Journal of thermal biology最新文献_第2页

Divergent physiological and life-history responses to temperature acclimation in two soil free-living nematodes 两种土壤自由生活线虫对温度驯化的不同生理和生活史响应

IF 2.9 2区生物学 Q2 BIOLOGY

Journal of thermal biology

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2026.104373

Ziqing Kang , Shan Sun , Leilei Lu , Huijun Li , Teng Li , Huixin Li

Climate warming significantly impacts the diversity and abundance of animals, including soil-dwelling species that play crucial roles in soil ecosystems. Understanding their response to temperature variations is crucial for comprehending their adaptative strategies to climate warming. However, most studies have primarily focused on aboveground animals, often neglecting those in soil. Our study examined the acclimation of two species of soil free-living nematodes, Acrobeloides sp. and Distolabrellus veechi, to cool and warm temperatures, focusing on their physiological (mass-specific routine metabolic rate, head swing frequency) and life-history (body size, reproduction, lifespan) responses. We also investigated maternal effects on offspring development and hatching success of these two nematodes. Our results revealed that warm acclimation increased the body size and head swing frequency of Acrobeloides, shortened its egg-laying period and lifespan, but did not alter its mass-specific routine metabolic rate or brood size. In contrast, warm acclimation increased both body size and brood size of D. veechi, decreased its mass-specific routine metabolic rate and head swing frequency, and shortened its egg-laying period and lifespan. Both nematode species modulated their offspring's acclimation to the maternal acclimation temperature to varying degrees through maternal effects. To our knowledge, this study is among the first to show that soil free-living nematodes can adjust their life-history strategies in response to temperature changes, highlighting the diversity of thermal responses in soil animals and providing a basis for understanding their adaptive strategies and ecological consequences under climate warming.

气候变暖显著影响动物的多样性和丰度，包括在土壤生态系统中发挥关键作用的土壤栖息物种。了解它们对温度变化的反应对于理解它们对气候变暖的适应策略至关重要。然而，大多数研究主要集中在地上的动物身上，往往忽视了土壤中的动物。本研究研究了两种土壤自由生活线虫（Acrobeloides sp.）和veechi Distolabrellus veechi)对低温和温暖环境的适应，重点研究了它们的生理（质量特异性常规代谢率、头部摆动频率）和生活史（体型、繁殖、寿命）反应。我们还研究了母体对这两种线虫后代发育和孵化成功的影响。结果表明，温驯化增加了棘球蜂的体型和摇头频率，缩短了其产卵期和寿命，但没有改变棘球蜂的质量代谢率和产卵量。温驯化使黄颡鱼体尺和产卵量增加，降低了黄颡鱼的质量常规代谢率和摇头频率，缩短了黄颡鱼的产卵期和寿命。两种线虫都通过母体效应不同程度地调节其后代对母体驯化温度的适应。据我们所知，这项研究是第一个表明土壤自由生活的线虫可以根据温度变化调整其生活史策略的研究之一，突出了土壤动物热响应的多样性，并为了解气候变暖下它们的适应策略和生态后果提供了基础。

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引用次数: 0

Novel significant associations between temperature-humidity index and HSP70 g.1117G>A with milk yield traits of Holstein-Friesian cows reared in semi-arid regions 温湿指数和HSP70 g.1117G>A与半干旱区荷斯泰因-弗里奶牛产奶量性状的新显著相关性

IF 2.9 2区生物学 Q2 BIOLOGY

Journal of thermal biology

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2026.104384

Mustafa Kibar , Ramazan Erkmen , Ertuğrul Kul , İbrahim Aytekin

This study aimed to determine the relationships between the HSP70 g.1117G > A gene and some milk production traits such as daily milk yield (DMY), conductivity (Cond), milking time (MT) and activity (Act) in Holstein-Friesian dairy cattle. Blood samples from the coccygeal vein of 203 Holstein-Friesian cows in different lactations were collected. The population, with A and G allele frequencies of 0.2365 and 0.7635 and AA, AG, GG genotype frequencies of 0.089, 0.295, and 0.616, was not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P < 0.01). The lowest DMY was in the THI<65 group, while the highest was in the 65≤THI<68 and THI≥68 groups. Regarding temperature-humidity index (THI), the lowest MT and Act values were recorded in the THI<65 group, while the highest were in the THI≥68 group. For DMY and Cond, the highest values were in AG and the lowest were in AA genotype cattle (P < 0.01). Regarding MT, the highest values were observed in the AA and AG, with the lowest in GG genotypes (P < 0.01). For Act, AG and GG genotypes showed the highest values, while AA had the lowest (P < 0.01). As a result, the G allele (sensitive to heat stress) could be beneficial for both increasing DMY and reducing MT. However, the threshold values for the THI should be re-evaluated based on the effectiveness of the cooling systems used and the specific conditions of the farm.

本研究旨在研究HSP70 g.1117G >； A基因与荷斯泰因-弗里奶牛日产奶量（DMY）、电导率（Cond）、挤奶时间（MT）和活性（Act）等产乳性状的关系。采集203头不同哺乳期荷斯泰因奶牛尾骨静脉血样。种群A、G基因型频率分别为0.2365、0.7635，AA、AG、GG基因型频率分别为0.089、0.295、0.616，不处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡（P < 0.01）。DMY以THI<；65组最低，65≤THI<；68和THI≥68组最高。温湿指数（THI） MT和Act值在THI≥65组最低，在THI≥68组最高。DMY和Cond以AG型最高，AA型最低（P < 0.01）。MT以AA和AG基因型最高，GG基因型最低（P < 0.01）。Act基因型以AG和GG基因型最高，AA基因型最低（P < 0.01）。因此，G等位基因（对热应激敏感）可能有利于增加DMY和降低MT。然而，THI的阈值应根据所使用的冷却系统的有效性和农场的具体条件重新评估。

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引用次数: 0

Environmental, physiological, perceptual, and behavioral predictors of mean and final km paces during a laboratory-based self-paced 10 km run in hot conditions 环境、生理、知觉和行为预测在炎热条件下基于实验室的自定速10公里跑的平均和最终公里配速。

IF 2.9 2区生物学 Q2 BIOLOGY

Journal of thermal biology

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2026.104374

Marcelo T. Andrade , Matheus M.S. Nunes-Leite , Rúbio S. Bruzzi , Carlos H. Souza , João P. Uendeles-Pinto , Nathan B. Amarante de Sá , Thiago T. Mendes , Luciano S. Prado , Cândido C. Coimbra , Danusa D. Soares , Samuel P. Wanner

Endurance performance is regulated by integrated physiological, perceptual, and behavioral mechanisms, and is markedly impaired by environmental heat stress. However, how heat stress influences this multifaceted regulation of performance merits further investigation. This study aimed to identify predictors of mean and final km paces during a laboratory-based run in hot conditions. We analyzed 75 records from recreational athletes who ran 10 km as fast as possible at 33 °C. The independent variables included maximal oxygen uptake (VO_2MAX), whole-body sweat loss, fan-generated airflow, wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT), change in core temperature (ΔT_CORE: entire exercise and its first five km), heart rate (HR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), pacing strategy, biological sex, thermal comfort, the core-to-skin temperature difference, and percentage change in body mass (Δ% body mass). These independent variables were selected a priori based on theoretical models that explain pacing regulation in an integrative manner. The dependent variables were the mean and final km paces (min/km), and predictors were analyzed using hierarchical multiple linear regression. Mean pace was best predicted by air velocity (β = −0.494), ΔT_CORE (β = −0.456), VO_2MAX (β = −0.387), WBGT (β = 0.294), ΔT_CORE 0–5 km (β = 0.323), and Δ% body mass (β = −0.191), with the model explaining 54.3 % of the dependent variable's variance. Final km pace was best predicted by the adoption of a negative-split pacing strategy (β = 0.387), followed by HR (β = −0.206) and RPE (β = −0.188), with the model explaining 30.3 % of the dependent variable's variance. The current findings reinforce the notion that the regulation of mean and final km paces integrates physiological, environmental, behavioral, and perceptual mechanisms. Our findings also indicate that interventions to improve athletes' performance in hot conditions should combine aerobic fitness development, early T_CORE control, optimized airflow and hydration, and RPE-guided conservative/negative-split pacing.

耐力表现受生理、知觉和行为机制的综合调节，并明显受到环境热应激的损害。然而，热应激如何影响这种多方面的性能调节值得进一步研究。本研究旨在确定在炎热条件下实验室运行期间平均和最终公里速度的预测因子。我们分析了75名业余运动员的记录，他们在33°C的条件下尽可能快地跑10公里。自变量包括最大摄氧量（VO2MAX）、全身失汗量、风扇产生的气流、湿球温度（WBGT）、核心温度变化（ΔTCORE：整个运动及其前5公里）、心率（HR）、感知运动评分（RPE）、起搏策略、生理性别、热舒适度、核心-皮肤温差和体重变化百分比（Δ%体重）。这些自变量是基于综合解释心律调节的理论模型先验选择的。因变量为平均和最终公里间距（min/km），预测因子采用层次多元线性回归分析。风速（β = -0.494）、ΔTCORE （β = -0.456）、VO2MAX （β = -0.387）、WBGT （β = 0.294）、ΔTCORE 0-5 km （β = 0.323）和Δ%体重（β = -0.191）最能预测平均步速，该模型解释了54.3%的因变量方差。采用负分割起搏策略对最终公里配速的预测效果最好（β = 0.387），其次是HR （β = -0.206）和RPE (β = -0.188)，该模型解释了30.3%的因变量方差。目前的研究结果强化了这样一种观点，即平均和最终公里速度的调节综合了生理、环境、行为和感知机制。我们的研究结果还表明，提高运动员在高温条件下的表现的干预措施应该结合有氧健身发展，早期TCORE控制，优化气流和水合作用，以及rpe引导的保守/负分裂起搏。

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引用次数: 0

Exploring the protective mechanism of exogenous melatonin on intestine of heat-stressed chicks based on network pharmacology and intestinal microbiota analysis 基于网络药理学和肠道菌群分析探讨外源性褪黑素对热应激雏鸡肠道的保护机制。

IF 2.9 2区生物学 Q2 BIOLOGY

Journal of thermal biology

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2026.104371

Xiang-Yang Xu , Xin Kang , Meng-Meng Liu , Shu-Qi Zhang , Sai-Nan Dong , Xiao-Wen Jiang , Wen-Hui Yu

Heat stress constitutes a severe risk to the health of poultry, not only damaging intestinal health, but also reducing antioxidant defenses and weakening the immune response. Exogenous melatonin can enhance the antioxidant capacity of heat-stressed chicks through the cecal microbiota, and reduce the inflammatory response and intestinal barrier damage. 21-day-old Hy-Line brown chicks were divided into control group, heat stress group, and three groups receiving different doses of melatonin (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mg/kg). Except for the control group (22 ± 2 °C from 00:00 to 24:00 daily), all other groups were exposed to a high-temperature environment (34 ± 2 °C, from 08:00 to 18:00 daily) for 21 consecutive days. The results showed that heat stress significantly decreased final body weight of chicks, increased serum MDA, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, D-LA and DAO levels, decreased GSH-Px, CAT and SOD activities, and decreased jejunal and ileal villus height/crypt depth (VH/CD), cecal Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio and Lactobacillus abundance. Exogenous melatonin reversed these changes, and 1.0 mg/kg was the most effective. It included the recovery of antioxidant enzyme activity, the decrease of serum inflammatory factors, D-LA and DAO, the up-regulation of VH/CD and tight junction genes (CLDN1, OCLN, TJP1, MUC2) in jejunum and ileum, the increase of cecal F/B ratio and the enrichment of Lactobacillus. Network pharmacology and molecular docking identified the core targets of anti-oxidation and anti-inflammation. Melatonin reduced heat stress-induced intestinal injury by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress.

热应激对家禽健康构成严重威胁，不仅会损害肠道健康，还会降低抗氧化防御能力，削弱免疫反应。外源性褪黑素可以通过盲肠菌群增强热应激雏鸡的抗氧化能力，减少炎症反应和肠道屏障损伤。21日龄海兰褐鸡分为对照组、热应激组和3组，分别饲喂0.5、1.0、2.0 mg/kg褪黑素。除对照组（22±2°C，每天00:00 - 24:00）外，其余各组连续21天暴露于高温环境（34±2°C，每天08:00 - 18:00）。结果表明，热应激显著降低了雏鸡的最终体重，提高了血清MDA、IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α、D-LA和DAO水平，降低了GSH-Px、CAT和SOD活性，降低了空肠和回肠绒毛高度/隐窝深度（VH/CD）、盲肠厚壁菌门/拟杆菌门（F/B）比和乳酸菌数量。外源性褪黑素逆转了这些变化，其中1.0 mg/kg最有效。包括抗氧化酶活性恢复，血清炎症因子、D-LA和DAO降低，空肠和回肠VH/CD和紧密连接基因（CLDN1、OCLN、TJP1、MUC2）上调，盲肠F/B比升高，乳酸菌富集。网络药理学与分子对接，确定了抗氧化、抗炎的核心靶点。褪黑素通过减少炎症和氧化应激来减少热应激引起的肠道损伤。

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引用次数: 0

Corrigendum to “Thermal ecology and embryonic development in black caiman’s (Melanosuchus niger, Spix 1758)” [J. Therm. Biol. (2026) 104357] “黑凯门鳄（Melanosuchus niger, Spix 1758）的热生态学和胚胎发育”的勘误[J]。小卡。医学杂志。(2026) 104357)。

IF 2.9 2区生物学 Q2 BIOLOGY

Journal of thermal biology

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2026.104395

Helena Gurjão Pinheiro Do Val , Luiza Figueiredo Passos , Joilson Medeiros de Barros , Grahame Webb , Marcos Eduardo Coutinho

引用次数: 0

Effects of acute high-temperature stress on respiratory metabolism, tissue structure, and glycolipid metabolism in subadult Procambarus clarkii 急性高温应激对亚成虫克氏原肠炎菌呼吸代谢、组织结构和糖脂代谢的影响

IF 2.9 2区生物学 Q2 BIOLOGY

Journal of thermal biology

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2026.104427

Chuang Liu , Yunfei Sun , Zhigang Yang , Yongxu Cheng

Procambarus clarkii, widely farmed in rice-crayfish systems, is vulnerable to high-temperature stress during summer. This study aimed to investigate its physiological and metabolic responses to acute heat stress. Subadult crayfish (13.72 ± 1.91 g) were exposed to 33 °C for 96 h (21 °C as control), and samples of gill, hepatopancreas, and muscle tissues were collected at 6, 12, 24, 48, and 96 h. Histological changes were observed using paraffin sectioning, while metabolic enzyme activities, substrate levels, and lipid metabolism-related gene expression were analyzed. The 96-h upper incipient lethal temperature (UILT₅₀) was determined to be 34.5 °C. Elevated temperatures significantly increased oxygen consumption, ammonia excretion, and overall metabolic rate, although the oxygen-to-nitrogen ratio remained stable. After 96 h of heat exposure, gill tissues showed reduced hemocytes, distorted filaments, and epithelial damage. In the hepatopancreas, B cell numbers increased and lipid droplets in R cells decreased. Energy metabolism shifted over time: during early stress (0-48 h), glucose was the primary energy source, with glycolysis as the main pathway; during later stress (48-96 h), lipid catabolism became dominant. Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), rather than hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), played a key role in lipid mobilization. These findings suggest that acute heat stress disrupts respiratory metabolism, damages key tissues, and drives a shift in energy strategy from carbohydrates to lipids in P. clarkii.

在水稻-小龙虾系统中广泛养殖的克氏原螯虾在夏季易受高温胁迫。本研究旨在探讨其对急性热应激的生理和代谢反应。将亚成体小龙虾（13.72±1.91 g）置于33℃环境96 h（21℃为对照），分别于6、12、24、48和96 h采集鳃、肝胰脏和肌肉组织标本，通过石蜡切片观察组织学变化，同时分析代谢酶活性、底物水平和脂质代谢相关基因表达。测定96 h上初致死温度（UILT50）为34.5℃。尽管氧氮比保持稳定，但升高的温度显著增加了氧气消耗、氨排泄和总体代谢率。热暴露96 h后，鳃组织出现血细胞减少、纤维扭曲和上皮损伤。肝胰腺B细胞数量增加，R细胞脂滴减少。能量代谢随时间变化：应激早期（0 ~ 48 h）以葡萄糖为主要能量来源，糖酵解为主要途径；在应激后期（48 ~ 96 h），脂质分解代谢成为主导。脂肪甘油三酯脂肪酶（ATGL），而不是激素敏感脂肪酶（HSL），在脂质动员中起关键作用。这些发现表明，急性热应激会扰乱呼吸代谢，损害关键组织，并促使克氏杆菌的能量策略从碳水化合物转向脂质。

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引用次数: 0

Effect of hot-dry and hot-humid seasons on the plasma cytokines, hormones, and body surface temperatures in lactating indigenous (Sahiwal) and crossbred (Karan Fries) cows raised in tropical climates 干热和湿热季节对热带地区饲养的泌乳土奶牛（Sahiwal）和杂交奶牛（Karan Fries）血浆细胞因子、激素和体表温度的影响

IF 2.9 2区生物学 Q2 BIOLOGY

Journal of thermal biology

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2026.104405

Manisha Choudhary , Aarti Kamboj , Pritam Pal , Bagavathi M , Animesh Patel , Pankaj Suman , Ajay Kumar Dang

Heat stress (HS) significantly challenges dairy cattle, affecting their immune function, endocrine responses, and thermoregulation. This study investigated cytokine responses, hormonal changes, and body surface temperature variations in 12 indigenous Sahiwal (SW) and 12 crossbred Karan Fries (KF) cows reared under hot-dry (HD; THI = 77.75) and hot-humid (HH; THI = 81.48) seasons. Plasma concentrations of Interleukin-6 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-1β (IL- 1β), cortisol, triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4) were analysed using ELISA, while body surface temperatures were measured using infrared thermography (IRT). Significant (P < 0.05) variations were observed between breeds and across the two seasons. Higher TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and cortisol levels were observed under HH compared to HD seasons. TNF-α levels increased significantly (P < 0.05) by 31.76% in SW and 36.47% in KF cows, while cortisol levels rose by 44.41% and 47.42%, respectively, from the HD to HH season. In contrast, T3 and T4 levels declined significantly (P < 0.05) by 25.60% and 36.42%, respectively, under HH seasons, with a greater reduction observed in KF cows. Body surface temperatures were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in KF cows across all measured regions, with eye temperature exhibiting a strong correlation with TNF-α (r = 0.88, P < 0.01) and cortisol (r = 0.78, P < 0.01). These findings highlighted the heightened susceptibility of crossbred cows to HS and also provided important new insights into some stress indicators in native and crossbred cows, which could be integrated into farming systems under hot conditions.

热应激显著影响奶牛的免疫功能、内分泌反应和体温调节。本研究研究了12头本土Sahiwal （SW）奶牛和12头杂交Karan Fries （KF）奶牛在干热季节（HD; THI = 77.75）和湿热季节（HH; THI = 81.48）饲养的细胞因子反应、激素变化和体表温度变化。ELISA法测定血浆白细胞介素-6 （IL-10）、肿瘤坏死因子-α (TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6 （IL-6）、白细胞介素-1β (IL- 1β)、皮质醇、三碘甲状腺原氨酸（T3）、甲状腺素（T4）浓度，红外热像仪（IRT）测定体表温度。显著(P

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引用次数: 0

In the heat of the night: Temperature and vegetation structure disparity in habitat suitability for scaled quail 在夜间的炎热：温度和植被结构的差异对鳞状鹌鹑的栖息地适宜性。

IF 2.9 2区生物学 Q2 BIOLOGY

Journal of thermal biology

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2026.104381

Katherine A. Travis , Caleb M. McKinney , Evan P. Tanner , Ashley M. Tanner , Fidel Hernández , Leonard A. Brennan , David G. Hewitt , Humberto L. Perotto-Baldivieso , Ryan S. Luna , R. Dwayne Elmore , John McLaughlin

Animal space use is structured by a combination of biotic and abiotic factors, often resulting in disparity of useable space across gradients of these conditions. Animals experience two fundamentally different environments across the diel cycle, as diurnal and nocturnal periods contain different conditions around which animals must partition their space use. This partitioning is partially a consequence of animals needing to meet different demands across the diel cycle. Abiotic conditions can interact with biotic pressures to cause animals to respond differently to compounding pressures such as thermal stress between the diurnal and nocturnal periods. The chestnut-bellied scaled quail (Callipepla squamata var. castanogastris) is a shrubland-obligate subspecies of scaled quail within the Tamaulipan thornscrub biotic province that has faced population declines in recent decades. Our objectives were to examine the space use of GPS-tagged chestnut-bellied scaled quail at two sites in South Texas (one stable and one declining population) and to predict how habitat suitability shifts across the diel cycle. Additionally, we determined how changes in habitat suitability may be impacted by ambient temperature as well as landscape configuration. While diurnal and nocturnal environmental suitability overlap was relatively high at most temperatures (Schoener's D: 0.67–0.81 [stable site]; 0.70–0.87 [declining site]), we found that overlap decreased by 15 % (stable population site) and 22 % (declining population site) when ambient temperatures reached the upper limit of the species' thermoneutral zone (35 °C). This decrease in environmental suitability overlap occurred at relatively cooler temperatures at the declining population site (32.2°C–35.0 °C) than at the stable population site (35.0°C–37.8 °C). Our results indicate that relatively small changes in temperature can affect habitat suitability across the diel cycle. Understanding disparity in diurnal and nocturnal space use, and the possible consequences of this divergence, is increasingly important in a warming and more anthropogenically altered environment.

动物空间的利用是由生物和非生物因素组合而成的，通常会导致这些条件梯度上可用空间的差异。动物在昼夜周期中经历两种根本不同的环境，因为昼夜周期包含不同的条件，动物必须根据这些条件划分它们的空间使用。这种划分部分是由于动物需要满足整个饮食周期的不同需求。非生物条件可以与生物压力相互作用，导致动物对诸如昼夜之间的热应激等复合压力做出不同的反应。栗子腹鳞鹌鹑（Callipepla squamata变种castanogastris）是塔毛利潘荆棘灌木生物省的一种灌木专性鳞鹌鹑亚种，近几十年来面临着种群数量下降的问题。我们的目标是在南德克萨斯州的两个地点（一个种群数量稳定，一个种群数量下降）检查gps标记的栗腹鳞鹌鹑的空间使用情况，并预测栖息地适宜性如何在昼夜循环中变化。此外，我们还确定了环境温度和景观配置如何影响生境适宜性的变化。虽然在大多数温度下，昼夜环境适宜性重叠较高（Schoener's D: 0.67-0.81[稳定点]；0.70-0.87[下降点]），但当环境温度达到物种热中性区上限（35℃）时，重叠率分别下降15%（稳定点）和22%（下降点）。这种环境适宜性重叠的减少发生在种群下降点（32.2°C-35.0°C）比稳定点（35.0°C-37.8°C）相对较低的温度下。我们的研究结果表明，相对较小的温度变化可以影响整个昼夜循环的栖息地适宜性。在气候变暖和更多人为改变的环境中，了解昼夜空间使用的差异以及这种差异可能造成的后果变得越来越重要。

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引用次数: 0

Pathogens may have assisted the evolution of endothermy by restricting its reversibility 病原体可能通过限制恒温动物的可逆性来促进其进化

IF 2.9 2区生物学 Q2 BIOLOGY

Journal of thermal biology

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2026.104385

Shahar Dubiner

Endothermy is an important trait in the biology of several (extant and extinct) groups of amniotes. Despite its distinct benefits, it is an extremely expensive trait, and the drivers for its emergence and evolutionary success are debated. I offer a hypothesis complementary to current theories, linking endotherms’ capacity for thermogenesis with the need to increase body temperature during pathogen infection (“fever”, present in both endotherms and ectotherms). I do not propose this as a primary driver of endothermy; rather, the emergence of efficient fever prevented the secondary loss of endothermy. After endothermy has evolved in a given lineage, the stabler host temperature, coupled with higher direct transmission due to incubation and parental care, would lead to the propagation and specialization of pathogens in the population. Hence, although ectothermy carries no inherent disadvantage, reverting from endothermy to ectothermy faces the obstacle of an already-high pathogen load. Reduced heat production would increase the gap from normal to fever temperature, impairing the reliability of the response and increasing its cost, when pathogen load in the population is already higher and more specialized as enabled by endothermy. This factor may be enough to outweigh selective pressures against the energetic cost of endothermy. This hypothesis, though anecdotally supported by the intriguing fact that endothermy is very rarely lost (and is often retained even when homeothermy is not), is merely a conceptual framework and must be tested further.

恒温是几个（现存的和灭绝的）羊膜动物群的一个重要的生物学特征。尽管它有明显的好处，但它是一种极其昂贵的特征，其出现和进化成功的驱动因素一直存在争议。我提出了一个补充现有理论的假设，将恒温动物的产热能力与病原体感染（“发烧”，在恒温动物和变温动物中都存在）期间体温升高的需要联系起来。我不认为这是恒温动物的主要驱动因素；相反，有效发热的出现阻止了吸热动物的继发性丧失。在一个特定的谱系中，恒温动物进化后，稳定的宿主温度，加上由于孵化和亲代照顾而产生的更高的直接传播，将导致病原体在群体中的繁殖和专业化。因此，尽管变温动物没有固有的劣势，但从恒温动物向变温动物的转变面临着已经很高的病原体负荷的障碍。减少产热会增加从正常温度到发烧温度之间的差距，损害反应的可靠性并增加其成本，当种群中的病原体负荷已经很高并且由于恒温而更加专业化时。这一因素可能足以抵消对抗恒温动物能量消耗的选择压力。这一假设，虽然有一个有趣的事实支持，即恒温动物很少消失（即使在恒温动物没有消失的情况下，也经常被保留），但仅仅是一个概念框架，必须进一步验证。

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引用次数: 0

Hard to measure Lilliputians: Error in the measurement of body temperature of small amphibians and a method to avoid it 难以测量的利力浦特人：小型两栖动物体温测量误差及避免方法。

IF 2.9 2区生物学 Q2 BIOLOGY

Journal of thermal biology

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2026.104391

Georgia K. Kosmala, Enore A. Massoni, Denis V. Andrade

Accurate measurement of body temperature (T_b) is essential for understanding the physiological ecology of ectothermic organisms. However, in small-bodied amphibians, heat exchange during handling and intrinsic limitations of measuring devices and/or protocols can introduce substantial error in T_b measurements. Here, we first estimated the magnitude of such an error for methodological approaches commonly adopted in the measurement of T_b in small ectothermic organisms in the field. We then propose a novel, low-cost restraint method, using a modified Foerster forceps, aimed at reducing heat transfer during handling. Accordingly, we compared the short-term changes (<2 min) in the T_b of frogs restrained with bare or gloved hands with those measured under the new proposed restraint method. We performed all tests using the Hylidae treefrog Dendropsophus nanus, whose small size made it perfectly suited to our goals, and we also repeated the experiments at three ambient temperatures (15 °C, 25 °C, and 35 °C), which allowed us to evaluate the influence of this variable on the measurement error. Our results clearly demonstrate that heat transfer from the researcher's hand to a small-bodied frog causes large deviations in the measured T_b and that those changes happen at an amazingly fast pace (within seconds) and are most prominent at lower ambient temperatures. The largely preconized use of gloves during measurements indeed reduced the error in T_b measurements to a moderate extent; however, the novel Foerster method herein proposed resulted in minimal change in frog's T_b and proved to be a superior and viable alternative to improve the accuracy of T_b measurement in small-bodied ectotherms.

准确测量体温（Tb）对于了解变温生物的生理生态学至关重要。然而，在小型两栖动物中，处理过程中的热交换以及测量设备和/或方案的固有限制可能会在Tb测量中引入实质性误差。在这里，我们首先估计了在野外小型恒温生物中测量Tb通常采用的方法方法的这种误差的大小。然后，我们提出了一种新颖的，低成本的约束方法，使用改良的Foerster钳，旨在减少处理过程中的传热。因此，我们比较了赤手或戴手套约束蛙的短期变化(b)与新提出的约束方法下测量的蛙的短期变化(b)。我们使用Hylidae树蛙dendrosophus nanus进行所有测试，它的小尺寸使它非常适合我们的目标，我们还在三种环境温度（15°C， 25°C和35°C）下重复实验，这使我们能够评估该变量对测量误差的影响。我们的研究结果清楚地表明，从研究人员的手到一只小身体青蛙的热量传递会导致测量到的Tb产生很大的偏差，这些变化以惊人的速度（几秒钟内）发生，并且在较低的环境温度下最为明显。在测量过程中使用手套确实在一定程度上减少了结核测量的误差；然而，本文提出的Foerster方法使青蛙的结核变化最小，并被证明是提高小体变温动物结核测量精度的一种优越可行的替代方法。

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