Pub Date : 2021-09-30DOI: 10.28941/pjwsr.v27i3.841
N. Khan, A. Khan, S. Ullah, Imran Ullah, Shitab Khan
Wheat–cotton system is a major production system in Pakistan, however, cotton yield is declining in the system most likely due to weeds infestation and intensive tillage practices. Conservation tillage such as reduced and zero tillage in combination with appropriate herbicide may have the potential to enhance cotton yield on sustainable basis. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of herbicides under different tillage systems on weed control and cotton yield in wheat-cotton system. A field experiment was conducted at Cotton Research Station, Ratta Kulachi, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan, during 2017 and 2018. In the experiment, post-emergence herbicides, i.e. floxyfop-R-methyl 10.8 EC (108 g a.i. ha-1), lactofen 24 EC (168 g a.i. ha-1), floxyfop 10.8 EC + lactofen 24 EC, hand weeding, weedy check and three tillage systems (zero tillage, reduced tillage and conventional tillage) were evaluated in randomized compete block design (RCBD), with split plot arrangements, replicated 4 times. Tillage was allotted to main plots while herbicides were applied to subplots. The results revealed that hand weeding and floxyfop as post emergence alone or in combination with lactofen reduced weed density to the minimum irrespective of the tillage systems. Maximum dry weed biomass was recorded in control. Interaction effects revealed that reduced tillage in combination with broad spectrum herbicides had maximum weed population reduction percentage. Reduced tillage with broad spectrum herbicides had seed cotton yield compared to zero and conventional tillage. In conclusion, broad-spectrum herbicides under reduced tillage were more productive in wheat based cropping system on silty clay soil of D.I.Khan.
小麦-棉花系统是巴基斯坦的主要生产系统，然而，该系统的棉花产量正在下降，很可能是由于杂草丛生和集约化耕作做法。保护性耕作如少耕和免耕与适当的除草剂相结合，可能具有持续提高棉花产量的潜力。本研究旨在研究不同耕作制度下除草剂对小麦-棉花系统杂草控制和棉花产量的影响。2017年和2018年在巴基斯坦德拉伊斯梅尔汗的拉塔库拉奇棉花研究站进行了田间试验。试验采用随机竞争区设计(RCBD)，采用分畦布置，重复4次，评价出茬后除草剂floxyfop- r -methyl 10.8 EC (108 g a.i. ha-1)、乳芬24 EC (168 g a.i. ha-1)、floxyfop 10.8 EC +乳芬24 EC、手工除草、杂草检查和免耕、免耕和常规耕作3种耕作制度。主要小区耕作，次要小区施用除草剂。结果表明，无论采用何种耕作制度，手除草和氟虫磷单独或与乳脂联合施用均可使杂草密度降至最低。对照记录了最大干杂草生物量。互作效应表明，减量耕作与广谱除草剂联合施用能最大限度地减少杂草数量。广谱除草剂免耕与常规免耕相比，籽棉产量显著提高。综上所述，免耕广谱除草剂在大汗粉质粘土上以小麦为主的种植制度下具有较高的产量。
{"title":"Influence of tillage systems and herbicides on weed control and yield of cotton in wheat-cotton system","authors":"N. Khan, A. Khan, S. Ullah, Imran Ullah, Shitab Khan","doi":"10.28941/pjwsr.v27i3.841","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28941/pjwsr.v27i3.841","url":null,"abstract":"Wheat–cotton system is a major production system in Pakistan, however, cotton yield is declining in the system most likely due to weeds infestation and intensive tillage practices. Conservation tillage such as reduced and zero tillage in combination with appropriate herbicide may have the potential to enhance cotton yield on sustainable basis. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of herbicides under different tillage systems on weed control and cotton yield in wheat-cotton system. A field experiment was conducted at Cotton Research Station, Ratta Kulachi, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan, during 2017 and 2018. In the experiment, post-emergence herbicides, i.e. floxyfop-R-methyl 10.8 EC (108 g a.i. ha-1), lactofen 24 EC (168 g a.i. ha-1), floxyfop 10.8 EC + lactofen 24 EC, hand weeding, weedy check and three tillage systems (zero tillage, reduced tillage and conventional tillage) were evaluated in randomized compete block design (RCBD), with split plot arrangements, replicated 4 times. Tillage was allotted to main plots while herbicides were applied to subplots. The results revealed that hand weeding and floxyfop as post emergence alone or in combination with lactofen reduced weed density to the minimum irrespective of the tillage systems. Maximum dry weed biomass was recorded in control. Interaction effects revealed that reduced tillage in combination with broad spectrum herbicides had maximum weed population reduction percentage. Reduced tillage with broad spectrum herbicides had seed cotton yield compared to zero and conventional tillage. In conclusion, broad-spectrum herbicides under reduced tillage were more productive in wheat based cropping system on silty clay soil of D.I.Khan.","PeriodicalId":17469,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF WEED SCIENCE RESEARCH","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78965828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-30DOI: 10.28941/pjwsr.v27i3.998
A. Hazrat, M. Yahya
ABSTRACT Tomato plant (Lycopersicon esculentum) is a widely cultivated vegetable crop. The plant is economically very important. To ensure a successful and economically viable harvest, it is essential that all aspects of its production to be monitored. At present, there is a limited scientific data regarding the use of pesticides in relation to the seasonal incidence of insect pests in the Bajaur district of Pakistan. This study was carried out at a local farm, where the efficacies of Flurofenafire pesticide were examined. The pesticide Flurofenafire was applied once a week to examine its efficacy. The stability of the pesticide was highly dependent on the weather. The occurrence of rain within 24 hours of spraying resulted in Aphid, Jassid, White fly, Thrips and Fruit borer infestations. Aphid infestations were observed on the tomato crop in May 2019, which peaked in July. Bemisia Tabaci infestations peaked in August. Amrasca Biguttula populations peaked in September 2019. Scirtothrips dorsalis and Helicoverpaarmigera infestations were also observed on the tomato crops and caused significant damage. The application of Flurofenafire was able to control these infestations. In conclusion the pesticide Flurofenafire was found effective against a wide range of insect pest of tomato plant. Key Words: Flurofenafire, Pest, Pesticide, Seasonal incidence, Lycopersicon esculentum
{"title":"CONTROL OF INSECT PESTS ATTACKING TOMATO CROPS IN DISTRICT BAJAUR, KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA","authors":"A. Hazrat, M. Yahya","doi":"10.28941/pjwsr.v27i3.998","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28941/pjwsr.v27i3.998","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Tomato plant (Lycopersicon esculentum) is a widely cultivated vegetable crop. The plant is economically very important. To ensure a successful and economically viable harvest, it is essential that all aspects of its production to be monitored. At present, there is a limited scientific data regarding the use of pesticides in relation to the seasonal incidence of insect pests in the Bajaur district of Pakistan. This study was carried out at a local farm, where the efficacies of Flurofenafire pesticide were examined. The pesticide Flurofenafire was applied once a week to examine its efficacy. The stability of the pesticide was highly dependent on the weather. The occurrence of rain within 24 hours of spraying resulted in Aphid, Jassid, White fly, Thrips and Fruit borer infestations. Aphid infestations were observed on the tomato crop in May 2019, which peaked in July. Bemisia Tabaci infestations peaked in August. Amrasca Biguttula populations peaked in September 2019. Scirtothrips dorsalis and Helicoverpaarmigera infestations were also observed on the tomato crops and caused significant damage. The application of Flurofenafire was able to control these infestations. In conclusion the pesticide Flurofenafire was found effective against a wide range of insect pest of tomato plant. Key Words: Flurofenafire, Pest, Pesticide, Seasonal incidence, Lycopersicon esculentum","PeriodicalId":17469,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF WEED SCIENCE RESEARCH","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86694286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-30DOI: 10.28941/pjwsr.v27i3.917
S. Ullah, A. Basit
The current survey study was carried out at Peshawar Development Authority Nursery Hayatabad Peshawar-Pakistan during the year 2019-20. This survey was based on recording the current situation and various methods practiced by the garden staff to look after their nursery. The main objective was to improve the current situation of the nursery and suggest recommendations in light of the highlighted problems. The different parameters studied were identification of plants, total area of nursery, soil type, irrigation system, weeding, fertilizer application, propagation method, propagation time, transplanting time, field situation and finally problem of the nursery. All the agricultural and horticultural practices were not fully applied and practiced in proper recommended way. Out of the total studied parameters, irrigation system that was sprinkler irrigation, was impressive and appreciable. Proper fertilizer at proper time played a vital role in plant growth and nursery development. The gardeners and other technical and field staff did not conduct their jobs to their fullest and their nursery management was unsatisfactory. It was concurred that good quality plants production was not achieved and disease identification was missing due to lack of germ plasm unit facility. Weeds were badly impacting nursery plants and affected their beauty and yield. Various weedicides were used by the nursery staff to reduce the negative influence of weed infestation. It was recommended that effective planning, punctual staff duty and modern practices should be applied to improve the overall structure of the nursery.
{"title":"A SURVEY STUDY OF NURSERY MANAGEMENT AND SURVEILLANCE OF ORNAMENTAL PLANT SPECIES AT PESHAWAR CITY, KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA-PAKISTAN","authors":"S. Ullah, A. Basit","doi":"10.28941/pjwsr.v27i3.917","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28941/pjwsr.v27i3.917","url":null,"abstract":"The current survey study was carried out at Peshawar Development Authority Nursery Hayatabad Peshawar-Pakistan during the year 2019-20. This survey was based on recording the current situation and various methods practiced by the garden staff to look after their nursery. The main objective was to improve the current situation of the nursery and suggest recommendations in light of the highlighted problems. The different parameters studied were identification of plants, total area of nursery, soil type, irrigation system, weeding, fertilizer application, propagation method, propagation time, transplanting time, field situation and finally problem of the nursery. All the agricultural and horticultural practices were not fully applied and practiced in proper recommended way. Out of the total studied parameters, irrigation system that was sprinkler irrigation, was impressive and appreciable. Proper fertilizer at proper time played a vital role in plant growth and nursery development. The gardeners and other technical and field staff did not conduct their jobs to their fullest and their nursery management was unsatisfactory. It was concurred that good quality plants production was not achieved and disease identification was missing due to lack of germ plasm unit facility. Weeds were badly impacting nursery plants and affected their beauty and yield. Various weedicides were used by the nursery staff to reduce the negative influence of weed infestation. It was recommended that effective planning, punctual staff duty and modern practices should be applied to improve the overall structure of the nursery.","PeriodicalId":17469,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF WEED SCIENCE RESEARCH","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80810505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-30DOI: 10.28941/pjwsr.v27i3.980
Muhammad Naeem Korejo, M. N. Kandhro, A. Soomro, N. A. Wahocho
Allelopathy is the effect of one plant species by reducing the germination and growth of the neighbouring plants of another species through releasing chemical compounds. It has been reported by many researchers that weeds are major hazard in reducing crop yield but it can be managed effectively through phytotoxic properties of plants. A field study was conducted at Students Experimental Farm, Agronomy Department, Crop Production Faculty, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, Pakistan during spring 2019 and repeated during 2020 to validate the previous results. The research conducted to evaluate the allelopathic potential of sunflower and Bermuda grass extracts under various irrigation levels on weeds density and yield of mungbean cultivar ‘AEM-96’. Split plot design having four replications was managed. The experiment consisted of weed control practices: Weedy check, various levels of sunflower and bermuda grass extracts as sole and in combination with each other, different levels of herbicides as alone and in integration with allelopathic plant extracts as well as hand weeding under three irrigation frequencies (2, 3 and 4 watering applications). The analysis variance of results showed that various levels of sunflower and bermuda grass extracts as sole and in combination with each other, different levels of herbicides as alone and in integration with allelopathic plant extracts as well as hand weeding caused significant suppression of weeds and increased in seed yield as compared to weedy check. The combined treatment Atlantis: 0.1 Ltr ha-1 + Puma Super: 0.156 Ltr ha-1 + Sunflower extract: 15 L ha-1 resulted in less weed density (51.6 m-2) and produced maximum seed yield of 2404.4 kgs ha-1. Bermuda grass extract: 15 Ltr ha-1 integration with low dose of herbicides Atlantis: 0.1 Ltr ha-1+ Puma Super: 0.156 Ltr ha-1 showed weed density of 61.3 m-2 resulted seed yield of 2282.1 kgs ha-1. The application of herbicides treatment Atlantis: 0.2 Ltr ha-1 + Puma Super: 0.312 Ltr ha-1 suppressed weed density of 70.9 m-2 and produced seed yield of 2162.5 kgs ha-1. It is noted that Hand weeding: 30 days after sowing showed weed density of 76.1 m-2 and seed yield 2042.5 kgs ha-1. The combined allelopathic plant applications of Sunflower +Bermuda grass extract each: 15 Ltr ha-1 reduced weed density 80.7 m-2 and obtained seed yield of 1923.2 kgs ha-1. Sole application of sunflower extract: 30 Ltr ha-1 resulted weed density 91.0 m-2 and recorded seed yield of 1804.2 kgs ha-1. Alone allelopathy application of Bermuda grass extract: 30 Ltr ha-1 noticed weed density 103.3 m-2 and produced seed yield of 1684.8 kgs ha-1. The highest weed density 140.9 m-2 and lowest seed yield 1343.1 kgs ha-1 noticed in weedy check treatment where no any application applied for weed reduction. According to irrigation frequencies the 4 watering applications resulted less weed density 82.2 m-2 and obtained maximum seed yield 1996.3 kgs ha-1 followed by 3 watering applications noted w
化感作用是指一种植物通过释放化合物来减少邻近植物的发芽和生长。杂草是农作物减产的主要危害因素，但可以通过植物的植物毒性进行有效治理。2019年春季，在巴基斯坦信德省农业大学坦多贾姆作物生产系农艺系学生实验农场进行了一项实地研究，并在2020年重复进行了一项实地研究，以验证之前的结果。研究了不同灌溉水平下向日葵和百慕大草提取物对绿豆品种AEM-96杂草密度和产量的化感作用。采用4个重复的分割区设计。试验包括杂草控制措施:杂草检查，不同水平的向日葵和百慕大草提取物单独或相互组合，不同水平的除草剂单独或与化感植物提取物结合使用，以及在三种灌溉频率(2、3和4次灌溉)下手工除草。结果分析方差表明，与杂草对照相比，不同水平的向日葵和百达草提取物单独或联合使用，不同水平的除草剂单独或与化感植物提取物联合使用，以及人工除草均能显著抑制杂草，提高种子产量。亚特兰提斯∶0.1 Ltr ha-1 +美洲狮∶0.156 Ltr ha-1 +向日葵提取物∶15 L ha-1的组合处理，杂草密度较低(51.6 m-2)，种子产量最高可达2404.4 kg ha-1。百慕大草提取物:15 Ltr ha-1配合低剂量除草剂Atlantis: 0.1 Ltr ha-1+ Puma Super: 0.156 Ltr ha-1，杂草密度为61.3 m-2，种子产量为2282.1 kgs ha-1。施用Atlantis: 0.2 Ltr ha-1 + Puma Super: 0.312 Ltr ha-1除草剂，抑制杂草密度70.9 m-2，种子产量2162.5 kgs ha-1。结果表明，手除草:播后30 d杂草密度为76.1 m-2，种子产量为2042.5 kgs ha-1。化感植物施用向日葵+百达草提取物各15 Ltr ha-1，减少杂草密度80.7 m-2，获得种子产量1923.2 kg ha-1。单独施用向日葵提取物:30 Ltr ha-1，杂草密度为91.0 m-2，记录的种子产量为1804.2 kg ha-1。单独施用百慕达草提取物30 Ltr hm -1时，杂草密度为103.3 m-2，种子产量为1684.8 kg hm -1。在杂草检查处理中，未施用减杂草处理的最高杂草密度为140.9 m-2，最低种子产量为1343.1 kg - ha-1。根据灌溉频率，4次灌水处理的杂草密度最小，为82.2 m-2，最大种子产量为1996.3 kg ha-1; 3次灌水处理的杂草密度为84.5 m-2，最大种子产量为1955.5 kg ha-1。2个浇水处理的最大杂草密度为86.7 m-2，种子产量最低。汇总数据方差分析表明，在15、30、45和60 DAS 4种施肥条件下，亚特兰蒂斯∶0.1 Ltr ha-1 +美洲狮∶0.156 Ltr ha-1 +向日葵提取物∶15 Ltr ha-1综合处理对杂草的居住和产量富集有显著影响
{"title":"Allelopathy Weed management and yield improvement in mungbean through allelopathic action of sunflower and bermuda grass (a weed) extract in conjunction with irrigation frequencies","authors":"Muhammad Naeem Korejo, M. N. Kandhro, A. Soomro, N. A. Wahocho","doi":"10.28941/pjwsr.v27i3.980","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28941/pjwsr.v27i3.980","url":null,"abstract":"Allelopathy is the effect of one plant species by reducing the germination and growth of the neighbouring plants of another species through releasing chemical compounds. It has been reported by many researchers that weeds are major hazard in reducing crop yield but it can be managed effectively through phytotoxic properties of plants. A field study was conducted at Students Experimental Farm, Agronomy Department, Crop Production Faculty, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, Pakistan during spring 2019 and repeated during 2020 to validate the previous results. The research conducted to evaluate the allelopathic potential of sunflower and Bermuda grass extracts under various irrigation levels on weeds density and yield of mungbean cultivar ‘AEM-96’. Split plot design having four replications was managed. The experiment consisted of weed control practices: Weedy check, various levels of sunflower and bermuda grass extracts as sole and in combination with each other, different levels of herbicides as alone and in integration with allelopathic plant extracts as well as hand weeding under three irrigation frequencies (2, 3 and 4 watering applications). The analysis variance of results showed that various levels of sunflower and bermuda grass extracts as sole and in combination with each other, different levels of herbicides as alone and in integration with allelopathic plant extracts as well as hand weeding caused significant suppression of weeds and increased in seed yield as compared to weedy check. The combined treatment Atlantis: 0.1 Ltr ha-1 + Puma Super: 0.156 Ltr ha-1 + Sunflower extract: 15 L ha-1 resulted in less weed density (51.6 m-2) and produced maximum seed yield of 2404.4 kgs ha-1. Bermuda grass extract: 15 Ltr ha-1 integration with low dose of herbicides Atlantis: 0.1 Ltr ha-1+ Puma Super: 0.156 Ltr ha-1 showed weed density of 61.3 m-2 resulted seed yield of 2282.1 kgs ha-1. The application of herbicides treatment Atlantis: 0.2 Ltr ha-1 + Puma Super: 0.312 Ltr ha-1 suppressed weed density of 70.9 m-2 and produced seed yield of 2162.5 kgs ha-1. It is noted that Hand weeding: 30 days after sowing showed weed density of 76.1 m-2 and seed yield 2042.5 kgs ha-1. The combined allelopathic plant applications of Sunflower +Bermuda grass extract each: 15 Ltr ha-1 reduced weed density 80.7 m-2 and obtained seed yield of 1923.2 kgs ha-1. Sole application of sunflower extract: 30 Ltr ha-1 resulted weed density 91.0 m-2 and recorded seed yield of 1804.2 kgs ha-1. Alone allelopathy application of Bermuda grass extract: 30 Ltr ha-1 noticed weed density 103.3 m-2 and produced seed yield of 1684.8 kgs ha-1. The highest weed density 140.9 m-2 and lowest seed yield 1343.1 kgs ha-1 noticed in weedy check treatment where no any application applied for weed reduction. According to irrigation frequencies the 4 watering applications resulted less weed density 82.2 m-2 and obtained maximum seed yield 1996.3 kgs ha-1 followed by 3 watering applications noted w","PeriodicalId":17469,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF WEED SCIENCE RESEARCH","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89865731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-30DOI: 10.28941/pjwsr.v27i3.982
M. Ferdosi, Iqra Khan, A. Javaid, A. Munir
Calotropis procera is a medicinal weed of family Asclepiadaceae. This study was carried out to explore the biochemical profile of C. procera flowers collected from Southern Punjab region of Pakistan. Methanolic flower extract of C. procera was subjected to GC-MS analysis. There were 30 compounds identified in this extract. The predominant compound was γ-sitosterol with 15.39% peak area. Other abundantly occurring compounds included stigmasterol (9.22%), 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-, methyl ester (9.01%), campesterol (8.63%), α-amyrin acetate (8.25%), β-amyrin (8.09%), hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (7.91%), 11-octadecenoic acid, methyl ester (6.15%), and 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol (5.66%). Moderately abundant compounds included nonacos-1-ene (2.83%), methyl stearate (1.57%), pentacosane (1.44%), phytol (1.33%), heptacos-1-ene (1.20%), heneicosane (1.19%), and 1-hexacosene (1.09%). The remaining less abundant compounds were present with peak areas less than 1%. Literature survey showed that the major compounds identified in the flower extract of C. procera possess various bioactivities including antidiabetic, anticancer, antihyperglycemic, antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflamatory.
{"title":"BIOCHEMICAL PROFILE OF Calotropis procera FLOWERS","authors":"M. Ferdosi, Iqra Khan, A. Javaid, A. Munir","doi":"10.28941/pjwsr.v27i3.982","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28941/pjwsr.v27i3.982","url":null,"abstract":"Calotropis procera is a medicinal weed of family Asclepiadaceae. This study was carried out to explore the biochemical profile of C. procera flowers collected from Southern Punjab region of Pakistan. Methanolic flower extract of C. procera was subjected to GC-MS analysis. There were 30 compounds identified in this extract. The predominant compound was γ-sitosterol with 15.39% peak area. Other abundantly occurring compounds included stigmasterol (9.22%), 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-, methyl ester (9.01%), campesterol (8.63%), α-amyrin acetate (8.25%), β-amyrin (8.09%), hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (7.91%), 11-octadecenoic acid, methyl ester (6.15%), and 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol (5.66%). Moderately abundant compounds included nonacos-1-ene (2.83%), methyl stearate (1.57%), pentacosane (1.44%), phytol (1.33%), heptacos-1-ene (1.20%), heneicosane (1.19%), and 1-hexacosene (1.09%). The remaining less abundant compounds were present with peak areas less than 1%. Literature survey showed that the major compounds identified in the flower extract of C. procera possess various bioactivities including antidiabetic, anticancer, antihyperglycemic, antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflamatory.","PeriodicalId":17469,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF WEED SCIENCE RESEARCH","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81581175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-30DOI: 10.28941/pjwsr.v27i2.903
B. Khan
ABSTRACT Chemical weed control method caused environmental hazards and residual effects in crops and soil. Alternate approach to control weeds is getting attentions in sustainable production system. Use of aqueous extracts of weed is getting scientific attention as eco-friendly alternative to chemical herbicides especially under scenario of fast increasing herbicide resistance in weeds. To investigate the herbicidal potential of aqueous extract of winter weed of Sonchus oleraceus L. (Sow thistle) on summer weed Oryza punctate L. (red rice) seed emergence and initial seedling growth, a study was planned. In this study, seeds of O. punctate were incubated in seven concentrations (0, 0.25, 0.50, 1, 2, 4, and 8%) of different parts i.e. leaves, stem, flower of S. oleraceus. All the tested concentrations of various plant parts of S. oleraceus significantly inhibited the mean emergence time, emergence index, emergence percentage (%), time taken to 50% emergence as well as growth of O. punctata weed. However, maximum mean emergence time (5.26 days), minimum germination index (1.69), germination percentage (40%), root length (2.04 cm), shoot length (5.71 cm), fresh weight (59 g), dry weight (4.06 g) was noted at 8% concentration with fruit aqueous extract of S. oleraceus. Seed of O. punctata take maximum time to complete 50% emergence (3.33 days) under control where we applied distilled water. Results suggested fruit extract of S. oleraceus at 8% concentration can be used potential bio-herbicide for the control of O. punctate. Key words: Chemical, eco-friendly, herbicidal potential, fruit extract
化学除草方法对作物和土壤造成环境危害和残留效应。在可持续生产系统中，杂草的交替防治日益受到重视。杂草水提物作为一种生态友好型的化学除草剂替代品，特别是在杂草抗除草剂能力快速增强的情况下，越来越受到科学的关注。为研究冬杂草Sonchus oleraceus L. (Sow蓟)水提液对夏杂草Oryza punctate L. (red rice)种子出苗及幼苗初生生长的除草效果，拟进行一项研究。本实验以花、叶、茎、花为不同部位，分别以0、0.25、0.50、1、2、4、8%的浓度孵育斑点石斛种子。各部位浓度均显著抑制了毛茛的平均羽化时间、羽化指数、羽化率、羽化至50%所需时间以及毛茛的生长。结果表明，在8%浓度下，水杨花平均出芽时间最长(5.26 d)，发芽指数最小(1.69)，发芽率最高(40%)，根长2.04 cm，芽长5.71 cm，鲜重59 g，干重4.06 g。在使用蒸馏水控制的情况下，点状叶螟种子萌发50%(3.33天)的时间最长。结果表明，山楂果实提取物浓度为8%时，可作为潜在的生物除草剂防治点叶螟。关键词:化学;生态友好;除草潜力
{"title":"A, The Evaluating Allelopathic potential of aqueous extracts of Sow thistle (Sonchus oleraceus L.) on emergence and seedling growth of Red rice (Oryza punctata)","authors":"B. Khan","doi":"10.28941/pjwsr.v27i2.903","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28941/pjwsr.v27i2.903","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Chemical weed control method caused environmental hazards and residual effects in crops and soil. Alternate approach to control weeds is getting attentions in sustainable production system. Use of aqueous extracts of weed is getting scientific attention as eco-friendly alternative to chemical herbicides especially under scenario of fast increasing herbicide resistance in weeds. To investigate the herbicidal potential of aqueous extract of winter weed of Sonchus oleraceus L. (Sow thistle) on summer weed Oryza punctate L. (red rice) seed emergence and initial seedling growth, a study was planned. In this study, seeds of O. punctate were incubated in seven concentrations (0, 0.25, 0.50, 1, 2, 4, and 8%) of different parts i.e. leaves, stem, flower of S. oleraceus. All the tested concentrations of various plant parts of S. oleraceus significantly inhibited the mean emergence time, emergence index, emergence percentage (%), time taken to 50% emergence as well as growth of O. punctata weed. However, maximum mean emergence time (5.26 days), minimum germination index (1.69), germination percentage (40%), root length (2.04 cm), shoot length (5.71 cm), fresh weight (59 g), dry weight (4.06 g) was noted at 8% concentration with fruit aqueous extract of S. oleraceus. Seed of O. punctata take maximum time to complete 50% emergence (3.33 days) under control where we applied distilled water. Results suggested fruit extract of S. oleraceus at 8% concentration can be used potential bio-herbicide for the control of O. punctate. Key words: Chemical, eco-friendly, herbicidal potential, fruit extract","PeriodicalId":17469,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF WEED SCIENCE RESEARCH","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83180264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-30DOI: 10.28941/pjwsr.v27i2.951
B. Khan, M. Nadeem, S. Afzal, R. Maqbool, Aneela Nijabat, M. Ikram
Weeds are unwanted plants in crop that can be control by different methods among them use of aqueous extract of crop is an imperative method. To investigate the allopathic potential of aqueous extract of winter crop Papavare somniferum (opium) on summer weed Echinochloa cruss-galli (barnyard grass) laboratory experiments were conducted. The experiment coomprised seven concentrations (0, 0.25, 0.50, 1, 2, 4, and 8%) of different plant parts i.e., leaves, stem and flower of P. somniferumwere. All the tested concentrations and plant parts of P. somniferum significantly reduced mean emergence time, germination index, germination percentage, time to 50% germination as well as well growth of E. cruss-galliweed. However, maximum mean emergence time (9.07 days), time to 50% germination (3.67 days) was noted at leaves and stem extract, respectively. Application of aqueous extract of stem at 8% concentration resulted in greatest time to complete 50% germination (5.42 days) and lowest fresh weight (6.28 g), dry weight (1.00 g) and root length (0.33 cm) of E. cruss-galli. Whereas leaf extract at 8% concentration produces less shoot length (1.13 cm) and more emergence time (9.18 days). Lowest emergence percentage (6.67%) and germination index (0.89) were produced by aqueous extract of fruit at 8% concentration. On the basis of this experiment, it can be concluded that higher concentration (8%) of stem extract of P. somniferumwas used to biologically control the infestation of E. cruss-galli weed.
{"title":"A, The Allelopathic effects of Papavare somniferum on germination and initial seedling growth of Echinochloa cruss-galli","authors":"B. Khan, M. Nadeem, S. Afzal, R. Maqbool, Aneela Nijabat, M. Ikram","doi":"10.28941/pjwsr.v27i2.951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28941/pjwsr.v27i2.951","url":null,"abstract":"Weeds are unwanted plants in crop that can be control by different methods among them use of aqueous extract of crop is an imperative method. To investigate the allopathic potential of aqueous extract of winter crop Papavare somniferum (opium) on summer weed Echinochloa cruss-galli (barnyard grass) laboratory experiments were conducted. The experiment coomprised seven concentrations (0, 0.25, 0.50, 1, 2, 4, and 8%) of different plant parts i.e., leaves, stem and flower of P. somniferumwere. All the tested concentrations and plant parts of P. somniferum significantly reduced mean emergence time, germination index, germination percentage, time to 50% germination as well as well growth of E. cruss-galliweed. However, maximum mean emergence time (9.07 days), time to 50% germination (3.67 days) was noted at leaves and stem extract, respectively. Application of aqueous extract of stem at 8% concentration resulted in greatest time to complete 50% germination (5.42 days) and lowest fresh weight (6.28 g), dry weight (1.00 g) and root length (0.33 cm) of E. cruss-galli. Whereas leaf extract at 8% concentration produces less shoot length (1.13 cm) and more emergence time (9.18 days). Lowest emergence percentage (6.67%) and germination index (0.89) were produced by aqueous extract of fruit at 8% concentration. On the basis of this experiment, it can be concluded that higher concentration (8%) of stem extract of P. somniferumwas used to biologically control the infestation of E. cruss-galli weed.","PeriodicalId":17469,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF WEED SCIENCE RESEARCH","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74994337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-30DOI: 10.28941/pjwsr.v27i2.954
M. Ferdosi, A. Javaid, Iqra Khan, Muhammad F. A. Ferdosi, A. Munir
In order to find out various bioactive compounds in flowers of Ageratum conyzoides, a weed of the family Asteraceae, the dried powdered flowers were extracted in analytical grade methanol and the extract was examined by GC-MS. In total, eight constituents were identified. The predominant compound in the extract was precocene II (59.50%). Three moderately abundant compounds included ethanone, 1-(7-hydroxy-5-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-2H-1-benzopyran-6-yl)- (9.77%), precocene I (8.61%) and caryophyllene (7.60%). Three compounds namely (E)-β-famesene (4.23%), β-cubebene (4.19%) and 1-nonadecene (4.07%) were categorized as less abundant. The eighth compounds phytol was the least abundant one with peak are of 1.99%. The literature survey showed that most of the identified compounds possessed various biological properties such as aphid repellant, antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial and/or anti-inflammatory.
{"title":"BIOACTIVE COMPONENTS IN METHANOLIC FLOWER EXTRACT OF Ageratum conyzoides","authors":"M. Ferdosi, A. Javaid, Iqra Khan, Muhammad F. A. Ferdosi, A. Munir","doi":"10.28941/pjwsr.v27i2.954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28941/pjwsr.v27i2.954","url":null,"abstract":"In order to find out various bioactive compounds in flowers of Ageratum conyzoides, a weed of the family Asteraceae, the dried powdered flowers were extracted in analytical grade methanol and the extract was examined by GC-MS. In total, eight constituents were identified. The predominant compound in the extract was precocene II (59.50%). Three moderately abundant compounds included ethanone, 1-(7-hydroxy-5-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-2H-1-benzopyran-6-yl)- (9.77%), precocene I (8.61%) and caryophyllene (7.60%). Three compounds namely (E)-β-famesene (4.23%), β-cubebene (4.19%) and 1-nonadecene (4.07%) were categorized as less abundant. The eighth compounds phytol was the least abundant one with peak are of 1.99%. The literature survey showed that most of the identified compounds possessed various biological properties such as aphid repellant, antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial and/or anti-inflammatory.","PeriodicalId":17469,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF WEED SCIENCE RESEARCH","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86249463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-30DOI: 10.28941/pjwsr.v27i2.876
I. Hussain
A biological phenomenon by which one plant releases some chemicals in the environment that affect the rate of germination, its seedling emergence and physiology and overall growth of neighboring plants is called allelopathy. The significance of study was checked allelopathic phytochemical potential of Daraikh (Melia Azedarach L.) leaves on Wheat. Leaves litter were used to examine the allelopathic effects of Daraikh (Melia Azedarach) at five concentrations (100, 200, 300, 400 g, control) parameters studied germination percentage (%), Speed of germination, plant height (cm), root length (cm), Shoot length (cm), coleoptile length (cm), Fresh weight (g) and dry weight (g), Tiller (plant-1) and chlorophyll content (µ cm-2) of Triticum aestivum. All concentration of Leaves litter of Melia Azedarach showed pronounced inhibitory effect on all parameters of Triticum aestivum. Melia Azedarach exerted phytotoxic influence on Triticum aestivum at initial growth stages. Melia Azedarach exhibited a significant negative impact on germination of Triticum aestivum at 100, 200, 300, 400 g litter of leaves than control (Sterilized soil) repectively. Melia Azedarach halted the coleoptile length of Triticum aestivum @ 400 g leaves litter. Powdered leaves of Melia Azedarach in clay loam soil appeared to have strong allelopathic inhibition under maximum concentrations on growth and germination of Triticum aestivum. Hence, Melia Azedarach proved a strong allelopathic plant that should be planted aside from field to avoid harmful impacts during early growth stages of Triticum aestivum.
{"title":"Inhibitory impact of Daraikh (Melia Azedarach) leaves litter on wheat (Triticum aestivum) seedling","authors":"I. Hussain","doi":"10.28941/pjwsr.v27i2.876","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28941/pjwsr.v27i2.876","url":null,"abstract":"A biological phenomenon by which one plant releases some chemicals in the environment that affect the rate of germination, its seedling emergence and physiology and overall growth of neighboring plants is called allelopathy. The significance of study was checked allelopathic phytochemical potential of Daraikh (Melia Azedarach L.) leaves on Wheat. Leaves litter were used to examine the allelopathic effects of Daraikh (Melia Azedarach) at five concentrations (100, 200, 300, 400 g, control) parameters studied germination percentage (%), Speed of germination, plant height (cm), root length (cm), Shoot length (cm), coleoptile length (cm), Fresh weight (g) and dry weight (g), Tiller (plant-1) and chlorophyll content (µ cm-2) of Triticum aestivum. All concentration of Leaves litter of Melia Azedarach showed pronounced inhibitory effect on all parameters of Triticum aestivum. Melia Azedarach exerted phytotoxic influence on Triticum aestivum at initial growth stages. Melia Azedarach exhibited a significant negative impact on germination of Triticum aestivum at 100, 200, 300, 400 g litter of leaves than control (Sterilized soil) repectively. Melia Azedarach halted the coleoptile length of Triticum aestivum @ 400 g leaves litter. Powdered leaves of Melia Azedarach in clay loam soil appeared to have strong allelopathic inhibition under maximum concentrations on growth and germination of Triticum aestivum. Hence, Melia Azedarach proved a strong allelopathic plant that should be planted aside from field to avoid harmful impacts during early growth stages of Triticum aestivum.","PeriodicalId":17469,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF WEED SCIENCE RESEARCH","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87730485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-30DOI: 10.28941/pjwsr.v27i2.936
M. Arif
Frequent utilization of herbicides has caused ecological and health complications for human beings as well as for animals. Moreover, its unwise application also developed resistance in some weed species against the herbicides. Therefore, a field investigation was planned to assess the effect of multi-approached weed suppression in wheat at Reclamation Research Station, 7/3-L Ahmad Pur Sial District Jhang during Rabi 2019-20. Experimental treatment was comprised of two wheat cultivars i.e. Ujala 2016 and Faisalabad 2008 and seven weeds control approaches i.e. hand weeding, organic mulching, eucalyptus extract, neem extract, clodinafop, bromoxynil + MCPA and clodinafop + bromoxynil + MCPA including control. Results of the experiment showed that hand weedings, combined application of clodinafop + bromoxynil + MCPA and mulching significantly reduced the weeds density, fresh and dry weight of weeds. However, covering the soil surface with the organic mulch may have a great impact on the growth and yield-contributing attributes, hence produced maximum grain yield.
除草剂的频繁使用给人类和动物带来了生态和健康问题。此外，不明智的使用也使一些杂草对除草剂产生了抗性。因此，计划在2019- 2020年拉比期间，在7/3-L Ahmad Pur Sial区Jhang垦殖研究站对小麦进行实地调查，评估多种方法的杂草抑制效果。试验处理包括两个小麦品种(Ujala 2016和Faisalabad 2008)和7种杂草控制方法，即手动除草、有机覆盖、桉树提取物、楝树提取物、氯地那福、溴硝唑+ MCPA和氯地那福+溴硝唑+ MCPA包括控制。试验结果表明，手除草、氯地那福+溴硝腈+ MCPA配施和覆盖显著降低了杂草密度、鲜重和干重。然而，在土壤表面覆盖有机地膜对作物的生长和产量属性影响较大，因此产量最大。
{"title":"Exploring different weeds management practices in wheat","authors":"M. Arif","doi":"10.28941/pjwsr.v27i2.936","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28941/pjwsr.v27i2.936","url":null,"abstract":"Frequent utilization of herbicides has caused ecological and health complications for human beings as well as for animals. Moreover, its unwise application also developed resistance in some weed species against the herbicides. Therefore, a field investigation was planned to assess the effect of multi-approached weed suppression in wheat at Reclamation Research Station, 7/3-L Ahmad Pur Sial District Jhang during Rabi 2019-20. Experimental treatment was comprised of two wheat cultivars i.e. Ujala 2016 and Faisalabad 2008 and seven weeds control approaches i.e. hand weeding, organic mulching, eucalyptus extract, neem extract, clodinafop, bromoxynil + MCPA and clodinafop + bromoxynil + MCPA including control. Results of the experiment showed that hand weedings, combined application of clodinafop + bromoxynil + MCPA and mulching significantly reduced the weeds density, fresh and dry weight of weeds. However, covering the soil surface with the organic mulch may have a great impact on the growth and yield-contributing attributes, hence produced maximum grain yield.","PeriodicalId":17469,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF WEED SCIENCE RESEARCH","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85660752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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