Pub Date : 2021-12-20DOI: 10.36108/jvbs/1202.30.0270
A. Abubakar
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have been reported in Nigeria since 2006, and the co-circulation of high-pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 and low-pathogenic avian influenza H9N2 subtypes in poultry has been reported. These Avian Influenza virus subtypes could lead to severe economic losses to the poultry farmers and may force the farmers out of the poultry production leading to unemployment for the staff of the farm. The co-infection with both highly pathogenic (H5N1) and low pathogenic (H9N2) could lead to possible re-assortment and the production of novel strain that can be highly pathogenic to chicken and may have the capacity to infect humans and be transmitted from human to humans which may lead to a pandemic of influenza. The clinical signs observed were somnolence, marginal cyanosis of the combs, ruffled feathers, matted vent and whitish/yellowish diarrhoea; while the post mortem examinations revealed dehydrated carcass, multiple foci of petechial haemorrhages on the abdominal fats, congested and necrotic-friable liver, edematous and congested lungs, congested spleen with multiple foci of necrosis, hemorrhagic and misshaped ovarian follicles, egg yolk peritonitis, swollen and hemorrhagic kidneys, erosion of the proventricular mucosa, congested trachea with mucoid exudates, and sinusitis. The disease was diagnosed based on the clinical signs, post mortem findings, competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISAs) and clade-specific RT-qPCR, for the detection of co-circulating highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 and low pathogenic H9N2. The result of all sera (5/5) tested for Antibodies against Avian influenza Nucleoprotein produced positive results while 80 % of sera (4/5) tested positive for the H9 subtype of AIV. Antibodies against the H5 and H7 subtypes were not detected. The results of RRT-PCR and RRTPCR/ H5 were positive for both tracheal and cloacal samples. RRT-PCR/ H7 & H9 yielded negative results.
{"title":"Molecular Characterization of Avian Influenza H9N2 and H5N1 from Outbreak in a Backyard Layer Farm in Kaduna State, Nigeria","authors":"A. Abubakar","doi":"10.36108/jvbs/1202.30.0270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36108/jvbs/1202.30.0270","url":null,"abstract":"Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have been reported in Nigeria since 2006, and the co-circulation of high-pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 and low-pathogenic avian influenza H9N2 subtypes in poultry has been reported. These Avian Influenza virus subtypes could lead to severe economic losses to the poultry farmers and may force the farmers out of the poultry production leading to unemployment for the staff of the farm. The co-infection with both highly pathogenic (H5N1) and low pathogenic (H9N2) could lead to possible re-assortment and the production of novel strain that can be highly pathogenic to chicken and may have the capacity to infect humans and be transmitted from human to humans which may lead to a pandemic of influenza. The clinical signs observed were somnolence, marginal cyanosis of the combs, ruffled feathers, matted vent and whitish/yellowish diarrhoea; while the post mortem examinations revealed dehydrated carcass, multiple foci of petechial haemorrhages on the abdominal fats, congested and necrotic-friable liver, edematous and congested lungs, congested spleen with multiple foci of necrosis, hemorrhagic and misshaped ovarian follicles, egg yolk peritonitis, swollen and hemorrhagic kidneys, erosion of the proventricular mucosa, congested trachea with mucoid exudates, and sinusitis. The disease was diagnosed based on the clinical signs, post mortem findings, competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISAs) and clade-specific RT-qPCR, for the detection of co-circulating highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 and low pathogenic H9N2. The result of all sera (5/5) tested for Antibodies against Avian influenza Nucleoprotein produced positive results while 80 % of sera (4/5) tested positive for the H9 subtype of AIV. Antibodies against the H5 and H7 subtypes were not detected. The results of RRT-PCR and RRTPCR/ H5 were positive for both tracheal and cloacal samples. RRT-PCR/ H7 & H9 yielded negative results.","PeriodicalId":17442,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87509126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-20DOI: 10.36108/jvbs/1202.30.0240
H. B. Tukur
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) caused by Mycobacterium bovis is a chronic infectious and contagious zoonotic disease of domestic animals, wild animals and humans. This research involved abattoir workers who are personnel involved in the management of animals before and during the slaughtering process. Three hundred pretested, well-structured and closed-ended questionnaires were self-administered to abattoir workers made up of 13 Veterinarians, 8 Animal Scientists, 37 Para-veterinarians, 197 butchers and 45 unskilled labourers to determine the level of their knowledge, attitude and practices on tuberculosis. The study revealed that the abattoir workers in this study had low knowledge of bTB 32(10.6%). Their knowledge on the transmission pathways, prevention, control measures against bTB and its zoonotic importance were also sought. Detection of tubercle lesions of bTB in slaughtered cattle makes their potential source of infection to human and pose a public health risk. There is the need for enhanced public education and awareness campaigns among meat handlers and abattoir workers especially on the mode of transmission, aetiology and public health importance of bTB in Kaduna State
{"title":"An Appraisal of the Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Abattoir Workers and Butchers on Bovine Tuberculosis in Kaduna Central Abattoir, Kaduna State, Nigeria","authors":"H. B. Tukur","doi":"10.36108/jvbs/1202.30.0240","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36108/jvbs/1202.30.0240","url":null,"abstract":"Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) caused by Mycobacterium bovis is a chronic infectious and contagious zoonotic disease of domestic animals, wild animals and humans. This research involved abattoir workers who are personnel involved in the management of animals before and during the slaughtering process. Three hundred pretested, well-structured and closed-ended questionnaires were self-administered to abattoir workers made up of 13 Veterinarians, 8 Animal Scientists, 37 Para-veterinarians, 197 butchers and 45 unskilled labourers to determine the level of their knowledge, attitude and practices on tuberculosis. The study revealed that the abattoir workers in this study had low knowledge of bTB 32(10.6%). Their knowledge on the transmission pathways, prevention, control measures against bTB and its zoonotic importance were also sought. Detection of tubercle lesions of bTB in slaughtered cattle makes their potential source of infection to human and pose a public health risk. There is the need for enhanced public education and awareness campaigns among meat handlers and abattoir workers especially on the mode of transmission, aetiology and public health importance of bTB in Kaduna State","PeriodicalId":17442,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86707856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-20DOI: 10.36108/jvbs/1202.30.0210
G. Oladele
Bovine Schistosomiasis is a chronic debilitating parasitic disease of cattle caused by the species Schistosoma bovis. The present work was designed to investigate the prevalence of Schistosoma species in cattle in Nigerian Army Livestock Farms and Ranches at Airport road Giri, Gwagwalada Area Council, Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria. Faecal samples (n=200) from cattle were collected per rectum, using sterile surgical gloves into sample bottles containing formalin and labeled with the cattles’ tag number. Twenty samples were collected between 8:00 and 10:00am of every Thursday till the required samples were obtained. The fecal samples were brought to the Parasitology laboratory to determine the prevalence of Schistosoma using both floatation and sedimentation techniques. The overall prevalence of Schistosoma infestation among cattle in Nigerian Army Farms and Ranches was 35.5% (71/200). Out of 130 females and 70 males screened, the prevalence of Schistosoma infestation in female and male were 37.7% (n=49/130) and 31.4% (n=22/70) respectively. Out of the 150 fecal samples from cattle aged >1 year (adult) examined, 62 (41.3%) were positive, while only 9 (18%) out of 50 fecal samples from cattle aged <1 year (young) were positive. Out of the four (4) breeds screened, the highest number of cases was recorded in White Fulani breed 16.5% followed by Brahma breed which is 7%. The prevalence in other breeds shows Swiss Brown cross to be 4% while Friesian cross is 8%. Due to its public health importance, there is need for more effort in preventing and controlling the infestation. This could be done through routine application of molluscicide to reduce the snail population. Appropriate anthelminthic and environmental sanitation in the cattle ranch should also be encouraged in addition to public health awareness to mitigate these problems.
{"title":"Prevalence of Schistosoma bovis in the Nigerian Army Livestock Farms and Ranches, Airport Road Giri, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria","authors":"G. Oladele","doi":"10.36108/jvbs/1202.30.0210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36108/jvbs/1202.30.0210","url":null,"abstract":"Bovine Schistosomiasis is a chronic debilitating parasitic disease of cattle caused by the species Schistosoma bovis. The present work was designed to investigate the prevalence of Schistosoma species in cattle in Nigerian Army Livestock Farms and Ranches at Airport road Giri, Gwagwalada Area Council, Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria. Faecal samples (n=200) from cattle were collected per rectum, using sterile surgical gloves into sample bottles containing formalin and labeled with the cattles’ tag number. Twenty samples were collected between 8:00 and 10:00am of every Thursday till the required samples were obtained. The fecal samples were brought to the Parasitology laboratory to determine the prevalence of Schistosoma using both floatation and sedimentation techniques. The overall prevalence of Schistosoma infestation among cattle in Nigerian Army Farms and Ranches was 35.5% (71/200). Out of 130 females and 70 males screened, the prevalence of Schistosoma infestation in female and male were 37.7% (n=49/130) and 31.4% (n=22/70) respectively. Out of the 150 fecal samples from cattle aged >1 year (adult) examined, 62 (41.3%) were positive, while only 9 (18%) out of 50 fecal samples from cattle aged <1 year (young) were positive. Out of the four (4) breeds screened, the highest number of cases was recorded in White Fulani breed 16.5% followed by Brahma breed which is 7%. The prevalence in other breeds shows Swiss Brown cross to be 4% while Friesian cross is 8%. Due to its public health importance, there is need for more effort in preventing and controlling the infestation. This could be done through routine application of molluscicide to reduce the snail population. Appropriate anthelminthic and environmental sanitation in the cattle ranch should also be encouraged in addition to public health awareness to mitigate these problems.","PeriodicalId":17442,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73413563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-01DOI: 10.36108/laujoces/1202.70.0211
S. Odeyemi
The use of palm kernel shell (PKS) has gained acceptance in the production of concrete. Compressive strength is the mostly used strength characteristics of concrete. The compressive strength CS of concrete should provide a good basis for predicting the splitting tensile strength STS. The aim of this study is to establish a mathematical relationship between the CS and STS of concrete produced with PKS. In this study, coarse aggregates was fully replaced with PKS at varying water-cement ratios (w/c) for concrete mix ratios 1:1½:3 and 1:2:4. Unit weigth of the PKS, slump, compressive and splitting tesnsile strength were determined. A relationship between CS and STS was developed for the different w/c ratios using exponential function aproximation. Physical property tests carried out on the PKS characterized it as lightweight aggregate with saturated surface dry unit weight of 1.27. The slump revealed that PKS concrete at 0.3 and 0.4 w/c is stiff and not workable. CS and STS at 28day for mix ratio of 1:1½:3 at w/c of 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6 were respectively 3.2 and 1.2; 9.4 and 2.1; 10.8 and 2.6; 9.0 and 2.4 N/mm2. The corresponding values obtained for mix ratio 1:2:4 were 3.0 and 1.0, 1.7 and 1.3, 4.5 and 1.6, 7.7 and 1.9N/mm2, respectively. Equations relating CS and STS at 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6 w/c were established. It was concluded that PKS concrete produced with mix ratios 1:1½:3 and 1:2:4 performed better in compression and splitting tensile strength at w/c of 0.5 and 0.6.
{"title":"Relationship Between Compressive Strength and Splitting Tensile Strength of Palm Kernel Shell Concrete","authors":"S. Odeyemi","doi":"10.36108/laujoces/1202.70.0211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36108/laujoces/1202.70.0211","url":null,"abstract":"The use of palm kernel shell (PKS) has gained acceptance in the production of concrete. Compressive strength is the mostly used strength characteristics of concrete. The compressive strength CS of concrete should provide a good basis for predicting the splitting tensile strength STS. The aim of this study is to establish a mathematical relationship between the CS and STS of concrete produced with PKS. In this study, coarse aggregates was fully replaced with PKS at varying water-cement ratios (w/c) for concrete mix ratios 1:1½:3 and 1:2:4. Unit weigth of the PKS, slump, compressive and splitting tesnsile strength were determined. A relationship between CS and STS was developed for the different w/c ratios using exponential function aproximation. Physical property tests carried out on the PKS characterized it as lightweight aggregate with saturated surface dry unit weight of 1.27. The slump revealed that PKS concrete at 0.3 and 0.4 w/c is stiff and not workable. CS and STS at 28day for mix ratio of 1:1½:3 at w/c of 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6 were respectively 3.2 and 1.2; 9.4 and 2.1; 10.8 and 2.6; 9.0 and 2.4 N/mm2. The corresponding values obtained for mix ratio 1:2:4 were 3.0 and 1.0, 1.7 and 1.3, 4.5 and 1.6, 7.7 and 1.9N/mm2, respectively. Equations relating CS and STS at 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6 w/c were established. It was concluded that PKS concrete produced with mix ratios 1:1½:3 and 1:2:4 performed better in compression and splitting tensile strength at w/c of 0.5 and 0.6.","PeriodicalId":17442,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84193456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-01DOI: 10.36108/laujoces/1202.70.0290
M. Adejumobi
Soil is used in agriculture as an anchor and primary nutrient base for plants, and the types of soil and available moisture determine the species of plants that can be cultivated. Bush burning, whether as result of a wildfire or a controlled burning, affects not only the appearance of the landscape, but the quality of the soil. Bush burning method of land clearing is a traditional farming system used as a means of land clearing for crop production. This method of land clearing has both beneficial and detrimental effects on soil physical and chemical properties. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of bush burning on soil chemical properties at different soil depth of 0-30 cm and 30-60 cm respectively base on the rooting depth of crop planted. The experiment was carried out in six selected farms in Igboora, Ibarapa central Local Governmental, Oyo State. The soil sampled were collected from burnt and unburnt experimental soil and analyzed using USDA standard methods for soil analysis for the selected chemical characteristics (pH, Ca2+, Mg2+ Na+. TN and P). Two samples were taken from each burnt and un-burnt locations at depth of 0-30 and 30-60 cm. Paired t-test was used to compare means value of soil chemical properties determined from burnt and un-burnt soil. ANOVA was used for significance difference between soil from burnt and un-burnt soil. pH increased from moderately acidic to slightly acidic, phosphorus content of the soil increased greatly from un-burnt soil to burnt soil at 0-30 cm and 30-60 cm depths from 6.64 to 22.21 ppm and 3.53 to 24.95 ppm, respectively. Similarly, potassium increased from 0.27 to 0.40ppm at 0-30cm depth but decreased from 0.23 to 0.17 ppm at 30-60 cm depth. Nitrogen reduced at both depths from 0.80 to 0.76% and 0.72 to 0.68% respectively. Magnesium also increased from 1.3 cmol/kg to 2.00 cmol/kg and 1.65 to 1.75 cmol/kg at both 0-30 cm and 30-60 cm depth respectively. Whereas calcium showed a reduction from 3.17 to 2.85 cmol/kg and 1.65 to 1.45 cmol/kg at both depths. The variations observed between burnt and un-burnt soil for Ca, Mg, exchangeable acidity, pH, Nitrogen, potassium was significant at p<0.05 probability level. This indicates that bush burning has an impact on soil physical and chemical properties which may affect the suitability of the soil for crop production. Based on this, there is need for environmental education for farmers in the area in order to know the implications of bush burning on soil properties for soil sustainability which will boost food production.
{"title":"Impact of Bush Burning on Chemical Properties of Some Soil in Igboora, Oyo State, Nigeria","authors":"M. Adejumobi","doi":"10.36108/laujoces/1202.70.0290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36108/laujoces/1202.70.0290","url":null,"abstract":"Soil is used in agriculture as an anchor and primary nutrient base for plants, and the types of soil and available moisture determine the species of plants that can be cultivated. Bush burning, whether as result of a wildfire or a controlled burning, affects not only the appearance of the landscape, but the quality of the soil. Bush burning method of land clearing is a traditional farming system used as a means of land clearing for crop production. This method of land clearing has both beneficial and detrimental effects on soil physical and chemical properties. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of bush burning on soil chemical properties at different soil depth of 0-30 cm and 30-60 cm respectively base on the rooting depth of crop planted. The experiment was carried out in six selected farms in Igboora, Ibarapa central Local Governmental, Oyo State.\u0000The soil sampled were collected from burnt and unburnt experimental soil and analyzed using USDA standard methods for soil analysis for the selected chemical characteristics (pH, Ca2+, Mg2+ Na+. TN and P). Two samples were taken from each burnt and un-burnt locations at depth of 0-30 and 30-60 cm. Paired t-test was used to compare means value of soil chemical properties determined from burnt and un-burnt soil. ANOVA was used for significance difference between soil from burnt and un-burnt soil. pH increased from moderately acidic to slightly acidic, phosphorus content of the soil increased greatly from un-burnt soil to burnt soil at 0-30 cm and 30-60 cm depths from 6.64 to 22.21 ppm and 3.53 to 24.95 ppm, respectively. Similarly, potassium increased from 0.27 to 0.40ppm at 0-30cm depth but decreased from 0.23 to 0.17 ppm at 30-60 cm depth. Nitrogen reduced at both depths from 0.80 to 0.76% and 0.72 to 0.68% respectively. Magnesium also increased from 1.3 cmol/kg to 2.00 cmol/kg and 1.65 to 1.75 cmol/kg at both 0-30 cm and 30-60 cm depth respectively. Whereas calcium showed a reduction from 3.17 to 2.85 cmol/kg and 1.65 to 1.45 cmol/kg at both depths. The variations observed between burnt and un-burnt soil for Ca, Mg, exchangeable acidity, pH, Nitrogen, potassium was significant at p<0.05 probability level. This indicates that bush burning has an impact on soil physical and chemical properties which may affect the suitability of the soil for crop production. Based on this, there is need for environmental education for farmers in the area in order to know the implications of bush burning on soil properties for soil sustainability which will boost food production.","PeriodicalId":17442,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83541850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-01DOI: 10.36108/laujoces/1202.70.0201
J. Oyedokun
Climate change has direct influence on environment and human existence. Climate change has been a monster posing threat to the hydrological cycle, hence the flow discharge of rivers. Therefore, it is necessary to study its effects on the flow of rivers thereby producing measures to alleviating its effects. In this study, the effects of land cover and weather conditions between 1967 and 2017 on the flow discharge of River Ona were investigated by making use of the climatic data (rainfall and temperature). The statistical variations in temperature and rainfall data were assessed using Statistical Program for Social Science (SPSS) in order to depict the linear variation, regression and correlation of the prevailing climate of the area The results showed that year 1998 and 1999 have the lowest and highest rainfall values respectively. The land-use maps show there is gradual increment in area of lands that are built-up but gradual reduction in the vegetal area. The runoff of River Ona would increase because of wetter climate caused by high rainfall in 1999. In addition, over the years, runoff severity tends to increase because of land development, giving rise to the replacement of vegetal areas by built up areas, which have low retention capacity in the area. The findings from this study can be used to predict the discharge of river given other weather and environmental factors.
气候变化直接影响到环境和人类的生存。气候变化一直是一个威胁水文循环的怪物，因此河流的流量也受到了威胁。因此，有必要研究其对河流流量的影响，从而制定缓解其影响的措施。利用气候资料(降雨和温度)，研究了1967 - 2017年奥纳河地表覆盖和天气条件对流量的影响。利用SPSS (statistical Program for Social Science)软件对温度和降雨资料进行统计变化，以描述该地区主导气候的线性变化、回归和相关性。结果表明，1998年和1999年的降雨量分别为最低和最高。土地利用图显示，建设用地面积逐渐增加，植被面积逐渐减少。由于1999年降水较多，气候较为湿润，奥纳河径流量增加。此外，多年来，由于土地开发，径流严重程度有增加的趋势，导致植被区被建成区取代，而建成区在该地区的保留能力较低。本研究结果可用于其他天气和环境因素下的河流流量预测。
{"title":"Impact of climate change on land use dynamics along River Ona, Nigeria","authors":"J. Oyedokun","doi":"10.36108/laujoces/1202.70.0201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36108/laujoces/1202.70.0201","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change has direct influence on environment and human existence. Climate change has been a monster posing threat to the hydrological cycle, hence the flow discharge of rivers. Therefore, it is necessary to study its effects on the flow of rivers thereby producing measures to alleviating its effects. In this study, the effects of land cover and weather conditions between 1967 and 2017 on the flow discharge of River Ona were investigated by making use of the climatic data (rainfall and temperature). The statistical variations in temperature and rainfall data were assessed using Statistical Program for Social Science (SPSS) in order to depict the linear variation, regression and correlation of the prevailing climate of the area The results showed that year 1998 and 1999 have the lowest and highest rainfall values respectively. The land-use maps show there is gradual increment in area of lands that are built-up but gradual reduction in the vegetal area. The runoff of River Ona would increase because of wetter climate caused by high rainfall in 1999. In addition, over the years, runoff severity tends to increase because of land development, giving rise to the replacement of vegetal areas by built up areas, which have low retention capacity in the area. The findings from this study can be used to predict the discharge of river given other weather and environmental factors.","PeriodicalId":17442,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82172498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-01DOI: 10.36108/laujoces/1202.70.0260
O. Olagunju, A. Raheem
Two-cell hollow sandcrete blocks constitute the dominant wall construction material for modern shelter in many African countries, especially Nigeria. The hollow cavities in the block have adverse effect on its mechanical characteristics. This study investigated the effects of hollow sizes on the properties of sandcrete blocks. Sandcrete blocks of size 225 × 225 × 450 mm with varying hollow sizes of 175 × 187.5, 173 ×190 and 180 × 210 mm and web thickness 25, 35 and 15 mm respectively; were produced using cement: sand ratio of 1:12. The blocks were tested for compressive strength, density and water absorption. The results indicated that compressive strength at 28 days for blocks with hollow sizes 175 × 187.5, 173 ×190 and 180 × 210 mm are 5.22, 3.64 and 0.41 Nmm-2 respectively. The corresponding densities are 2307.56, 2589.15 and 1715.23 kg/m³ while the rate of water absorption are 22.2, 18.8 and 24.5%, respectively. It was concluded that the larger the size of the hollow in sandcrete blocks the lower their mechanical properties.
{"title":"Effects of Hollow Sizes on the Properties of Sandcrete Blocks","authors":"O. Olagunju, A. Raheem","doi":"10.36108/laujoces/1202.70.0260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36108/laujoces/1202.70.0260","url":null,"abstract":"Two-cell hollow sandcrete blocks constitute the dominant wall construction material for modern shelter in many African countries, especially Nigeria. The hollow cavities in the block have adverse effect on its mechanical characteristics. This study investigated the effects of hollow sizes on the properties of sandcrete blocks. Sandcrete blocks of size 225 × 225 × 450 mm with varying hollow sizes of 175 × 187.5, 173 ×190 and 180 × 210 mm and web thickness 25, 35 and 15 mm respectively; were produced using cement: sand ratio of 1:12. The blocks were tested for compressive strength, density and water absorption. The results indicated that compressive strength at 28 days for blocks with hollow sizes 175 × 187.5, 173 ×190 and 180 × 210 mm are 5.22, 3.64 and 0.41 Nmm-2 respectively. The corresponding densities are 2307.56, 2589.15 and 1715.23 kg/m³ while the rate of water absorption are 22.2, 18.8 and 24.5%, respectively. It was concluded that the larger the size of the hollow in sandcrete blocks the lower their mechanical properties.","PeriodicalId":17442,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76527389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-01DOI: 10.36108/laujoces/1202.70.0210
S. O. Adetola
Efforts have been made to improve the quality and performance of concrete structures especially its permeability and durability properties. Concrete is a heterogeneous material containing several components (sand, aggregate, cement, etc.) which vary in size and geometry, and their positions in the concrete enclosure are randomly distributed, giving them defects even before experiencing any form of mechanical loading. In this study, the compositions of Chicken Feather Fibre (CFF) and Synthetic Hair Fibre (SHF) by weight were varied by 0%, 1.5%, 2.5%, 3.5% and 5% for Samples A to E respectively. Physical and Mechanical properties such as water absorption (WA), thickness swelling (TS), compressive and split tensile strength were determined. Results showed that WA and TS property of the fibre reinforced concrete block decreased with decrease in percentage by weight of CFF and SHF and curing days with highest value being 10.01 to a lowest value of 0.14. Also, compressive strength (CS) for sample A increased with increase in curing days from 16.98MPa at 7 days to 20.66MPa at 28 days and sample B has its highest CS at 14 days with 9.98 MPa while other samples decreased progressively. Split Tensile Strength (STS) for sample A increases with increase in curing days from 9.84MPa to 13.64MPa while sample B decreases from 7 to 21 days of curing from 5.43MPa to 4.79MPa and increased at 28 days to 4.92MPa. Samples C, D and E follow same trend as sample B. The SEM study shows that the interlocking concrete block (ICB) containing 0% of chicken feather and synthetic hair fibre has brittle characteristics while other samples containing different percentage by weight of chicken feather and synthetic hair fibre shows ductile characteristics. CFF and SHF enhanced WA, TS, CS and STS of fibre reinforced concrete.
{"title":"Investigative Study of Chicken Feather and Synthetic Hair Fibre on Mechanical and Microstructural Properties of Interlocking Concrete Block","authors":"S. O. Adetola","doi":"10.36108/laujoces/1202.70.0210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36108/laujoces/1202.70.0210","url":null,"abstract":"Efforts have been made to improve the quality and performance of concrete structures especially its permeability and durability properties. Concrete is a heterogeneous material containing several components (sand, aggregate, cement, etc.) which vary in size and geometry, and their positions in the concrete enclosure are randomly distributed, giving them defects even before experiencing any form of mechanical loading. In this study, the compositions of Chicken Feather Fibre (CFF) and Synthetic Hair Fibre (SHF) by weight were varied by 0%, 1.5%, 2.5%, 3.5% and 5% for Samples A to E respectively. Physical and Mechanical properties such as water absorption (WA), thickness swelling (TS), compressive and split tensile strength were determined. Results showed that WA and TS property of the fibre reinforced concrete block decreased with decrease in percentage by weight of CFF and SHF and curing days with highest value being 10.01 to a lowest value of 0.14. Also, compressive strength (CS) for sample A increased with increase in curing days from 16.98MPa at 7 days to 20.66MPa at 28 days and sample B has its highest CS at 14 days with 9.98 MPa while other samples decreased progressively. Split Tensile Strength (STS) for sample A increases with increase in curing days from 9.84MPa to 13.64MPa while sample B decreases from 7 to 21 days of curing from 5.43MPa to 4.79MPa and increased at 28 days to 4.92MPa. Samples C, D and E follow same trend as sample B. The SEM study shows that the interlocking concrete block (ICB) containing 0% of chicken feather and synthetic hair fibre has brittle characteristics while other samples containing different percentage by weight of chicken feather and synthetic hair fibre shows ductile characteristics. CFF and SHF enhanced WA, TS, CS and STS of fibre reinforced concrete.","PeriodicalId":17442,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81159944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-01DOI: 10.36108/laujoces/1202.70.0220
J. Ige, Babajide Kehinde Okunola
Temporal variation in spatial crime occurrence has been a topical issue in environmental criminology and criminal justice research, especially in the area of generating early warning systems for preparedness against crime. However, the concentration of research effort on urban crime pattern with unjustified neglect of regional crime impedes the search for analytical explanations and effective strategies to eradicate crime. Hence, this study examined fluctuant pattern of property crime in Oke-Ogun region of Oyo State, Nigeria. It also assessed direction and incidence speed of the crime in the area. This is with a view to understanding the influence of changes in time (year factor) and other factors (a faulty system of education, erosion of traditional values, porous border, and unemployment among others). over property crime occurrence in the region. Crime reports were collated from the Nigerian Police records on nine typologies of property crime from 2005 to 2012. The geo-analytical techniques employed to examine temporal variations in crime were exponential trend smoothing technique with a smoothing constant of 0.3 and the least-squares trend analytical technique. Regression and correlation coefficients represented by “b” and “r” respectively were used to determine the changing rate of the crimes over the period of year under investigation. Analysis showed that out of the nine crime types that were analysed, three crimes were found to exhibit a rising trend with the effluxion of year while six exhibited a declining trend. Aggregately, crime against property had downward sloping trend lines. The negative values associated with (b = – 93.04, r = – 0.62) property crime confirmed the negative lapse rates and inverse relationships. The coefficient of determination (r2) in this case is 0.3969. However, the study concluded that 39.69% of variations in the level of property crime were influenced by changes in year and 60.31% was explained by other factors which included a faulty system of education, erosion of traditional values, porous border, and unemployment among others.
空间犯罪发生的时间变化一直是环境犯罪学和刑事司法研究中的一个热点问题，特别是在建立预防犯罪的预警系统方面。然而，研究工作集中在城市犯罪模式而不合理地忽视区域犯罪，阻碍了寻找分析性解释和有效的根除犯罪战略。因此，本研究考察了尼日利亚奥约州奥克-奥贡地区财产犯罪的波动模式。它还评估了该地区犯罪的方向和发生速度。这是为了了解时间变化(年因素)和其他因素(有缺陷的教育制度、传统价值观的侵蚀、边界漏洞和失业等)的影响。区域内财产犯罪多发。从2005年到2012年，尼日利亚警方记录了9种类型的财产犯罪，并整理了犯罪报告。采用平滑常数为0.3的指数趋势平滑技术和最小二乘趋势分析技术来研究犯罪的时间变化。用“b”和“r”分别表示的回归和相关系数来确定调查期间的犯罪变化率。分析表明，在分析的9种犯罪类型中，有3种犯罪类型随着年份的推移呈上升趋势，而6种犯罪类型呈下降趋势。总体而言，财产犯罪呈下降趋势。与财产犯罪相关的负值(b = - 93.04, r = - 0.62)证实了负过失率和负相关关系。本例中的决定系数(r2)为0.3969。然而，该研究得出的结论是，财产犯罪水平的39.69%的变化受到年份变化的影响，60.31%的变化可以解释为其他因素，包括教育体系的缺陷、传统价值观的侵蚀、边界漏洞和失业等。
{"title":"A Time Series Analysis of the Trend of Crime Against Property in Oke-Ogun Region of Oyo State, Nigeria","authors":"J. Ige, Babajide Kehinde Okunola","doi":"10.36108/laujoces/1202.70.0220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36108/laujoces/1202.70.0220","url":null,"abstract":"Temporal variation in spatial crime occurrence has been a topical issue in environmental criminology and criminal justice research, especially in the area of generating early warning systems for preparedness against crime. However, the concentration of research effort on urban crime pattern with unjustified neglect of regional crime impedes the search for analytical explanations and effective strategies to eradicate crime. Hence, this study examined fluctuant pattern of property crime in Oke-Ogun region of Oyo State, Nigeria. It also assessed direction and incidence speed of the crime in the area. This is with a view to understanding the influence of changes in time (year factor) and other factors (a faulty system of education, erosion of traditional values, porous border, and unemployment among others). over property crime occurrence in the region. Crime reports were collated from the Nigerian Police records on nine typologies of property crime from 2005 to 2012. The geo-analytical techniques employed to examine temporal variations in crime were exponential trend smoothing technique with a smoothing constant of 0.3 and the least-squares trend analytical technique. Regression and correlation coefficients represented by “b” and “r” respectively were used to determine the changing rate of the crimes over the period of year under investigation. Analysis showed that out of the nine crime types that were analysed, three crimes were found to exhibit a rising trend with the effluxion of year while six exhibited a declining trend. Aggregately, crime against property had downward sloping trend lines. The negative values associated with (b = – 93.04, r = – 0.62) property crime confirmed the negative lapse rates and inverse relationships. The coefficient of determination (r2) in this case is 0.3969. However, the study concluded that 39.69% of variations in the level of property crime were influenced by changes in year and 60.31% was explained by other factors which included a faulty system of education, erosion of traditional values, porous border, and unemployment among others.","PeriodicalId":17442,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89291721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-01DOI: 10.36108/laujoces/1202.70.0250
I. A. Akinlabi, O. Bayowa
2D electrical resistivity surveys were conducted around the site of the failed proposed Ogbomoso North Secretariat building with a view to examining the trend of suspected bedrock fissures and assessing the vulnerability of structures in the vicinity to potential failure. Electrical Resistivity Tomography data were acquired along ten traverses 80-200 m long each, using the dipole-dipole electrode configuration with station interval of 5 m and expansion factor, n, varied from 1 to 6. The data were processed by using 2D resistivity inversion technique in the DipproTM software package to generate 2D resistivity sections beneath the traverses. The 2D resistivity sections delineated 2-19 m thick typically clay overburden underlain by bedrock with resistivity ranging from 103 to 59767 Ωm, and anomalously low resistivity zones suspected to be fissures within the bedrock. The bedrock fissures are generally 5-20 m wide and occur at depths ranging from 5 m to ˃25 m beneath the traverses. The fissures trend southward toward the roundabout and front of the College of Health Sciences premises. The incessant road failures and groundwater seepages observed within the study area are attributable to the network of bedrock fissure.
{"title":"2D Electrical Resistivity Imaging of Bedrock Fissures in Ogbomoso, Southwestern Nigeria","authors":"I. A. Akinlabi, O. Bayowa","doi":"10.36108/laujoces/1202.70.0250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36108/laujoces/1202.70.0250","url":null,"abstract":"2D electrical resistivity surveys were conducted around the site of the failed proposed Ogbomoso North Secretariat building with a view to examining the trend of suspected bedrock fissures and assessing the vulnerability of structures in the vicinity to potential failure. Electrical Resistivity Tomography data were acquired along ten traverses 80-200 m long each, using the dipole-dipole electrode configuration with station interval of 5 m and expansion factor, n, varied from 1 to 6. The data were processed by using 2D resistivity inversion technique in the DipproTM software package to generate 2D resistivity sections beneath the traverses. The 2D resistivity sections delineated 2-19 m thick typically clay overburden underlain by bedrock with resistivity ranging from 103 to 59767 Ωm, and anomalously low resistivity zones suspected to be fissures within the bedrock. The bedrock fissures are generally 5-20 m wide and occur at depths ranging from 5 m to ˃25 m beneath the traverses. The fissures trend southward toward the roundabout and front of the College of Health Sciences premises. The incessant road failures and groundwater seepages observed within the study area are attributable to the network of bedrock fissure.","PeriodicalId":17442,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89095399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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