Pub Date : 2021-09-30DOI: 10.28941/pjwsr.v27i3.974
Amjad Usman, H. Gul, Karishma Karishma, Seema Zubair
Insecticidal evaluation of aqueous extracts of indigenous plant extracts in comparison with synthetic insecticide against Thrips (Scirotothrips dorsalis) on tomato was conducted under natural field condition during spring 2019. Experiment consists of 8 treatments (neem extract, tobacco extract, garlic extract, datura extract, lantana extract, eucalyptus extract, flonicamid (synthetic insecticide) and control following RCB Design with 3 replications. Treatments were applied thrice after 15 days interval. Results revealed that the three times application of the tested treatments showed varying toxicity against S. dorsalis 24, 48, 72 hours and 7 days after spray applications while ladybird beetle and green lacewing were also significantly affected when recorded 7 days after spray application. However, Flonicamid 50%WG proved to be the most effective till 7th and had lowest pest population followed datura and neem extract. neem extract in all the three spray application . Garlic and eucalyptus also produced significant results compared to control. Neem, tobacco, datura and flonicamid were found to be comparatively more hazardous to ladybird beetle and green lacewing population compared to eucalyptus, garlic and lantana to in all three spray application. Tomato yield was highest with flonicamid (12533 kg/ha) followed by datura and neem (11810 kg/ha and 11300 kg/ha) respectively, while lowest (8133 kg/ha) in control. It is concluded from the current research that flonicamid performed better against S. dorsalis but comparatively more hazardous to natural enemies however lantana, garlic and eucalyptus extract showed better result against S. dorsalis and comparatively safe towards natural enemies thus recommended to be incorporated in IPM program.
{"title":"INSECTICIDAL EVALUATION OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF INDIGENOUS PLANTS IN COMPARISON WITH SYNTHETIC INSECTICIDE FOR THE MANAGMENENT OF THRIPS Scirtothrips dorsalis (Thysnaoptera; Thripidae) IN TOMATO CROP","authors":"Amjad Usman, H. Gul, Karishma Karishma, Seema Zubair","doi":"10.28941/pjwsr.v27i3.974","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28941/pjwsr.v27i3.974","url":null,"abstract":"Insecticidal evaluation of aqueous extracts of indigenous plant extracts in comparison with synthetic insecticide against Thrips (Scirotothrips dorsalis) on tomato was conducted under natural field condition during spring 2019. Experiment consists of 8 treatments (neem extract, tobacco extract, garlic extract, datura extract, lantana extract, eucalyptus extract, flonicamid (synthetic insecticide) and control following RCB Design with 3 replications. Treatments were applied thrice after 15 days interval. Results revealed that the three times application of the tested treatments showed varying toxicity against S. dorsalis 24, 48, 72 hours and 7 days after spray applications while ladybird beetle and green lacewing were also significantly affected when recorded 7 days after spray application. However, Flonicamid 50%WG proved to be the most effective till 7th and had lowest pest population followed datura and neem extract. neem extract in all the three spray application . Garlic and eucalyptus also produced significant results compared to control. Neem, tobacco, datura and flonicamid were found to be comparatively more hazardous to ladybird beetle and green lacewing population compared to eucalyptus, garlic and lantana to in all three spray application. Tomato yield was highest with flonicamid (12533 kg/ha) followed by datura and neem (11810 kg/ha and 11300 kg/ha) respectively, while lowest (8133 kg/ha) in control. It is concluded from the current research that flonicamid performed better against S. dorsalis but comparatively more hazardous to natural enemies however lantana, garlic and eucalyptus extract showed better result against S. dorsalis and comparatively safe towards natural enemies thus recommended to be incorporated in IPM program.","PeriodicalId":17469,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF WEED SCIENCE RESEARCH","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89535999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-30DOI: 10.28941/pjwsr.v27i3.885
Sana Ullah
To study the effect of various planting beds and picking time on yield of okra, a research study was conducted at Horticulture Research Farm, Malakander, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan. Okra seeds of cultivar Swat Green were planted into two different types of sowing methods (ridges and flat beds), and reduced to various number of picking (3, 4, and 5 intervals). The results of the present study revealed that okra plants sown on the ridges recorded maximum germination percentage (96.9%), fruit weight (22.41g), pod length (14.44 cm), seed pod-1 (48), 100 seed weight (6.41 g), seed yield (102.2 kg ha-1) and fresh yield (0.165 tons ha-1). Data regarding number of picking intervals showed that maximum germination percentage (92.7%), fruit weight (20.97 g), pod length (12.25 cm), highest seed yield (103.3 kg ha-1), and seed pod-1 (43) were recorded in 3 pickings. Whereas, data for maximum 100 seed weight (6.6 g) for picking intervals was recorded in 4 pickings and maximum fresh yield (0.148 tons ha-1) in 5 pickings. Infestation of weeds can cause a significant loss in okra yield which needs urgent integrated management. Cyperus rotundus, Echinochloa crusgalli and Digitaria sanguinalis were the main weeds observed during the study against which local farmers used various manual, mechanical and chemical control methods. It is concluded that okra plant sown on ridges and almost 3 picking intervals have significantly affected the growth and seed yield. Excessive use of chemical herbicides should be avoided to prevent environmental and human health hazards.
为了研究不同种植床和采摘时间对秋葵产量的影响，在巴基斯坦白沙瓦农业大学马拉坎德园艺研究农场进行了一项研究。采用两种不同的播种方式(垄作和平畦)种植Swat Green秋葵种子，并减少采摘次数(3、4、5次间隔)。结果表明，垄播秋葵种子发芽率(96.9%)、果实重(22.41g)、荚果长(14.44 cm)、种子粒数(48)、百粒重(6.41 g)、种子产量(102.2 kg ha-1)和鲜产量(0.165 t ha-1)最高。结果表明，3次采收的发芽率最高(92.7%)，果实重(20.97 g)，荚果长(12.25 cm)，种子产量最高(103.3 kg ha-1)，荚果数最高(43)。4次采收录得最大100粒重(6.6 g)， 5次采收录得最大鲜果产量(0.148吨/公顷)。杂草的侵染会造成秋葵产量的严重损失，迫切需要综合治理。研究中观察到的主要杂草为圆草(Cyperus rotundus)、油胆刺青(Echinochloa crusgalli)和马地黄(Digitaria sanguinalis)，当地农民采用了各种人工、机械和化学防治方法。综上所述，垄播和近3个采摘间隔对秋葵的生长和产量有显著影响。应避免过度使用化学除草剂，防止对环境和人类健康造成危害。
{"title":"EFFECT OF SOWING METHODS AND PICKING INTERVALS ON THE FRESH YIELD AND SEED PRODUCTION OF OKRA (ABELMOSCHUS ESCULENTUS L.)","authors":"Sana Ullah","doi":"10.28941/pjwsr.v27i3.885","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28941/pjwsr.v27i3.885","url":null,"abstract":"To study the effect of various planting beds and picking time on yield of okra, a research study was conducted at Horticulture Research Farm, Malakander, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan. Okra seeds of cultivar Swat Green were planted into two different types of sowing methods (ridges and flat beds), and reduced to various number of picking (3, 4, and 5 intervals). The results of the present study revealed that okra plants sown on the ridges recorded maximum germination percentage (96.9%), fruit weight (22.41g), pod length (14.44 cm), seed pod-1 (48), 100 seed weight (6.41 g), seed yield (102.2 kg ha-1) and fresh yield (0.165 tons ha-1). Data regarding number of picking intervals showed that maximum germination percentage (92.7%), fruit weight (20.97 g), pod length (12.25 cm), highest seed yield (103.3 kg ha-1), and seed pod-1 (43) were recorded in 3 pickings. Whereas, data for maximum 100 seed weight (6.6 g) for picking intervals was recorded in 4 pickings and maximum fresh yield (0.148 tons ha-1) in 5 pickings. Infestation of weeds can cause a significant loss in okra yield which needs urgent integrated management. Cyperus rotundus, Echinochloa crusgalli and Digitaria sanguinalis were the main weeds observed during the study against which local farmers used various manual, mechanical and chemical control methods. It is concluded that okra plant sown on ridges and almost 3 picking intervals have significantly affected the growth and seed yield. Excessive use of chemical herbicides should be avoided to prevent environmental and human health hazards.","PeriodicalId":17469,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF WEED SCIENCE RESEARCH","volume":"81 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83807725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-30DOI: 10.28941/pjwsr.v27i3.933
Syeda Hafsa Ali
Nanotechnology is a promising field of science and involves use of nanoparticle with size ranging between 1 nm–100 nm. The phenomenal size properties enable nanoparticles to anchor a prominent place in various biomedical applications. Silver is known for its antimicrobial nature. This study elucidates the qualitative phytochemical properties of three plant extracts, its biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their antimicrobial activity. Green Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized from 1mM Silver Nitrate (AgNO3) solution using leaf extracts of Cynara scolymus (Artichoke), Alkanna tinctoria (Alkanet), and Lavandula angustifolia (Lavender) respectively. The synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized visually, via UV–vis spectrophotometer and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The biogenic particles were tested against pathogenic bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli) and Plant pathogenic fungal strains (Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger). The formation of AgNPs with size <100 nm was ensured by UV vis spectrophotometer and XRD. Antibacterial activity of lavender mediated AgNP was highly significant, followed by artichoke mediated AgNP and finally, alkanet AgNP were effective. However, in contrast, Artichoke mediated AgNP showed significant activity against plant fungal strains, followed by Alkanet AgNP, and finally by Lavender mediated AgNPs. We concluded that the three plants have versatile biochemical molecules responsible for broad spectrum of AgNP against bacterial and fungal strains. Studies on combined use of AgNPs with other antimicrobial agents may solve the problem of toxicity and possible risk of drug resistance.
{"title":"Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Cynara scolymus, Lavandula angustifolia, Alkanna Tinctoria and its antimicrobial activities—A comparative study","authors":"Syeda Hafsa Ali","doi":"10.28941/pjwsr.v27i3.933","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28941/pjwsr.v27i3.933","url":null,"abstract":"Nanotechnology is a promising field of science and involves use of nanoparticle with size ranging between 1 nm–100 nm. The phenomenal size properties enable nanoparticles to anchor a prominent place in various biomedical applications. Silver is known for its antimicrobial nature. This study elucidates the qualitative phytochemical properties of three plant extracts, its biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their antimicrobial activity. Green Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized from 1mM Silver Nitrate (AgNO3) solution using leaf extracts of Cynara scolymus (Artichoke), Alkanna tinctoria (Alkanet), and Lavandula angustifolia (Lavender) respectively. The synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized visually, via UV–vis spectrophotometer and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The biogenic particles were tested against pathogenic bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli) and Plant pathogenic fungal strains (Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger). The formation of AgNPs with size <100 nm was ensured by UV vis spectrophotometer and XRD. Antibacterial activity of lavender mediated AgNP was highly significant, followed by artichoke mediated AgNP and finally, alkanet AgNP were effective. However, in contrast, Artichoke mediated AgNP showed significant activity against plant fungal strains, followed by Alkanet AgNP, and finally by Lavender mediated AgNPs. We concluded that the three plants have versatile biochemical molecules responsible for broad spectrum of AgNP against bacterial and fungal strains. Studies on combined use of AgNPs with other antimicrobial agents may solve the problem of toxicity and possible risk of drug resistance.","PeriodicalId":17469,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF WEED SCIENCE RESEARCH","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89030713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-30DOI: 10.28941/pjwsr.v27i3.973
B. Khan, R. Maqbool, Sumbal Parvez, M. Nadeem, Burhan Khalid, M. Amin
Crop plants release biochemicals into surrounding environment that help in obtaining maximum yield of crop by acting bioherbicide at high concentration and plant growth hormone at low concentration. Therefore, this study was planned at Department of Agronomy in Weed Science Laboratory, University of Agriculture Faisalabad during Winter 2018 to evaluate the allelopathic effects of A. officinalis on weed Wild Pea (Pisum sativum subsp. elatius). The experiments were laid out under completely randomized design (CRD) having three replications. The aqueous extracts of C. verum. were used on radish and wild pea seeds at different concentrations (2.5%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 40% and 80%). Data regarding seed germination and seedling growth (shoot length, root length, shoot fresh weight, root dry weigh) of weed were recorded following standard procedures. Results Reveals that the aqueous extract of A. officinalis at higher concentration (80%) act as bioherbicide and produced inhibitory effects on R. sativus result in Maximum time to 50% germination (6.70 days) and mean germination time (10.00 days) while minimum germination index (4.70), germination percentage (66.60%), shoot length (49.8 cm), root length (8.16 cm), shoot fresh weight (10.00g) and root fresh weight (10.361g). While at lower concentration (10%) it shows hermetic effect and produce maximum germination percentage (90.00%), shoot length (84.7 cm), root length (66.2 cm), shoot fresh weight (82.20 g), root fresh weight (58.30 g) and germination index (8.21%) minimum time to complete 50% germination (4.33 days) and mean germination time (5.49 days) growth. In A. officinalis among different phenolic compound minimum Syringic acid (0.60%) and maximum Quercetion (12.3%) compound was found. Therefore, it was concluded from this study that aqueous extract of officinalis can be used as growth promoter at lower concentration while at higher concentration for environmentally friendly control of weeds.
{"title":"A, The Identifying the hermetic potential of khatami (Altheae officinalis) emergence and seedling growth of wild Pea (Pisum sativum subsp. elatius).","authors":"B. Khan, R. Maqbool, Sumbal Parvez, M. Nadeem, Burhan Khalid, M. Amin","doi":"10.28941/pjwsr.v27i3.973","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28941/pjwsr.v27i3.973","url":null,"abstract":"Crop plants release biochemicals into surrounding environment that help in obtaining maximum yield of crop by acting bioherbicide at high concentration and plant growth hormone at low concentration. Therefore, this study was planned at Department of Agronomy in Weed Science Laboratory, University of Agriculture Faisalabad during Winter 2018 to evaluate the allelopathic effects of A. officinalis on weed Wild Pea (Pisum sativum subsp. elatius). The experiments were laid out under completely randomized design (CRD) having three replications. The aqueous extracts of C. verum. were used on radish and wild pea seeds at different concentrations (2.5%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 40% and 80%). Data regarding seed germination and seedling growth (shoot length, root length, shoot fresh weight, root dry weigh) of weed were recorded following standard procedures. Results Reveals that the aqueous extract of A. officinalis at higher concentration (80%) act as bioherbicide and produced inhibitory effects on R. sativus result in Maximum time to 50% germination (6.70 days) and mean germination time (10.00 days) while minimum germination index (4.70), germination percentage (66.60%), shoot length (49.8 cm), root length (8.16 cm), shoot fresh weight (10.00g) and root fresh weight (10.361g). While at lower concentration (10%) it shows hermetic effect and produce maximum germination percentage (90.00%), shoot length (84.7 cm), root length (66.2 cm), shoot fresh weight (82.20 g), root fresh weight (58.30 g) and germination index (8.21%) minimum time to complete 50% germination (4.33 days) and mean germination time (5.49 days) growth. In A. officinalis among different phenolic compound minimum Syringic acid (0.60%) and maximum Quercetion (12.3%) compound was found. Therefore, it was concluded from this study that aqueous extract of officinalis can be used as growth promoter at lower concentration while at higher concentration for environmentally friendly control of weeds.","PeriodicalId":17469,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF WEED SCIENCE RESEARCH","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83868639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-30DOI: 10.28941/pjwsr.v27i3.990
Shabana Mangi
B i u
是吗?
{"title":"contribution of Agriotes pakistanicus from pakistan","authors":"Shabana Mangi","doi":"10.28941/pjwsr.v27i3.990","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28941/pjwsr.v27i3.990","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p>B i u</jats:p>","PeriodicalId":17469,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF WEED SCIENCE RESEARCH","volume":"147 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73145772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-30DOI: 10.28941/pjwsr.v27i3.984
A. Javaid, Iqra Khan, M. Ferdosi
Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.), a medicinal plant of family Cannabaceae, growing wildly in most of the rainfed areas of Punjab, Pakistan. In this study, phytochemical profile of methanolic extract of root was assessed through GC-MS analysis and various biologically active compounds were identified through literature survey. There were 14 compounds in the root extract. The most abundant compounds were γ-sitosterol (27.08%) and 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-, methyl ester (24.09%) and hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (21.81%). Other identified compounds were methyl stearate (5.51%), stigmasterol (5.12%), campesterol (4.19%), phenol, 2,2'-methylenebis[6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methyl-(2.52%), 11-octadecenoic acid, methyl ester (2.10%), squalene (1.89%), β-amyrin (1.88%), eicosanoic acid, methyl ester (0.85%), tetracosanoic acid, methyl ester (0.88%), dronabinol (1.02%) and 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol (0.96%). Most of the identified compounds possess one or more biological activities viz. antitumor, antifungal, antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and/or analgesic.
{"title":"ANTIMICROBIAL AND OTHER BIOACTIVE CONSTITUENTS OF Cannabis sativus ROOTS FROM PAKISTAN","authors":"A. Javaid, Iqra Khan, M. Ferdosi","doi":"10.28941/pjwsr.v27i3.984","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28941/pjwsr.v27i3.984","url":null,"abstract":"Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.), a medicinal plant of family Cannabaceae, growing wildly in most of the rainfed areas of Punjab, Pakistan. In this study, phytochemical profile of methanolic extract of root was assessed through GC-MS analysis and various biologically active compounds were identified through literature survey. There were 14 compounds in the root extract. The most abundant compounds were γ-sitosterol (27.08%) and 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-, methyl ester (24.09%) and hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (21.81%). Other identified compounds were methyl stearate (5.51%), stigmasterol (5.12%), campesterol (4.19%), phenol, 2,2'-methylenebis[6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methyl-(2.52%), 11-octadecenoic acid, methyl ester (2.10%), squalene (1.89%), β-amyrin (1.88%), eicosanoic acid, methyl ester (0.85%), tetracosanoic acid, methyl ester (0.88%), dronabinol (1.02%) and 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol (0.96%). Most of the identified compounds possess one or more biological activities viz. antitumor, antifungal, antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and/or analgesic.","PeriodicalId":17469,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF WEED SCIENCE RESEARCH","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87477735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-30DOI: 10.28941/pjwsr.v27i3.965
B. Khan
Abstract Crop plants release biochemicals into surrounding environment that help in obtaining maximum yield of crop by acting bioherbicide at high concentration and plant growth hormone at low concentration. Therefore, this study was planned at Department of Agronomy in Weed Science Laboratory, University of Agriculture Faisalabad during Winter 2018 to evaluate the hermetic effects of Althaea officinalis L. (khatami) on vegetable crop Radish (Raphanus sativus) The experiments were laid out under completely randomized design (CRD) having three replications. The aqueous extracts of A. officinalis L. were used on radish different concentrations (2.5%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 40% and 80%). Data regarding seed germination and seedling growth (shoot length, root length, shoot fresh weight, root dry weigh) of radish were recorded using standard procedures. Results Reveals that the aqueous extract of A. officinalis at higher concentration (80%) act as bioherbicide and produced inhibitory effects on R. sativus result in Maximum time to 50% germination (4.68 days) and mean germination time (9.05 days) while minimum germination index (3.60), germination percentage (85.00%), shoot length (42.4 cm), root length (25.90 cm), shoot fresh weight (53.30 g) and root fresh weight (13.30 g). While at lower concentration (10%) it shows hermetic effect and produce maximum germination percentage (100.00%), shoot length (58.2 cm), root length (52.0 cm), shoot fresh weight (90.00g), root fresh weight (26.30 g) minimum time to complete 50% germination (3.36 days), germination index (6.00%) and mean germination time (5.73 days) growth. In A. officinalis among different phenolic compound minimum Syringic acid (0.60%) and maximum Quercetion (12.3%) compound was found. Therefore, it was concluded from this study that aqueous extract of officinalis can be used as growth promoter at lower concentration while at higher concentration for environmentally friendly control of weeds.
{"title":"A, The EXPLORING THE ALLELOPATHIC AND HERMETIC EFFECT OF KHATAMI (Altheae officinalis) ON EMERGENCE AND SEEDLING GROWTH OF RADISH (Raphanus sativus)","authors":"B. Khan","doi":"10.28941/pjwsr.v27i3.965","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28941/pjwsr.v27i3.965","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Crop plants release biochemicals into surrounding environment that help in obtaining maximum yield of crop by acting bioherbicide at high concentration and plant growth hormone at low concentration. Therefore, this study was planned at Department of Agronomy in Weed Science Laboratory, University of Agriculture Faisalabad during Winter 2018 to evaluate the hermetic effects of Althaea officinalis L. (khatami) on vegetable crop Radish (Raphanus sativus) The experiments were laid out under completely randomized design (CRD) having three replications. The aqueous extracts of A. officinalis L. were used on radish different concentrations (2.5%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 40% and 80%). Data regarding seed germination and seedling growth (shoot length, root length, shoot fresh weight, root dry weigh) of radish were recorded using standard procedures. Results Reveals that the aqueous extract of A. officinalis at higher concentration (80%) act as bioherbicide and produced inhibitory effects on R. sativus result in Maximum time to 50% germination (4.68 days) and mean germination time (9.05 days) while minimum germination index (3.60), germination percentage (85.00%), shoot length (42.4 cm), root length (25.90 cm), shoot fresh weight (53.30 g) and root fresh weight (13.30 g). While at lower concentration (10%) it shows hermetic effect and produce maximum germination percentage (100.00%), shoot length (58.2 cm), root length (52.0 cm), shoot fresh weight (90.00g), root fresh weight (26.30 g) minimum time to complete 50% germination (3.36 days), germination index (6.00%) and mean germination time (5.73 days) growth. In A. officinalis among different phenolic compound minimum Syringic acid (0.60%) and maximum Quercetion (12.3%) compound was found. Therefore, it was concluded from this study that aqueous extract of officinalis can be used as growth promoter at lower concentration while at higher concentration for environmentally friendly control of weeds.","PeriodicalId":17469,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF WEED SCIENCE RESEARCH","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74156269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-30DOI: 10.28941/pjwsr.v27i3.981
L. Luqman, Z. Hussain, A. Khan, H. Khan, I. Khan, Miftah Ud-Din, A. Ullah, Faraz Ali Shah
A greenhouse experiment was carried out at the Agricultural Research Station (ARS), Shen Lasht, Chitral during 2016-17. There were five different locations in district Chitral from where the soil samples were collected which included Drosh, Shen Lasht, Garam Chashma, Ayun and BoonyLasht. A total of 300 samples were collected from all locations with 60 samples from each location. The 300 soil samples collected were placed in trays of medium sizes i.e. 27 cm x 21 cm x 4 cm = 2268 cm3. The trays were arranged in three repetitions having 100 samples in each repetition. Each repetition of 100 samples contained samples from 5 locations, in each location 4 sites (east, west, north and south each at 100 m distance from each other) and at each site samples were collected from 5 different depths, making a total of 100 samples in one repetition i.e. 5 x 4 x 5 = 100 and with repetitions making a total of 300 samples in one district. The results indicated that in the soil samples of district Chitral a total of 31 noxious weeds were recorded. Out of the 31 different weeds, 23 were broad leaves, eight were grasses and one was sedge. In another angle, 24 weeds were annuals while the rest were perennials out of the 31 weeds identified. A total of 17 different plant families were represented by the weeds recorded in the soil samples of Chitral region. Among the different locations of Chitral, the highest weed seed bank was recorded in the soil samples of ARS Shen Lasht area. Weed seed banks have always been higher in areas with mild winters, where the Shen lasht area is having milder winters as compared to the other areas in Chitral. The lowest seed bank was recorded in the soil samples of Garam Chashma, which was however statistically at par with the rest of the locations studied in Chitral. As far as the seed banks in the depths are concerned, largest weed seed bank was observed in the depth of 6 to 12 cm. The smallest seed bank was at the depth of 30 cm followed by the depth of 24 and 18 cm. Therefore, it is evident that the major weed seed bank lies in the upper 6-12 cm depth of the soil. In case of the interaction, the largest weed seed bank was recorded at ARS Sheen lasht at the depth of upper 6 cm of the soil profile whereas the weed seed bank was very low below the 12cm depth of soil upto 30 cm in the Garam Chashma area of Chitral. Out of the total 31 weeds recorded in soil samples of Chitral, the top 10 weeds in terms of the relative weed densities, relative weed frequencies and importance value indices were Convolvulus arvensis, Rumex crispus, Poa annua, Galium aparine, Avenafatua, Trianthemaportulacastrum, Silybum marianum, Sorghumhalepense, Euphorbia helioscopia, and Loliumtenulentumspecies. The IVI values for these weeds were 14.01, 13.96, 13.07, 11.83, 11.57, 11.12, 10.35, 10.09, 10.02, and 9.99, respectively. Moreover, these IVIs indicate that out of the topmost 10 problematic weeds eight weeds are broad leaved and two are grassy weeds.
2016- 2017年，在吉德拉尔邦沈拉什特农业研究站(ARS)进行了温室试验。在吉德拉尔区有五个不同的地点收集了土壤样本，包括Drosh, Shen Lasht, Garam Chashma, Ayun和BoonyLasht。从所有地点共收集了300个样本，每个地点60个样本。收集的300个土壤样品放置在27 cm x 21 cm x 4 cm = 2268 cm3的中等大小的托盘中。托盘被安排在三个重复，每个重复100个样本。每次重复100个样本包含5个地点的样本，每个地点4个点(东、西、北、南各相距100 m)，每个地点从5个不同的深度采集样本，每次重复100个样本，即5 × 4 × 5 = 100，每次重复一个地区共300个样本。结果表明，吉德拉区土壤样品中共有31种有毒杂草。在31种不同的杂草中，23种是阔叶杂草，8种是草，1种是莎草。从另一个角度看，在31株杂草中，24株为一年生杂草，其余为多年生杂草。吉德拉尔地区土壤样品中记录的杂草共代表17个不同的植物科。在吉德拉尔不同地点中，土壤样品中杂草种子库最高的是ARS Shen Lasht地区。在冬季温和的地区，杂草种子库一直较高，与吉德拉尔其他地区相比，申拉什特地区的冬季较为温和。最低的种子库记录在Garam Chashma的土壤样本中，但在统计上与Chitral研究的其他地点相当。就深层种子库而言，杂草种子库在6 ~ 12 cm深度最大。种子库最小的深度是30 cm，其次是24 cm和18 cm。可见，杂草种子库主要分布在土壤表层6 ~ 12 cm。在相互作用的情况下，最大的杂草种子库记录在土壤剖面上6cm深度的ARS Sheen，而在吉德拉尔的Garam Chashma地区，杂草种子库在12cm以下的土壤深度非常低，直到30 cm。在Chitral土壤样品中记录的31种杂草中，相对杂草密度、相对杂草频率和重要值指数排名前10位的是Convolvulus arvensis、Rumex crispus、Poa annua、Galium aparine、Avenafatua、Trianthemaportulacastrum、Silybum marianum、Sorghumhalepense、Euphorbia helioscopia和Loliumtenulentumspecies。这些杂草的IVI值分别为14.01、13.96、13.07、11.83、11.57、11.12、10.35、10.09、10.02和9.99。此外，这些ivi表明，在最严重的10种问题杂草中，8种是阔叶杂草，2种是草类杂草。
{"title":"SOIL WEED SEED BANK STATUS IN THE AGROECOLOGICAL CONDITIONS OF CHITRAL, PAKISTAN","authors":"L. Luqman, Z. Hussain, A. Khan, H. Khan, I. Khan, Miftah Ud-Din, A. Ullah, Faraz Ali Shah","doi":"10.28941/pjwsr.v27i3.981","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28941/pjwsr.v27i3.981","url":null,"abstract":"A greenhouse experiment was carried out at the Agricultural Research Station (ARS), Shen Lasht, Chitral during 2016-17. There were five different locations in district Chitral from where the soil samples were collected which included Drosh, Shen Lasht, Garam Chashma, Ayun and BoonyLasht. A total of 300 samples were collected from all locations with 60 samples from each location. The 300 soil samples collected were placed in trays of medium sizes i.e. 27 cm x 21 cm x 4 cm = 2268 cm3. The trays were arranged in three repetitions having 100 samples in each repetition. Each repetition of 100 samples contained samples from 5 locations, in each location 4 sites (east, west, north and south each at 100 m distance from each other) and at each site samples were collected from 5 different depths, making a total of 100 samples in one repetition i.e. 5 x 4 x 5 = 100 and with repetitions making a total of 300 samples in one district. The results indicated that in the soil samples of district Chitral a total of 31 noxious weeds were recorded. Out of the 31 different weeds, 23 were broad leaves, eight were grasses and one was sedge. In another angle, 24 weeds were annuals while the rest were perennials out of the 31 weeds identified. A total of 17 different plant families were represented by the weeds recorded in the soil samples of Chitral region. Among the different locations of Chitral, the highest weed seed bank was recorded in the soil samples of ARS Shen Lasht area. Weed seed banks have always been higher in areas with mild winters, where the Shen lasht area is having milder winters as compared to the other areas in Chitral. The lowest seed bank was recorded in the soil samples of Garam Chashma, which was however statistically at par with the rest of the locations studied in Chitral. As far as the seed banks in the depths are concerned, largest weed seed bank was observed in the depth of 6 to 12 cm. The smallest seed bank was at the depth of 30 cm followed by the depth of 24 and 18 cm. Therefore, it is evident that the major weed seed bank lies in the upper 6-12 cm depth of the soil. In case of the interaction, the largest weed seed bank was recorded at ARS Sheen lasht at the depth of upper 6 cm of the soil profile whereas the weed seed bank was very low below the 12cm depth of soil upto 30 cm in the Garam Chashma area of Chitral. Out of the total 31 weeds recorded in soil samples of Chitral, the top 10 weeds in terms of the relative weed densities, relative weed frequencies and importance value indices were Convolvulus arvensis, Rumex crispus, Poa annua, Galium aparine, Avenafatua, Trianthemaportulacastrum, Silybum marianum, Sorghumhalepense, Euphorbia helioscopia, and Loliumtenulentumspecies. The IVI values for these weeds were 14.01, 13.96, 13.07, 11.83, 11.57, 11.12, 10.35, 10.09, 10.02, and 9.99, respectively. Moreover, these IVIs indicate that out of the topmost 10 problematic weeds eight weeds are broad leaved and two are grassy weeds.","PeriodicalId":17469,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF WEED SCIENCE RESEARCH","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74020144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-30DOI: 10.28941/pjwsr.v27i3.983
B. Khan, Mamoona Arooj, M. Nadeem, M. Javaid, R. Maqbool
Growth stimulation anticipated to ultra-low doses of various herbicides in some crop species has been observed equally in under control and field conditions; however available data of hermetic affects on growth of weeds is extremely restricted. This study explores the promotive impact of low doses of atrazine on Tribulus terrestris growth. Pot experiments were trialed at Agronomic Research Area, collage of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, during 2019. Six different concentrations of atrazine [0, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 g active ingredient ha-1] were employed as post emergence herbicides at weeds stages having 3- 4 leaves under two different water regimes (60 % and 100 % water concentrations). Results revealed that increase in plant chlorophyll content, fresh and dry weight, root and shoot length were observed after spraying of atrazine @ 5, 10 and 20 g active ingredient ha-1 at 100 percent (%) water concentration. Atrazine doses exceeding 20 g active ingredient ha-1 destructively disturb the growth of Tribulus terrestris.
{"title":"a the Low Doses of Atrazine Cause Hormesis in Tribulus terrestris","authors":"B. Khan, Mamoona Arooj, M. Nadeem, M. Javaid, R. Maqbool","doi":"10.28941/pjwsr.v27i3.983","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28941/pjwsr.v27i3.983","url":null,"abstract":"Growth stimulation anticipated to ultra-low doses of various herbicides in some crop species has been observed equally in under control and field conditions; however available data of hermetic affects on growth of weeds is extremely restricted. This study explores the promotive impact of low doses of atrazine on Tribulus terrestris growth. Pot experiments were trialed at Agronomic Research Area, collage of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, during 2019. Six different concentrations of atrazine [0, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 g active ingredient ha-1] were employed as post emergence herbicides at weeds stages having 3- 4 leaves under two different water regimes (60 % and 100 % water concentrations). Results revealed that increase in plant chlorophyll content, fresh and dry weight, root and shoot length were observed after spraying of atrazine @ 5, 10 and 20 g active ingredient ha-1 at 100 percent (%) water concentration. Atrazine doses exceeding 20 g active ingredient ha-1 destructively disturb the growth of Tribulus terrestris.","PeriodicalId":17469,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF WEED SCIENCE RESEARCH","volume":"97 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86027993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-30DOI: 10.28941/pjwsr.v27i3.943
M. Anwar, S. Khalid, N. Akhtar
The present study explains comparative evaluation of diversity and degree of homogeneity of weed communities of wheat crop using different indices. This study was conducted in tehsil Razar District Swabi Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan during February-April 2016. A total of 200 quadrats having size (1x1 m2) were placed in 20 randomly selected wheat fields in the study area. Analytical quantitative characters like density, frequency and cover were calculated for each weed species. Twenty weed communities were established in 20 selected sites. Comparative evaluation of diversity revealed that Menhinick index ranged from 0.61 to 1.72, Margalef richness ranged from 2.82 to 6.3, Simpson diversity index ranged from 0.78 to 0.94, Shannon-Wiener diversity index varied from 2.13 to 3.24, Pielou evenness index varied from 0.67 to 0.97 while Pichi-Sermolli maturity index ranged from 39.6 to 67.7. Based on Raunkiaer’s law of frequency, out of 20 weed communities, 13 communities were found heterogeneous while 7 were homogeneous. Maximum number of weed species were distributed in frequency class A, B and E.
{"title":"COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF DIVERSITY AND HOMOGENEITY OF WEED COMMUNITIES OF WHEAT CROP IN TEHSIL RAZAR DISTRICT SWABI, PAKISTAN","authors":"M. Anwar, S. Khalid, N. Akhtar","doi":"10.28941/pjwsr.v27i3.943","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28941/pjwsr.v27i3.943","url":null,"abstract":"The present study explains comparative evaluation of diversity and degree of homogeneity of weed communities of wheat crop using different indices. This study was conducted in tehsil Razar District Swabi Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan during February-April 2016. A total of 200 quadrats having size (1x1 m2) were placed in 20 randomly selected wheat fields in the study area. Analytical quantitative characters like density, frequency and cover were calculated for each weed species. Twenty weed communities were established in 20 selected sites. Comparative evaluation of diversity revealed that Menhinick index ranged from 0.61 to 1.72, Margalef richness ranged from 2.82 to 6.3, Simpson diversity index ranged from 0.78 to 0.94, Shannon-Wiener diversity index varied from 2.13 to 3.24, Pielou evenness index varied from 0.67 to 0.97 while Pichi-Sermolli maturity index ranged from 39.6 to 67.7. Based on Raunkiaer’s law of frequency, out of 20 weed communities, 13 communities were found heterogeneous while 7 were homogeneous. Maximum number of weed species were distributed in frequency class A, B and E.","PeriodicalId":17469,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF WEED SCIENCE RESEARCH","volume":"90 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76308290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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