首页 > 最新文献

Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior最新文献

英文 中文
Reduced access to reinforcement drives delay discounting during experienced delays 在经历延误的情况下,获得增援的机会减少会导致延误折扣。
IF 2.7 3区 心理学 Q2 Psychology Pub Date : 2023-09-11 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.883
Anne C. Macaskill, Kendra Thompson-Davies, Maree J. Hunt

Rewards lose value as a function of delay. Previous studies suggest that delays have a bigger effect on reward value when people must wait during the delay. However, whether delays involve waiting or postponing has often been confounded with whether choices are about hypothetical or real rewards. The current study characterized the effects of waiting and postponing in hypothetical and experiential choice contexts separately. In Experiment 1 we observed steeper delay discounting for waiting than for postponing in choices about both hypothetical money and about experienced computer game points. Two factors potentially contributing to steeper discounting in choices about waiting are reduced access to other rewards and direct costs of waiting. In Experiment 2, we adapted the experiential delay-discounting task to manipulate each factor separately. Reduced access to other reinforcers had a bigger effect on delay discounting than direct costs of waiting. These results underscore the importance of considering the unique influence of waiting and associated opportunity costs in both basic delay-discounting research and in applied contexts.

奖励会因延迟而失去价值。先前的研究表明,当人们必须在延迟期间等待时,延迟对奖励价值的影响更大。然而,延迟是包括等待还是推迟,往往与选择是假设的还是真正的回报混淆。目前的研究分别描述了在假设和经验选择环境中等待和推迟的影响。在实验1中,我们观察到在关于假设的金钱和经验丰富的计算机游戏积分的选择中,等待的延迟折扣比推迟的延迟折扣更大。可能导致等待选择折扣更大的两个因素是获得其他奖励的机会减少和等待的直接成本。在实验2中,我们采用经验延迟折扣任务来分别操纵每个因素。与等待的直接成本相比,获得其他增援的机会减少对延迟折扣的影响更大。这些结果强调了在基本延迟折扣研究和应用环境中考虑等待和相关机会成本的独特影响的重要性。
{"title":"Reduced access to reinforcement drives delay discounting during experienced delays","authors":"Anne C. Macaskill,&nbsp;Kendra Thompson-Davies,&nbsp;Maree J. Hunt","doi":"10.1002/jeab.883","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jeab.883","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Rewards lose value as a function of delay. Previous studies suggest that delays have a bigger effect on reward value when people must wait during the delay. However, whether delays involve waiting or postponing has often been confounded with whether choices are about hypothetical or real rewards. The current study characterized the effects of waiting and postponing in hypothetical and experiential choice contexts separately. In Experiment 1 we observed steeper delay discounting for waiting than for postponing in choices about both hypothetical money and about experienced computer game points. Two factors potentially contributing to steeper discounting in choices about waiting are reduced access to other rewards and direct costs of waiting. In Experiment 2, we adapted the experiential delay-discounting task to manipulate each factor separately. Reduced access to other reinforcers had a bigger effect on delay discounting than direct costs of waiting. These results underscore the importance of considering the unique influence of waiting and associated opportunity costs in both basic delay-discounting research and in applied contexts.</p>","PeriodicalId":17411,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10570832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Translational evaluation of on/off alternative reinforcement cycling 开启/关闭替代钢筋循环的转化评估。
IF 2.7 3区 心理学 Q2 Psychology Pub Date : 2023-09-07 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.879
Sean W. Smith, Brian D. Greer

Cycling between the availability and unavailability of reinforcement for alternative responding has successfully reduced resurgence in basic laboratory evaluations, but this approach represents a marked departure from current standards of care when treating problem behavior, warranting careful translation before its use clinically. Therefore, with extinction arranged for target responding across groups in Phase 2, we evaluated the effects of cycling between the availability and unavailability of differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA) using a computer-based task with adult humans recruited through Amazon MTurk. Two control groups experienced constant DRA in Phase 2, with one group experiencing a dense DRA schedule and another group experiencing a lean DRA schedule. The cycling DRA group tended to show greater reductions in target responding and improved discrimination in Phase 2 and less target responding across Phases 2 and 3 than the lean DRA and dense DRA groups. These preliminary findings suggest that on/off DRA cycling procedures may produce more desirable treatment outcomes than constant DRA without producing negative side effects; however, further research is needed to confirm these possibilities.

替代反应强化的可用性和不可用性之间的循环成功地减少了基本实验室评估的死灰复燃,但这种方法在治疗问题行为时明显偏离了当前的护理标准,需要在临床使用前仔细翻译。因此,在第二阶段,我们对通过亚马逊MTurk招募的成年人类进行了基于计算机的任务,评估了不同强化替代行为(DRA)的可用性和不可用性之间的循环效应。两个对照组在第2阶段经历了恒定的DRA,其中一组经历了密集的DRA时间表,另一组则经历了贫DRA时间表。与贫DRA和密集DRA组相比,循环DRA组倾向于在第2阶段表现出更大的目标响应减少和更好的辨别能力,而在第2和第3阶段表现出更少的目标响应。这些初步发现表明,开启/关闭DRA循环程序可能比恒定DRA产生更理想的治疗结果,而不会产生负面副作用;然而,还需要进一步的研究来证实这些可能性。
{"title":"Translational evaluation of on/off alternative reinforcement cycling","authors":"Sean W. Smith,&nbsp;Brian D. Greer","doi":"10.1002/jeab.879","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jeab.879","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cycling between the availability and unavailability of reinforcement for alternative responding has successfully reduced resurgence in basic laboratory evaluations, but this approach represents a marked departure from current standards of care when treating problem behavior, warranting careful translation before its use clinically. Therefore, with extinction arranged for target responding across groups in Phase 2, we evaluated the effects of cycling between the availability and unavailability of differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA) using a computer-based task with adult humans recruited through Amazon MTurk. Two control groups experienced constant DRA in Phase 2, with one group experiencing a dense DRA schedule and another group experiencing a lean DRA schedule. The cycling DRA group tended to show greater reductions in target responding and improved discrimination in Phase 2 and less target responding across Phases 2 and 3 than the lean DRA and dense DRA groups. These preliminary findings suggest that on/off DRA cycling procedures may produce more desirable treatment outcomes than constant DRA without producing negative side effects; however, further research is needed to confirm these possibilities.</p>","PeriodicalId":17411,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10185609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Divided stimulus control depends on differential and nondifferential reinforcement: Testing a quantitative model 分裂刺激控制依赖于微分和非微分强化:测试定量模型。
IF 2.7 3区 心理学 Q2 Psychology Pub Date : 2023-08-15 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.876
Stephanie Gomes-Ng, Sarah Cowie, Douglas Elliffe

We investigated the effects of differential and nondifferential reinforcers on divided control by compound-stimulus dimensions. Six pigeons responded in a delayed matching-to-sample procedure in which a blue or yellow sample stimulus flashed on/off at a fast or slow rate, and subjects reported its color or alternation frequency. The dimension to report was unsignaled (Phase 1) or signaled (Phase 2). Correct responses were reinforced with a probability of .70, and the probability of reinforcers for errors varied across conditions. Comparison choice depended on reinforcer ratios for correct and incorrect responding; as the frequency of error reinforcers according to a dimension increased, control (measured by log d) by that dimension decreased and control by the other dimension increased. Davison and Nevin's (1999) model described data when the dimension to report was unsignaled, whereas model fits were poorer when it was signaled, perhaps due to carryover between conditions. We are the first to test this quantitative model of divided control with reinforcers for errors and when the dimension to report is signaled; hence, further research is needed to establish the model's generality. We question whether divided stimulus control is dimensional and suggest it may instead reflect joint control by compound stimuli and reinforcer ratios.

我们通过复合刺激维度研究了差异和非差异增强剂对分割控制的影响。六只鸽子在延迟匹配样本程序中做出反应,其中蓝色或黄色样本刺激以快或慢的速度闪烁,受试者报告其颜色或交替频率。要报告的维度没有信号(阶段1)或有信号(阶段2)。正确的回答被强化的概率为0.70,而强化错误的概率因条件而异。比较选择取决于正确和不正确反应的强化比率;随着一个维度的误差增强频率的增加,该维度的控制(用logd测量)减少,而另一维度的控制增加。Davison和Nevin(1999)的模型描述了当要报告的维度没有信号时的数据,而当有信号时,模型拟合较差,这可能是由于条件之间的结转。我们是第一个测试这种带有强化物的分割控制的定量模型的错误,以及何时发出报告维度的信号;因此,需要进一步的研究来建立该模型的通用性。我们质疑分刺激控制是否是维度的,并认为它可能反映了复合刺激和强化比率的联合控制。
{"title":"Divided stimulus control depends on differential and nondifferential reinforcement: Testing a quantitative model","authors":"Stephanie Gomes-Ng,&nbsp;Sarah Cowie,&nbsp;Douglas Elliffe","doi":"10.1002/jeab.876","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jeab.876","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We investigated the effects of differential and nondifferential reinforcers on divided control by compound-stimulus dimensions. Six pigeons responded in a delayed matching-to-sample procedure in which a blue or yellow sample stimulus flashed on/off at a fast or slow rate, and subjects reported its color or alternation frequency. The dimension to report was unsignaled (Phase 1) or signaled (Phase 2). Correct responses were reinforced with a probability of .70, and the probability of reinforcers for errors varied across conditions. Comparison choice depended on reinforcer ratios for correct and incorrect responding; as the frequency of error reinforcers according to a dimension increased, control (measured by log <i>d</i>) by that dimension decreased and control by the other dimension increased. Davison and Nevin's (1999) model described data when the dimension to report was unsignaled, whereas model fits were poorer when it was signaled, perhaps due to carryover between conditions. We are the first to test this quantitative model of divided control with reinforcers for errors and when the dimension to report is signaled; hence, further research is needed to establish the model's generality. We question whether divided stimulus control is dimensional and suggest it may instead reflect joint control by compound stimuli and reinforcer ratios.</p>","PeriodicalId":17411,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10006772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Resistance to change, of behavior and of theory 抗拒改变,抗拒行为和理论。
IF 2.7 3区 心理学 Q2 Psychology Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.875
Andrew R. Craig

The persistence of operant behavior when disrupted tends to be positively related to how often reinforcers were delivered in the past. Behavioral momentum theory describes this finding as the outcome of Pavlovian processes. That is, the relation between discriminative stimuli and reinforcers that were delivered in their presence strengthens behavior, thereby making it more likely to persist. If only the story were that simple. A growing number of findings challenge the basic tenets of behavioral momentum theory. Some even call into question whether Pavlovian relations contribute to persistence in the first place. In this paper, I will review behavioral momentum theory and some of the data that have been problematic for the theory. I will argue that despite these very real challenges, the theory provides important utility not only to basic analyses of response persistence but also to clinical interventions directed at long-term reductions in problem behavior. It, for example, has set the stage for the development of alternative conceptual analyses of resistance to change, two of which will be highlighted for readers. Moreover, behavioral momentum theory may tell us something important about the reasons it continues to have an influence on the field, despite the challenging data that deter it.

操作行为在被破坏时的持续性往往与过去强化物的使用频率呈正相关。行为动量理论将这一发现描述为巴甫洛夫过程的结果。也就是说,歧视性刺激和在它们存在的情况下提供的强化物之间的关系加强了行为,从而使其更有可能持续下去。要是故事这么简单就好了。越来越多的发现挑战了行为动量理论的基本原理。一些人甚至质疑巴甫洛夫关系是否有助于持久存在。在这篇论文中,我将回顾行为动量理论和一些对该理论有问题的数据。我认为,尽管存在这些非常现实的挑战,但该理论不仅对反应持续性的基本分析,而且对旨在长期减少问题行为的临床干预措施都具有重要的实用性。例如,它为发展对变革阻力的替代概念分析奠定了基础,其中两项将向读者重点介绍。此外,行为动量理论可能会告诉我们一些重要的信息,说明它继续对该领域产生影响的原因,尽管有具有挑战性的数据阻止了它。
{"title":"Resistance to change, of behavior and of theory","authors":"Andrew R. Craig","doi":"10.1002/jeab.875","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jeab.875","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The persistence of operant behavior when disrupted tends to be positively related to how often reinforcers were delivered in the past. Behavioral momentum theory describes this finding as the outcome of Pavlovian processes. That is, the relation between discriminative stimuli and reinforcers that were delivered in their presence strengthens behavior, thereby making it more likely to persist. If only the story were that simple. A growing number of findings challenge the basic tenets of behavioral momentum theory. Some even call into question whether Pavlovian relations contribute to persistence in the first place. In this paper, I will review behavioral momentum theory and some of the data that have been problematic for the theory. I will argue that despite these very real challenges, the theory provides important utility not only to basic analyses of response persistence but also to clinical interventions directed at long-term reductions in problem behavior. It, for example, has set the stage for the development of alternative conceptual analyses of resistance to change, two of which will be highlighted for readers. Moreover, behavioral momentum theory may tell us something important about the reasons it continues to have an influence on the field, despite the challenging data that deter it.</p>","PeriodicalId":17411,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9911807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Expanding a laboratory model for evaluating relapse of caregiver nonadherence 扩展实验室模型以评估护理人员不依从性复发。
IF 2.7 3区 心理学 Q2 Psychology Pub Date : 2023-07-18 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.873
Catherine L. Williams, Kyleigh L. Montague, Alec M. Bernstein, Nathan A. Call, Sarah K. Slocum

Caregiver adherence to treatment plans is likely maintained by negative reinforcement and can contact extinction when child responding relapses. When caregiver adherence contacts extinction, caregiver nonadherence, such as reinforcing their child's challenging behavior, relapses, threatening treatment efficacy. Previous laboratory models demonstrating the relapse of caregiver nonadherence only evaluated treatment for behavior maintained by social-positive reinforcement, not that maintained by social-negative reinforcement. These models only measured caregiver nonadherence as discrete events, which cannot capture the magnitude of each error. The present study was an evaluation of the relapse of caregiver nonadherence during simulated treatments for escape-maintained challenging behavior. First, caregivers placed demands in a home-like setting and a research confederate responded to these demands in a manner mimicking clinical clients. Next, caregivers were taught to implement treatment in a clinical setting and the confederate's behavior gradually improved. Last, caregivers returned to the home-like setting and confederate challenging behavior relapsed. Nonadherence relapsed for all caregivers, demonstrating the need for additional research on methods for mitigating caregiver relapse during treatment of children's challenging behavior and the usefulness of the proposed measurement system for future research.

护理人员对治疗计划的坚持可能会通过负强化来维持,并且当儿童反应复发时,可能会导致死亡。当照顾者的依从性达到灭绝时,照顾者的不依从性,如强化孩子的挑战性行为、复发、威胁治疗效果。先前的实验室模型证明了照顾者不依从性的复发,只评估了由社会正强化维持的行为的治疗,而不是由社会负强化维持的治疗。这些模型仅将护理人员的不依从性作为离散事件进行测量,无法捕捉每个错误的大小。本研究评估了在对逃避维持的挑战行为进行模拟治疗期间,护理人员不依从性的复发情况。首先,护理人员在类似家庭的环境中提出需求,研究联合会以模仿临床客户的方式回应这些需求。接下来,护理人员被教导在临床环境中实施治疗,联盟成员的行为逐渐改善。最后,护理人员回到了家里,联盟的挑战行为再次出现。所有照顾者的不依从性复发,这表明需要对在治疗儿童挑战性行为期间减轻照顾者复发的方法进行额外研究,以及所提出的测量系统对未来研究的有用性。
{"title":"Expanding a laboratory model for evaluating relapse of caregiver nonadherence","authors":"Catherine L. Williams,&nbsp;Kyleigh L. Montague,&nbsp;Alec M. Bernstein,&nbsp;Nathan A. Call,&nbsp;Sarah K. Slocum","doi":"10.1002/jeab.873","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jeab.873","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Caregiver adherence to treatment plans is likely maintained by negative reinforcement and can contact extinction when child responding relapses. When caregiver adherence contacts extinction, caregiver nonadherence, such as reinforcing their child's challenging behavior, relapses, threatening treatment efficacy. Previous laboratory models demonstrating the relapse of caregiver nonadherence only evaluated treatment for behavior maintained by social-positive reinforcement, not that maintained by social-negative reinforcement. These models only measured caregiver nonadherence as discrete events, which cannot capture the magnitude of each error. The present study was an evaluation of the relapse of caregiver nonadherence during simulated treatments for escape-maintained challenging behavior. First, caregivers placed demands in a home-like setting and a research confederate responded to these demands in a manner mimicking clinical clients. Next, caregivers were taught to implement treatment in a clinical setting and the confederate's behavior gradually improved. Last, caregivers returned to the home-like setting and confederate challenging behavior relapsed. Nonadherence relapsed for all caregivers, demonstrating the need for additional research on methods for mitigating caregiver relapse during treatment of children's challenging behavior and the usefulness of the proposed measurement system for future research.</p>","PeriodicalId":17411,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9834256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Prisoner's dilemma and the free operant: John Nash, I'd like you to meet Fred Skinner 囚犯的困境和自由操作:约翰·纳什,我想让你认识弗雷德·斯金纳。
IF 2.7 3区 心理学 Q2 Psychology Pub Date : 2023-07-18 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.874
John V. Keller

In separate chambers, responding by two pairs of pigeons was reinforced under concurrent random-ratio schedules of reinforcement. For each pair, the birds' schedules were coupled in such a manner that left- and right-key reinforcement probabilities were determined by the key being pecked by the other pigeon of the pair. In this way, a reinforcement matrix, like that of the popular Prisoner's Dilemma game of game theory, was created. The responding of all subjects soon gravitated to the choice combination identified by the mathematician John Nash as the equilibrium of the Prisoner's Dilemma game. This was found both before and after reversal of contingencies on the keys. In a second experiment, with a single pair of pigeons, stimuli signaling the choice of the paired pigeon had little lasting effect: responding again gravitated to the game's equilibrium. The results affirm earlier findings, demonstrating that Skinner's principle of positive reinforcement, together with Nashian mathematics, entirely accounts for iterative game-theoretic behavior. They extend these findings to the so-called free operant: to schedules of reinforcement in which responding is not constrained by stimulus–response sequencing (i.e., a trials procedure). The coupled schedule of reinforcement introduced here offers significant promise for the experimental analysis of economic and social behaviors.

在单独的腔室中,两对鸽子的反应在同时进行的随机比例强化计划下得到强化。对于每对鸽子,它们的时间表都是以这样一种方式耦合的,即左右键的强化概率是由这对鸽子中另一只鸽子啄的键决定的。这样,就创建了一个强化矩阵,就像博弈论中流行的囚徒困境游戏一样。所有受试者的反应很快都被数学家约翰·纳什确定的选择组合所吸引,这是囚犯困境游戏的平衡。这是在钥匙上的意外事件发生逆转前后发现的。在第二个实验中,对一对鸽子来说,选择配对鸽子的刺激几乎没有持久的影响:反应再次被游戏的平衡所吸引。结果肯定了早期的发现,证明斯金纳的正强化原理,以及纳西安数学,完全解释了迭代博弈论行为。他们将这些发现扩展到所谓的自由操作:强化时间表,其中反应不受刺激反应序列的限制(即试验程序)。本文介绍的配筋耦合时间表为经济和社会行为的实验分析提供了重要的前景。
{"title":"Prisoner's dilemma and the free operant: John Nash, I'd like you to meet Fred Skinner","authors":"John V. Keller","doi":"10.1002/jeab.874","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jeab.874","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In separate chambers, responding by two pairs of pigeons was reinforced under concurrent random-ratio schedules of reinforcement. For each pair, the birds' schedules were coupled in such a manner that left- and right-key reinforcement probabilities were determined by the key being pecked by the other pigeon of the pair. In this way, a reinforcement matrix, like that of the popular Prisoner's Dilemma game of game theory, was created. The responding of all subjects soon gravitated to the choice combination identified by the mathematician John Nash as the equilibrium of the Prisoner's Dilemma game. This was found both before and after reversal of contingencies on the keys. In a second experiment, with a single pair of pigeons, stimuli signaling the choice of the paired pigeon had little lasting effect: responding again gravitated to the game's equilibrium. The results affirm earlier findings, demonstrating that Skinner's principle of positive reinforcement, together with Nashian mathematics, entirely accounts for iterative game-theoretic behavior. They extend these findings to the so-called <i>free operant</i>: to schedules of reinforcement in which responding is not constrained by stimulus–response sequencing (i.e., a trials procedure). The coupled schedule of reinforcement introduced here offers significant promise for the experimental analysis of economic and social behaviors.</p>","PeriodicalId":17411,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10324356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Experimental analysis of canine behavior and cognition: Introduction to the special issue 犬类行为与认知的实验分析:特刊导论
IF 2.7 3区 心理学 Q2 Psychology Pub Date : 2023-06-23 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.867
Nathaniel J. Hall, Lucia Lazarowski, Timothy L. Edwards

Over the last 3 decades, the use and popularity of canid models for basic and applied behavioral research has grown dramatically, and for good reasons. Dogs are uniquely among the human world, living and working in our homes and places of employment while an even greater population lives on the outskirts of human life, scavenging and navigating the city life. This provides a rich continuum of environmental contexts for the canine experience, leading to some unique and even human-like behaviors in animals. The articles in this special issue provide additional insight into factors that influence canine welfare, methods for evaluating dogs' preferences and the reinforcing effectiveness of stimuli, trick learning and retention, concept learning, and scent detection performance under sparse reinforcement conditions. Here we provide an overview of these articles and their contribution to our understanding of canine behavior.

在过去的30年里,犬科动物模型在基础和应用行为研究中的应用和普及率急剧增长,这是有充分理由的。狗在人类世界中是独一无二的,在我们的家里和工作场所生活和工作,而更多的人生活在人类生活的郊区,在城市生活中觅食和导航。这为犬类的体验提供了丰富的环境背景,导致了动物的一些独特甚至类似人类的行为。本期特刊中的文章进一步深入了解了影响犬类福利的因素、评估犬类偏好和刺激强化效果的方法、技巧学习和保持、概念学习以及稀疏强化条件下的气味检测性能。在这里,我们提供了这些文章的概述,以及它们对我们理解犬类行为的贡献。
{"title":"Experimental analysis of canine behavior and cognition: Introduction to the special issue","authors":"Nathaniel J. Hall,&nbsp;Lucia Lazarowski,&nbsp;Timothy L. Edwards","doi":"10.1002/jeab.867","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jeab.867","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Over the last 3 decades, the use and popularity of canid models for basic and applied behavioral research has grown dramatically, and for good reasons. Dogs are uniquely among the human world, living and working in our homes and places of employment while an even greater population lives on the outskirts of human life, scavenging and navigating the city life. This provides a rich continuum of environmental contexts for the canine experience, leading to some unique and even human-like behaviors in animals. The articles in this special issue provide additional insight into factors that influence canine welfare, methods for evaluating dogs' preferences and the reinforcing effectiveness of stimuli, trick learning and retention, concept learning, and scent detection performance under sparse reinforcement conditions. Here we provide an overview of these articles and their contribution to our understanding of canine behavior.</p>","PeriodicalId":17411,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9802495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Examining resurgence in rats following expanded-operant treatments 检查大鼠在扩大手术治疗后的死灰复燃。
IF 2.7 3区 心理学 Q2 Psychology Pub Date : 2023-06-20 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.870
Anthony N. Nist, Timothy A. Shahan

Resurgence of previously reinforced behavior represents a challenge to otherwise successful interventions based on differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA). Expanded-operant treatments seek to increase the number of functional alternative behaviors through DRA, thereby potentially mitigating resurgence. However, the few studies that have directly examined these methods as a tool for resurgence mitigation have provided limited and unclear results. Thus, the present experiments were designed to investigate the effect of expanded-operant DRA methods on resurgence of previously reinforced behavior using rat subjects. In two experiments, following a baseline phase in which a target response was trained, groups of rats experienced concurrent (i.e., five simultaneous alternative responses), serial (i.e., five sequentially available alternative responses), or single DRA interventions arranging similar rates of alternative reinforcement in order to examine potential differences in resurgence. Both experiments showed that neither serial nor concurrent DRA expanded-operant treatments reduced resurgence compared with single DRA regardless of whether stimuli associated with previously reinforced alternative responses were removed (Experiment 1) or remained present (Experiment 2) for the serial-DRA group. Further, a primacy effect in resurgence was obtained for the serial-DRA group in both experiments. Overall, these results suggest that expanded-operant treatments may not help to reduce resurgence.

先前强化行为的恢复代表着对基于替代行为差异强化(DRA)的成功干预的挑战。扩大操作性治疗旨在通过DRA增加功能性替代行为的数量,从而潜在地缓解死灰复燃。然而,少数直接将这些方法作为缓解死灰复燃的工具进行研究的结果有限且不明确。因此,本实验旨在研究扩大操作性DRA方法对大鼠受试者先前强化行为恢复的影响。在两个实验中,在训练目标反应的基线阶段之后,一组大鼠经历了并行(即五个同时的替代反应)、连续(即五种顺序可用的替代响应)或单一DRA干预,安排相似的替代强化率,以检查死灰复燃的潜在差异。两个实验都表明,与单次DRA相比,无论与先前强化的替代反应相关的刺激是被去除(实验1)还是仍然存在(实验2),连续或同时的DRA扩展操作性治疗都不会减少复发。此外,在两个实验中,对于串行DRA组都获得了复活的首要效应。总的来说,这些结果表明,扩大手术治疗可能无助于减少死灰复燃。
{"title":"Examining resurgence in rats following expanded-operant treatments","authors":"Anthony N. Nist,&nbsp;Timothy A. Shahan","doi":"10.1002/jeab.870","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jeab.870","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Resurgence of previously reinforced behavior represents a challenge to otherwise successful interventions based on differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA). Expanded-operant treatments seek to increase the number of functional alternative behaviors through DRA, thereby potentially mitigating resurgence. However, the few studies that have directly examined these methods as a tool for resurgence mitigation have provided limited and unclear results. Thus, the present experiments were designed to investigate the effect of expanded-operant DRA methods on resurgence of previously reinforced behavior using rat subjects. In two experiments, following a baseline phase in which a target response was trained, groups of rats experienced concurrent (i.e., five simultaneous alternative responses), serial (i.e., five sequentially available alternative responses), or single DRA interventions arranging similar rates of alternative reinforcement in order to examine potential differences in resurgence. Both experiments showed that neither serial nor concurrent DRA expanded-operant treatments reduced resurgence compared with single DRA regardless of whether stimuli associated with previously reinforced alternative responses were removed (Experiment 1) or remained present (Experiment 2) for the serial-DRA group. Further, a primacy effect in resurgence was obtained for the serial-DRA group in both experiments. Overall, these results suggest that expanded-operant treatments may not help to reduce resurgence.</p>","PeriodicalId":17411,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10142246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Multilevel analysis of matching behavior: A comparison of maximum likelihood and Bayesian estimation 匹配行为的多层次分析:最大似然和贝叶斯估计的比较。
IF 2.7 3区 心理学 Q2 Psychology Pub Date : 2023-06-16 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.872
Michael John Ilagan, Pier-Olivier Caron, Milica Miočević

While trying to infer laws of behavior, accounting for both within-subjects and between-subjects variance is often overlooked. It has been advocated recently to use multilevel modeling to analyze matching behavior. Using multilevel modeling within behavior analysis has its own challenges though. Adequate sample sizes are required (at both levels) for unbiased parameter estimates. The purpose of the current study is to compare parameter recovery and hypothesis rejection rates of maximum likelihood (ML) estimation and Bayesian estimation (BE) of multilevel models for matching behavior studies. Four factors were investigated through simulations: number of subjects, number of measurements by subject, sensitivity (slope), and variance of the random effect. Results showed that both ML estimation and BE with flat priors yielded acceptable statistical properties for intercept and slope fixed effects. The ML estimation procedure generally had less bias, lower RMSE, more power, and false-positive rates closer to the nominal rate. Thus, we recommend ML estimation over BE with uninformative priors, considering our results. The BE procedure requires more informative priors to be used in multilevel modeling of matching behavior, which will require further studies.

在试图推断行为规律时,对受试者内部和受试者之间差异的解释往往被忽视。最近提倡使用多级建模来分析匹配行为。然而,在行为分析中使用多级建模也有其自身的挑战。无偏参数估计需要足够的样本量(在两个级别)。本研究的目的是比较用于匹配行为研究的多级模型的最大似然(ML)估计和贝叶斯估计(BE)的参数恢复和假设拒绝率。通过模拟研究了四个因素:受试者数量、受试者测量次数、敏感性(斜率)和随机效应的方差。结果表明,对于截距和斜率固定效应,ML估计和具有平坦先验的BE都产生了可接受的统计特性。ML估计程序通常具有较小的偏差、较低的RMSE、较大的功率和更接近标称率的假阳性率。因此,考虑到我们的结果,我们建议ML估计优于无信息先验的BE。BE过程需要在匹配行为的多级建模中使用更多信息先验,这将需要进一步的研究。
{"title":"Multilevel analysis of matching behavior: A comparison of maximum likelihood and Bayesian estimation","authors":"Michael John Ilagan,&nbsp;Pier-Olivier Caron,&nbsp;Milica Miočević","doi":"10.1002/jeab.872","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jeab.872","url":null,"abstract":"<p>While trying to infer laws of behavior, accounting for both within-subjects and between-subjects variance is often overlooked. It has been advocated recently to use multilevel modeling to analyze matching behavior. Using multilevel modeling within behavior analysis has its own challenges though. Adequate sample sizes are required (at both levels) for unbiased parameter estimates. The purpose of the current study is to compare parameter recovery and hypothesis rejection rates of maximum likelihood (ML) estimation and Bayesian estimation (BE) of multilevel models for matching behavior studies. Four factors were investigated through simulations: number of subjects, number of measurements by subject, sensitivity (slope), and variance of the random effect. Results showed that both ML estimation and BE with flat priors yielded acceptable statistical properties for intercept and slope fixed effects. The ML estimation procedure generally had less bias, lower RMSE, more power, and false-positive rates closer to the nominal rate. Thus, we recommend ML estimation over BE with uninformative priors, considering our results. The BE procedure requires more informative priors to be used in multilevel modeling of matching behavior, which will require further studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":17411,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jeab.872","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10515230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Valuing the future at different temporal points: The role of time framing on discounting 在不同的时间点评估未来:时间框架对折扣的作用。
IF 2.7 3区 心理学 Q2 Psychology Pub Date : 2023-06-16 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.871
Hugo E. Reyes-Huerta, Elias Robles, Cristiano V. dos Santos

The rate of delay discounting exhibited by individuals has been experimentally altered by manipulating the way in which time is described, a specific application of the framing effect. Previous research suggests that using specific dates to describe delays tends to lower temporal discounting and change the shape of the discounting function. The main purpose of this study was to assess the influence of framing on discounting in different temporal contexts. Participants chose between hypothetical monetary gains (gains group), or between hypothetical monetary losses (losses group). Each group completed eight discounting tasks over two sessions (two choice tasks [SmallNow/SmallSoon] by two time frames [dates/calendar units] by two magnitudes. The results indicate that Mazur's model adequately described the observed discounting functions in most conditions. However, the decrease in discounting rate when both consequences were delayed only occurred when calendar units (but not dates) were used for both gains and losses. These findings suggest that framing affects the influence of a shared delay instead of changing the shape of the discounting function. Our results support the idea that time influences behavior similarly in humans and nonhumans when they choose between two delayed consequences.

个体表现出的延迟贴现率已经通过操纵描述时间的方式进行了实验性改变,这是框架效应的一个具体应用。先前的研究表明,使用特定的日期来描述延迟往往会降低时间折扣并改变折扣函数的形状。本研究的主要目的是评估不同时间背景下框架对折扣的影响。参与者在假设的货币收益(收益组)和假设的货币损失(损失组)之间进行选择。每组在两个疗程内完成了八项折扣任务(两项选择任务[SmallNow/SmallSoon],两个时间框架[日期/日历单位],两种幅度。结果表明,Mazur的模型充分描述了大多数情况下观察到的折扣函数。然而,当两种结果都被延迟时,折扣率的下降只发生在日历单位(但不是日期)用于损益。这些发现表明,框架影响共享延迟的影响,而不是改变贴现函数的形状。我们的研究结果支持这样一种观点,即当人类和非人类在两种延迟后果之间做出选择时,时间对行为的影响相似。
{"title":"Valuing the future at different temporal points: The role of time framing on discounting","authors":"Hugo E. Reyes-Huerta,&nbsp;Elias Robles,&nbsp;Cristiano V. dos Santos","doi":"10.1002/jeab.871","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jeab.871","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The rate of delay discounting exhibited by individuals has been experimentally altered by manipulating the way in which time is described, a specific application of the <i>framing effect</i>. Previous research suggests that using specific dates to describe delays tends to lower temporal discounting and change the shape of the discounting function. The main purpose of this study was to assess the influence of framing on discounting in different temporal contexts. Participants chose between hypothetical monetary gains (gains group), or between hypothetical monetary losses (losses group). Each group completed eight discounting tasks over two sessions (two choice tasks [SmallNow/SmallSoon] by two time frames [dates/calendar units] by two magnitudes. The results indicate that Mazur's model adequately described the observed discounting functions in most conditions. However, the decrease in discounting rate when both consequences were delayed only occurred when calendar units (but not dates) were used for both gains and losses. These findings suggest that framing affects the influence of a shared delay instead of changing the shape of the discounting function. Our results support the idea that time influences behavior similarly in humans and nonhumans when they choose between two delayed consequences.</p>","PeriodicalId":17411,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10115641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
全部 Acc. Chem. Res. ACS Applied Bio Materials ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces ACS Appl. Nano Mater. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. ACS BIOMATER-SCI ENG ACS Catal. ACS Cent. Sci. ACS Chem. Biol. ACS Chemical Health & Safety ACS Chem. Neurosci. ACS Comb. Sci. ACS Earth Space Chem. ACS Energy Lett. ACS Infect. Dis. ACS Macro Lett. ACS Mater. Lett. ACS Med. Chem. Lett. ACS Nano ACS Omega ACS Photonics ACS Sens. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. ACS Synth. Biol. Anal. Chem. BIOCHEMISTRY-US Bioconjugate Chem. BIOMACROMOLECULES Chem. Res. Toxicol. Chem. Rev. Chem. Mater. CRYST GROWTH DES ENERG FUEL Environ. Sci. Technol. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. IND ENG CHEM RES Inorg. Chem. J. Agric. Food. Chem. J. Chem. Eng. Data J. Chem. Educ. J. Chem. Inf. Model. J. Chem. Theory Comput. J. Med. Chem. J. Nat. Prod. J PROTEOME RES J. Am. Chem. Soc. LANGMUIR MACROMOLECULES Mol. Pharmaceutics Nano Lett. Org. Lett. ORG PROCESS RES DEV ORGANOMETALLICS J. Org. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. A J. Phys. Chem. B J. Phys. Chem. C J. Phys. Chem. Lett. Analyst Anal. Methods Biomater. Sci. Catal. Sci. Technol. Chem. Commun. Chem. Soc. Rev. CHEM EDUC RES PRACT CRYSTENGCOMM Dalton Trans. Energy Environ. Sci. ENVIRON SCI-NANO ENVIRON SCI-PROC IMP ENVIRON SCI-WAT RES Faraday Discuss. Food Funct. Green Chem. Inorg. Chem. Front. Integr. Biol. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. J. Mater. Chem. A J. Mater. Chem. B J. Mater. Chem. C Lab Chip Mater. Chem. Front. Mater. Horiz. MEDCHEMCOMM Metallomics Mol. Biosyst. Mol. Syst. Des. Eng. Nanoscale Nanoscale Horiz. Nat. Prod. Rep. New J. Chem. Org. Biomol. Chem. Org. Chem. Front. PHOTOCH PHOTOBIO SCI PCCP Polym. Chem.
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
0
微信
客服QQ
Book学术公众号 扫码关注我们
反馈
×
意见反馈
请填写您的意见或建议
请填写您的手机或邮箱
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
现在去查看 取消
×
提示
确定
Book学术官方微信
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:481959085
Book学术
文献互助 智能选刊 最新文献 互助须知 联系我们:info@booksci.cn
Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。
Copyright © 2023 Book学术 All rights reserved.
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号 京ICP备2023020795号-1