted) or symptoms in patients with COVID-19, while special attention was still needed in patients with renal insufficiency.</p>","PeriodicalId":17330,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1470320320981321","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38716092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}