Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.28941/pjwsr.v27i4.957
W. Khan, Muhammad Idrees, A. Iqbal, H. Khan, K. S. Ahmad, N. Umar, G. Yasmeen
Four season’s data of floristic structure and biological spectrum of Toormang Valley, Dir lower was explored during 2018-2019. The flora comprised 238 species, 164 genera associated with 60 families. The most prevailing family was Asteraceae with 42 species (17.64%), trailed by Rosaceae 16 (6.72%), Brassicaceae 13(5.46%), Solanaceae 11 (4.62%), Papilionaceae 10 (4.20%), Apiaceae, and Poaceae each with 9(3.78%), Lamiaceae 8 (3.36%), Boraginaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Moraceae each contributed by 7 species (2.94%), Amaranthaceae and Cucurbitaceae each consisted of 6 species (2.52%), Caryophyllaceae and Chenopodiaceae each with 5(2.10%) while rest of 23 families contributed by 01 species each (0.42%). The largest genera were Euphorbia (6 species), followed by Sonchus and Medicago (4 species) each. Therophytes were the dominant with 102 species (42.85%), followed by nanophanerophytes with 27 (11.34%), hemicryptophytes with 25 (10.50%), chamaephytes with 20(8.40%), microphanerophytes with 18(7.56%), megaphanerophytes with 16(6.72%), geophytes with 15 (6.30%), mesophanerophytes with 14 (5.88%) and parasite with 1 species (0.42%). The observations on leaf size revealed that microphyll was the prevailing class with 73 species (30.67%), followed by mesophyll 69(28.99%), nanophyll 60 (25.21%), leptophyll 23(9.66%), macrophyll 8(3.36%), megaphylly 4(1.1.68%) and aphyllous with 1 species (0.42%). Simple lamina species 154 while 5 species have spiny lamina shape.
{"title":"Phytoclimatic spectrum of Weeds flora of Toormang Valley, Dir Lower, Koh-E-Hindukush Range, Pakistan","authors":"W. Khan, Muhammad Idrees, A. Iqbal, H. Khan, K. S. Ahmad, N. Umar, G. Yasmeen","doi":"10.28941/pjwsr.v27i4.957","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28941/pjwsr.v27i4.957","url":null,"abstract":"Four season’s data of floristic structure and biological spectrum of Toormang Valley, Dir lower was explored during 2018-2019. The flora comprised 238 species, 164 genera associated with 60 families. The most prevailing family was Asteraceae with 42 species (17.64%), trailed by Rosaceae 16 (6.72%), Brassicaceae 13(5.46%), Solanaceae 11 (4.62%), Papilionaceae 10 (4.20%), Apiaceae, and Poaceae each with 9(3.78%), Lamiaceae 8 (3.36%), Boraginaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Moraceae each contributed by 7 species (2.94%), Amaranthaceae and Cucurbitaceae each consisted of 6 species (2.52%), Caryophyllaceae and Chenopodiaceae each with 5(2.10%) while rest of 23 families contributed by 01 species each (0.42%). The largest genera were Euphorbia (6 species), followed by Sonchus and Medicago (4 species) each. Therophytes were the dominant with 102 species (42.85%), followed by nanophanerophytes with 27 (11.34%), hemicryptophytes with 25 (10.50%), chamaephytes with 20(8.40%), microphanerophytes with 18(7.56%), megaphanerophytes with 16(6.72%), geophytes with 15 (6.30%), mesophanerophytes with 14 (5.88%) and parasite with 1 species (0.42%). The observations on leaf size revealed that microphyll was the prevailing class with 73 species (30.67%), followed by mesophyll 69(28.99%), nanophyll 60 (25.21%), leptophyll 23(9.66%), macrophyll 8(3.36%), megaphylly 4(1.1.68%) and aphyllous with 1 species (0.42%). Simple lamina species 154 while 5 species have spiny lamina shape.","PeriodicalId":17469,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF WEED SCIENCE RESEARCH","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87912943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.28941/pjwsr.v27i4.935
M. Rafiq, Hina Ilyas, Anser Ali, Z. H. Tarar, Umar-Khetaab Hanif, H. Javed, Tehreem Tahir
Tyrosinase is a key enzyme in melanogenesis and its high activity leads to increasedpigmentations causing skin disorder like freckles, melanosoma and black spot. Therefore to search for new tyrosinase inhibitors is desirable. In present study, methanolic (MeOH) extracts from leaves, fruit peel and pulp of Citrus bergamia (CB) and, leaves and fruitof Ficus carica (FC) were prepared which were further process for fractional ethyl alcohol (EA), n-hexane (n-Hx) and chloroform (CHCl3)extractions (total 20 extracts) aiming to test their anti-tyrosinase potential, in-vitro. Our results confirmed that all MeOH FC and CB extracts showed significant anti-oxidant activity with IC50 range of 461.9 ± 16.1µg/ml to 2324.4 ± 116.1 µg/ml. Moreover, CB and FC all 20 extracts have significant anti-tyrosinase activity with IC50 range of 13.9 ± 0.5 µg/ml to 320.5 ± 3.3 µg/ml. Interestingly, CB MeOH-EA peel and leaf extracts showed tyrosinase inhibition (IC50) 13.9 ± 0.5 µg/ml and 17.2 ± 0.8 µg/ml, respectively) is better than all other tested extracts and positive control kojic acid (IC50=18.75±5.29µg/ml). Thus, CB MeOH-EA peel extract with lowest IC50 value among all the tested extracts and kojic acid is proposed as potent candidate to control tyrosinase rooted hyperpigmentation.
{"title":"ANTI-TYROSINASE AND ANTI-OXIDANT POTENTIAL OF METHANOLIC EXTRACTS OF SELECTED CITRUS BERGAMIA AND FICUS CARICA PARTS","authors":"M. Rafiq, Hina Ilyas, Anser Ali, Z. H. Tarar, Umar-Khetaab Hanif, H. Javed, Tehreem Tahir","doi":"10.28941/pjwsr.v27i4.935","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28941/pjwsr.v27i4.935","url":null,"abstract":"Tyrosinase is a key enzyme in melanogenesis and its high activity leads to increasedpigmentations causing skin disorder like freckles, melanosoma and black spot. Therefore to search for new tyrosinase inhibitors is desirable. In present study, methanolic (MeOH) extracts from leaves, fruit peel and pulp of Citrus bergamia (CB) and, leaves and fruitof Ficus carica (FC) were prepared which were further process for fractional ethyl alcohol (EA), n-hexane (n-Hx) and chloroform (CHCl3)extractions (total 20 extracts) aiming to test their anti-tyrosinase potential, in-vitro. Our results confirmed that all MeOH FC and CB extracts showed significant anti-oxidant activity with IC50 range of 461.9 ± 16.1µg/ml to 2324.4 ± 116.1 µg/ml. Moreover, CB and FC all 20 extracts have significant anti-tyrosinase activity with IC50 range of 13.9 ± 0.5 µg/ml to 320.5 ± 3.3 µg/ml. Interestingly, CB MeOH-EA peel and leaf extracts showed tyrosinase inhibition (IC50) 13.9 ± 0.5 µg/ml and 17.2 ± 0.8 µg/ml, respectively) is better than all other tested extracts and positive control kojic acid (IC50=18.75±5.29µg/ml). Thus, CB MeOH-EA peel extract with lowest IC50 value among all the tested extracts and kojic acid is proposed as potent candidate to control tyrosinase rooted hyperpigmentation.","PeriodicalId":17469,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF WEED SCIENCE RESEARCH","volume":"72 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84764647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.28941/pjwsr.v27i4.1009
Tariq Ahmed Keerio, M. N. Kandhro, A. Shah, M. I. Keerio, G. M. Jamro
A field study was carried out to estimate the allelopathic potential of sorghum immature and mature plant extracts under various seed rates on weeds density and yield of maize cultivar Dadu Maize-I. The experiment contained of different weed control practices i.e., control (No weeding), various levels of sorghum immature and mature plant extracts, herbicides and hand weeding under various seed rates (20, 25, 30 & 35 kg per ha). The analysis of variance showed that various weed control practices demonstrated substantial decrease in weeds and caused increase in kernel yield over control. The application of sorghum immature extract @ 15 L per ha in combination with herbicide (Mesotrione Atrazine) @ 1.0 L per ha decreased effectively weed density (m-2) and dry biomass (g m-2) and resultantly produced superior growth and yield traits particularly kernel yield (t per ha) of maize. Sorghum mature plant extract @ 15 L per ha in integration with herbicide (Mesotrione Atrazine) @ 1.0 L per ha ranked 2nd in effectiveness of controlling weeds as well as increasing maize kernel yield (t per ha). As much as effect of seed rates is concerned, the least weed density (m-2) and greatest kernel yield (t per ha) were noticed in seed rate 35 kg per ha but optimal kernel yield (t per ha) was record in seed rate 30 kg per ha. Hence, the results suggested that combination of plant extracts and herbicide at reduced doses controlled weeds efficiently and optimum enhancement in kernel yield of maize was noticed at seed rate 30 kg per ha.
通过田间试验，研究了不同种子率下高粱未成熟和成熟植株提取物对玉米品种大都玉米一号杂草密度和产量的化感作用。该试验包括不同的杂草控制措施，即控制(不除草)、不同水平的高粱未成熟和成熟植物提取物、除草剂和在不同种子率(每公顷20、25、30和35公斤)下的手工除草。方差分析表明，不同杂草防治措施均能显著减少杂草，使籽粒产量较对照有所提高。高粱未成熟提取物(每公顷15 L)与除草剂(美索三酮阿特拉津)(每公顷1.0 L)联合施用，可有效降低杂草密度(m-2)和干生物量(g -2)，从而产生优异的生长和产量性状，特别是玉米籽粒产量(t /公顷)。高粱成熟植物提取物(15 L /公顷)与除草剂(美索三酮阿特拉津)(1.0 L /公顷)结合使用，在控制杂草和提高玉米籽粒产量(t /公顷)方面排名第二。结果表明，种子率为35 kg / ha时，杂草密度(m-2)最小，粒产量(t / ha)最高，而种子率为30 kg / ha时，粒产量(t / ha)最高。综上所述，在播种量为30 kg / hm2时，植物提取物与除草剂联合施用能有效控制杂草生长，并能最大限度地提高玉米籽粒产量。
{"title":"Allelopathic Allelopathic impact of sorghum on weed management, yield and quality of maize under different seed rates","authors":"Tariq Ahmed Keerio, M. N. Kandhro, A. Shah, M. I. Keerio, G. M. Jamro","doi":"10.28941/pjwsr.v27i4.1009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28941/pjwsr.v27i4.1009","url":null,"abstract":"A field study was carried out to estimate the allelopathic potential of sorghum immature and mature plant extracts under various seed rates on weeds density and yield of maize cultivar Dadu Maize-I. The experiment contained of different weed control practices i.e., control (No weeding), various levels of sorghum immature and mature plant extracts, herbicides and hand weeding under various seed rates (20, 25, 30 & 35 kg per ha). The analysis of variance showed that various weed control practices demonstrated substantial decrease in weeds and caused increase in kernel yield over control. The application of sorghum immature extract @ 15 L per ha in combination with herbicide (Mesotrione Atrazine) @ 1.0 L per ha decreased effectively weed density (m-2) and dry biomass (g m-2) and resultantly produced superior growth and yield traits particularly kernel yield (t per ha) of maize. Sorghum mature plant extract @ 15 L per ha in integration with herbicide (Mesotrione Atrazine) @ 1.0 L per ha ranked 2nd in effectiveness of controlling weeds as well as increasing maize kernel yield (t per ha). As much as effect of seed rates is concerned, the least weed density (m-2) and greatest kernel yield (t per ha) were noticed in seed rate 35 kg per ha but optimal kernel yield (t per ha) was record in seed rate 30 kg per ha. Hence, the results suggested that combination of plant extracts and herbicide at reduced doses controlled weeds efficiently and optimum enhancement in kernel yield of maize was noticed at seed rate 30 kg per ha.","PeriodicalId":17469,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF WEED SCIENCE RESEARCH","volume":"80 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83473523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.28941/pjwsr.v27i4.956
H. Khan
The hydrophytes in canal effect directly canal performance by reducing water velocity, enhances sedimentation and reduce canal cross section area which raise water level and reduces water flow. Indirectly the hydrophytes detaches from their origin and flow with water stuck with outlet and reduces its proportionality. In this regard a study was conducted on secondary canal known as Yar Husain Minor (YHM) of Maira Branch Canal, which is part of the Upper Swat Canal Irrigation System in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Maira Branch Canal and its secondary canal were designed for Crop Based Irrigation Operation (CBIO), which could supply irrigation water for maximum copping intensity (180%) even during peak periods of irrigation requirements. The current water allowance was 0.67 Ls-1 ha-1 (6.6 mm day-1), which was based on the maximum crop water requirements. The several challenges for operation of YHM and other secondary canals of Maira Branch came from physical barrier mostly in the form of hydrophytes on the performance of YHM canal. Further challenges came from the fact that it receives water from River Swat which is turbid in summer and River Indus (Tarbela Reservoir) which is clear with low turbidity. This caused sedimentation and growth of hydrophytes in the YHM. Furthermore Triangular Profile Crump’s weirs were in all secondary canals including YHM for proportional division to the tertiary outlets (moghas). The study objectives were to investigate the effects of hydrophytes on canal capacity and at the outlets on the performance of the YHM. Hydrophytes growth was observed in head reaches of canal and samples were collected and were identified at the Department of Weed Science & Botany, The University of Agriculture Peshawar. Five types of aquatic weeds were identified. The hydrophytes growth in canal head reaches directly reduces the cross section by more than 50%. Indirectly the detached hydrophytes were get stuck in the outlets and affected its performance. Therefore, daily discharges were measured with/without detached hydrophytes at each outlet from staff gauging. Frequency was based on days stone hydrophytes present divided by total time. It was concluded that secondary canal performance was low due to hydrophytes. The hydrophytes and users interventions influenced the outlets performance by 80%. Trifurcators type outlets were more prone to influence by hydrophytes followed by bifurcators outlet.
渠内水生植物通过降低水流速度、增强泥沙淤积、减小渠横截面积等直接影响渠内性能，从而提高水位，减少水流。间接地，水生植物从它们的原点分离，并与被出口粘住的水一起流动，减少了其比例。在这方面，对迈拉支流运河的次要运河进行了一项研究，该运河是巴基斯坦开伯尔-普赫图赫瓦上斯瓦特运河灌溉系统的一部分。迈拉支渠及其次渠设计用于作物灌溉作业(CBIO)，即使在灌溉需求高峰期，也能提供最大灌溉强度(180%)的灌溉用水。目前的水量允许量为0.67 Ls-1 ha-1 (6.6 mm day-1)，这是基于作物的最大需水量。迈拉支河YHM及其他次级水渠的运行面临诸多挑战，主要来自物理障碍，主要表现为水生植物对YHM水渠性能的影响。进一步的挑战来自这样一个事实，即它从夏季浑浊的斯瓦特河和清澈的低浑浊的印度河(Tarbela水库)接收水。这导致了YHM中水生植物的沉积和生长。此外，三角剖面克朗普的堰位于包括YHM在内的所有二级运河，与三级出口(moghas)成比例划分。研究的目的是调查水生植物对运河容量的影响，以及在出口对YHM性能的影响。在白沙瓦农业大学杂草科学与植物学系收集并鉴定了水系植物在运河上游的生长情况。鉴定出5种水生杂草。水生植物的生长直接使管头断面减少50%以上。间接地使离体水生植物卡在出口，影响其性能。因此，每天的排放量是由工作人员测量的，每个出口有/没有分离的水生植物。频率是基于存在的石质水生植物天数除以总时间。结果表明，由于水生植物的存在，次生管道性能较低。水生植物和用户干预对出口业绩的影响达80%。三叉型出口最容易受到水生植物的影响，其次是分岔型出口。
{"title":"The EFFECT OF HYDROPHYTES ON THE PERFORMANCE OF SECONDARY CANAL","authors":"H. Khan","doi":"10.28941/pjwsr.v27i4.956","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28941/pjwsr.v27i4.956","url":null,"abstract":"The hydrophytes in canal effect directly canal performance by reducing water velocity, enhances sedimentation and reduce canal cross section area which raise water level and reduces water flow. Indirectly the hydrophytes detaches from their origin and flow with water stuck with outlet and reduces its proportionality. In this regard a study was conducted on secondary canal known as Yar Husain Minor (YHM) of Maira Branch Canal, which is part of the Upper Swat Canal Irrigation System in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Maira Branch Canal and its secondary canal were designed for Crop Based Irrigation Operation (CBIO), which could supply irrigation water for maximum copping intensity (180%) even during peak periods of irrigation requirements. The current water allowance was 0.67 Ls-1 ha-1 (6.6 mm day-1), which was based on the maximum crop water requirements. The several challenges for operation of YHM and other secondary canals of Maira Branch came from physical barrier mostly in the form of hydrophytes on the performance of YHM canal. Further challenges came from the fact that it receives water from River Swat which is turbid in summer and River Indus (Tarbela Reservoir) which is clear with low turbidity. This caused sedimentation and growth of hydrophytes in the YHM. Furthermore Triangular Profile Crump’s weirs were in all secondary canals including YHM for proportional division to the tertiary outlets (moghas). The study objectives were to investigate the effects of hydrophytes on canal capacity and at the outlets on the performance of the YHM. Hydrophytes growth was observed in head reaches of canal and samples were collected and were identified at the Department of Weed Science & Botany, The University of Agriculture Peshawar. Five types of aquatic weeds were identified. The hydrophytes growth in canal head reaches directly reduces the cross section by more than 50%. Indirectly the detached hydrophytes were get stuck in the outlets and affected its performance. Therefore, daily discharges were measured with/without detached hydrophytes at each outlet from staff gauging. Frequency was based on days stone hydrophytes present divided by total time. It was concluded that secondary canal performance was low due to hydrophytes. The hydrophytes and users interventions influenced the outlets performance by 80%. Trifurcators type outlets were more prone to influence by hydrophytes followed by bifurcators outlet. ","PeriodicalId":17469,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF WEED SCIENCE RESEARCH","volume":"136 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84033594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.28941/pjwsr.v27i4.975
B. Khan, R. Maqbool, Sumbal Parvez, M. Nadeem
Crop plants release biochemicals into surrounding environment that help in obtaining maximum yield of crop by acting bioherbicide at high concentration and plant growth hormone at low concentration. Therefore, this study was planned at Department of Agronomy in Weed Science Laboratory, University of Agriculture Faisalabad during Winter 2018 to evaluate the hermetic effects of Cinnamomum verum (Dalchini) on vegetable crop Radish (Raphanus sativus) and determination and quantification Phenolic compound present in aqueous extract of bark of C. verum. The experiments were laid out under completely randomized design (CRD) having three replications. The aqueous extracts of C. verum was used on radish seeds at different concentrations (2.5%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 40% and 80%). Data regarding seed germination and seedling growth (shoot length, root length, shoot fresh weight, root dry weigh) of radish were recorded following standard procedures. Results of our study revealed that at higher concentration act as bioherbicide and produced inhibitory effects on R. sativus while at low concentration it shows hermetic effect and promoted the seedling growth. aqueous extract showed concentration. Among different Phenolic compound (Syringic acid, p-crumeic, Ferulic acid, Quercetion and Gallic acid) determine in aqueous extract of barck of C. verum Maximum Quercetion (12.3 %) and minimum Syringic acid (0.60 %) was found. Therefore, it was concluded from this study that aqueous extract of C. verum can be used as bioherbicides at higher concentration to control weed while at low concentration as plant growth regulator.
作物向周围环境释放生物化学物质，高浓度作用生物除草剂，低浓度作用植物生长激素，有助于作物获得最大产量。因此，本研究计划于2018年冬季在费萨拉巴德农业大学杂草科学实验室农学系进行，以评估verum verum (Dalchini)对蔬菜作物萝卜(Raphanus sativus)的密封作用，并测定和定量verum树皮水提物中酚类化合物的含量。试验采用完全随机设计(CRD)，设3个重复。以不同浓度(2.5%、5%、10%、20%、40%和80%)的羊角草水提液作用于萝卜种子。按照标准程序记录萝卜种子萌发和幼苗生长数据(茎长、根长、茎鲜重、根干重)。研究结果表明，高浓度时具有生物除草剂的作用，对红萝卜有抑制作用;低浓度时具有封闭作用，促进红萝卜幼苗生长。水提物显示浓度。在不同酚类化合物(丁香酸、对戊酸、阿魏酸、槲皮素和没食子酸)的测定中，槲皮素的含量最高(12.3%)，丁香酸的含量最低(0.60%)。综上所述，本研究认为，在高浓度时可作为生物除草剂防治杂草，在低浓度时可作为植物生长调节剂。
{"title":"A, The ALLELOPATHIC EFFECT OF CINNAMOMUM VERUM ON EMERGENCE AND SEEDLING GROWTH OF RADISH (Raphanus sativus)","authors":"B. Khan, R. Maqbool, Sumbal Parvez, M. Nadeem","doi":"10.28941/pjwsr.v27i4.975","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28941/pjwsr.v27i4.975","url":null,"abstract":"Crop plants release biochemicals into surrounding environment that help in obtaining maximum yield of crop by acting bioherbicide at high concentration and plant growth hormone at low concentration. Therefore, this study was planned at Department of Agronomy in Weed Science Laboratory, University of Agriculture Faisalabad during Winter 2018 to evaluate the hermetic effects of Cinnamomum verum (Dalchini) on vegetable crop Radish (Raphanus sativus) and determination and quantification Phenolic compound present in aqueous extract of bark of C. verum. The experiments were laid out under completely randomized design (CRD) having three replications. The aqueous extracts of C. verum was used on radish seeds at different concentrations (2.5%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 40% and 80%). Data regarding seed germination and seedling growth (shoot length, root length, shoot fresh weight, root dry weigh) of radish were recorded following standard procedures. Results of our study revealed that at higher concentration act as bioherbicide and produced inhibitory effects on R. sativus while at low concentration it shows hermetic effect and promoted the seedling growth. aqueous extract showed concentration. Among different Phenolic compound (Syringic acid, p-crumeic, Ferulic acid, Quercetion and Gallic acid) determine in aqueous extract of barck of C. verum Maximum Quercetion (12.3 %) and minimum Syringic acid (0.60 %) was found. Therefore, it was concluded from this study that aqueous extract of C. verum can be used as bioherbicides at higher concentration to control weed while at low concentration as plant growth regulator.","PeriodicalId":17469,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF WEED SCIENCE RESEARCH","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82496269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.28941/pjwsr.v27i4.1008
K. Jabeen, Z. Naeem, S. Iqbal, M. Saeed
Ochratoxigenic fungal species are a major cause of various infections in plants and posed a serious threat to their consumers,including humans and animals. In the current study the objective was to examine the in vitro efficacy of different concentrations of leaves methanolic extract of S. helepense L. (Pers.) against target pathogenic ochratoxin producing fungal species (Trichoderma viride Pers., Trichoderma harzianum Rifai. and Cladosporium cladosporioides (Fresen.) G.A. de Vries).For this purpose, different concentrations viz. 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% of leaf methanolic extract were prepared and tested for antifungal potential in a completely randomized design (CRD). Results revealed that all the applied concentrations of S. helepense inhibited the growth of all the tested fungal strain. Maximum growth inhibition was observed in 2% of concentration of methanolic extract of S. helepense in case of C. cladosporoides i.e. 84%. On the other hand minimum reduction was observed in 4% of concentration of methanolic extract of S. helepense against T. viride as compared to control. The phytochemical analysis was also conducted to evaluate that which chemical entities were present that account for antifungal potency of methanolic extract of S. helepense. Results of phytochemical analysis revealed the occurrence of saponins, alkaloids, coumarins, flavonoids and tannins while the plant is devoid of terpenoids, phlobatanins and glycosides respectively. Hence it can be concluded that the methanolic leaf extract of the tested plant proved to be beneficial for inhibiting the growth of test ochratoxigenic fungi.
{"title":"PHYTOCHMICAL ANALYSIS AND ANTIFUNGAL POTENTIAL OF SORGHUM HELEPENSE L. FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF OCHRATOXIGENIC FUNGI","authors":"K. Jabeen, Z. Naeem, S. Iqbal, M. Saeed","doi":"10.28941/pjwsr.v27i4.1008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28941/pjwsr.v27i4.1008","url":null,"abstract":"Ochratoxigenic fungal species are a major cause of various infections in plants and posed a serious threat to their consumers,including humans and animals. In the current study the objective was to examine the in vitro efficacy of different concentrations of leaves methanolic extract of S. helepense L. (Pers.) against target pathogenic ochratoxin producing fungal species (Trichoderma viride Pers., Trichoderma harzianum Rifai. and Cladosporium cladosporioides (Fresen.) G.A. de Vries).For this purpose, different concentrations viz. 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% of leaf methanolic extract were prepared and tested for antifungal potential in a completely randomized design (CRD). Results revealed that all the applied concentrations of S. helepense inhibited the growth of all the tested fungal strain. Maximum growth inhibition was observed in 2% of concentration of methanolic extract of S. helepense in case of C. cladosporoides i.e. 84%. On the other hand minimum reduction was observed in 4% of concentration of methanolic extract of S. helepense against T. viride as compared to control. The phytochemical analysis was also conducted to evaluate that which chemical entities were present that account for antifungal potency of methanolic extract of S. helepense. Results of phytochemical analysis revealed the occurrence of saponins, alkaloids, coumarins, flavonoids and tannins while the plant is devoid of terpenoids, phlobatanins and glycosides respectively. Hence it can be concluded that the methanolic leaf extract of the tested plant proved to be beneficial for inhibiting the growth of test ochratoxigenic fungi.","PeriodicalId":17469,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF WEED SCIENCE RESEARCH","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90646130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.28941/pjwsr.v27i4.985
Imran Khan, M. Iqbal, M. M. Hashim, M. Jilani, M. S. Baloch, M. S. Khan, A. Latif, Atiq Ahmad, M. Rashid, M. Munir, A. Khakwani, M. A. Nadim
Weed infestation is a major problem and matter of concern as it reduces yield as well as quality of many crops including sugar beet. Manual weeding is very tedious, costly, time consuming and most probably non-availability of trained and skillful labor is another issue. Keeping in view these facts, an experiment was performed to evaluate the efficacy of dual gold on the weed biomass (gm-2) and on the growth and yield components of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) cv. California-KWS during 2013-14 and 2014-15. The study was performed using RCBD having five treatments and three replications. The treatments included different application times (pre-emergence application and application after 15, 30 and 45 days after emergence) of dual gold (s-Metolachlor) and a control (weedy check). Data were recorded on fresh and dry weed biomasses (g m-2), number of leaves plant-1, leaf area plant-1 (cm2), leaf and root weights plant-1 (g), sucrose%, TSS%, root and sugar yields (t ha-1). The results showed significant variation among the treatments for all parameters during both years of study. Among the treatments the dual gold (s-Metolachlor) applied as pre-emergence reduced weed fresh and dry biomasses (g m-2) and also enhanced number of leaves plant-1, leaf area (cm2), leaf and root weight plant-1, sucrose%, TSS%, root and sugar yields (t ha-1) during both years. Hence it is concluded that dual gold (s-Metolachlor) applied as pre-emergence is best for eradicating weeds at early stages of growth and hence improving yield and quality of sugar beet under Dera Ismail Khan Conditions.
{"title":"The EFFICACY OF DUAL GOLD (S-METOLACHLOR) ON WEED BIOMASS (g m-2) AND ON THE GROWTH AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF SUGAR BEET (BETA VULGARIS L.) CV. CALIFORNIA-KWS","authors":"Imran Khan, M. Iqbal, M. M. Hashim, M. Jilani, M. S. Baloch, M. S. Khan, A. Latif, Atiq Ahmad, M. Rashid, M. Munir, A. Khakwani, M. A. Nadim","doi":"10.28941/pjwsr.v27i4.985","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28941/pjwsr.v27i4.985","url":null,"abstract":"Weed infestation is a major problem and matter of concern as it reduces yield as well as quality of many crops including sugar beet. Manual weeding is very tedious, costly, time consuming and most probably non-availability of trained and skillful labor is another issue. Keeping in view these facts, an experiment was performed to evaluate the efficacy of dual gold on the weed biomass (gm-2) and on the growth and yield components of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) cv. California-KWS during 2013-14 and 2014-15. The study was performed using RCBD having five treatments and three replications. The treatments included different application times (pre-emergence application and application after 15, 30 and 45 days after emergence) of dual gold (s-Metolachlor) and a control (weedy check). Data were recorded on fresh and dry weed biomasses (g m-2), number of leaves plant-1, leaf area plant-1 (cm2), leaf and root weights plant-1 (g), sucrose%, TSS%, root and sugar yields (t ha-1). The results showed significant variation among the treatments for all parameters during both years of study. Among the treatments the dual gold (s-Metolachlor) applied as pre-emergence reduced weed fresh and dry biomasses (g m-2) and also enhanced number of leaves plant-1, leaf area (cm2), leaf and root weight plant-1, sucrose%, TSS%, root and sugar yields (t ha-1) during both years. Hence it is concluded that dual gold (s-Metolachlor) applied as pre-emergence is best for eradicating weeds at early stages of growth and hence improving yield and quality of sugar beet under Dera Ismail Khan Conditions.","PeriodicalId":17469,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF WEED SCIENCE RESEARCH","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78349960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.28941/pjwsr.v27i4.1015
Sumaira Abdul Raouf, Dr Nadia Jabeen
Vigna mungo L. (black gram) is a summer pulse crop endemic to Central Asia. It is one of Pakistan's top five premium food beans and a highly cost-effective crop. Allelochemicals in Trianthema portulacastrum leaf extract effect and inhibit black gram germination rate, seedling length, fresh and dry biomass of seedling from low to high concentrations. The research revealed that in vitro leaf extract of black pigweed decrease the mash bean leaf germination percentage (34% to 6%), seedling length (10cm to 3cm), fresh biomass of seedling (2.4g to 0.94g), dry biomass (1.2g to 0.47g). Biological tool Pseudomonas (PF- 097) act as bioherbicide and as plant growth promoter agent (PGPR) to decrease the Trianthema portulacastrum allelopathic stress and to enhance the growth of black gram. The Pseudomonas (PF-097) PGPR addition in vitro experiment increased mash bean leaf germination (8-42%), seedling length (12-54%), and fresh biomass of seedling (8-17%) and dry biomass of seedling (0.47g-1.2g). In vivo experimental study revealed that whole plant material of black pigweed significantly suppress the shoot length (46cm to 18cm), shoot fresh biomass (2.6g to 0.66g) and shoot dry biomass (1.31g to 0.33g) and Pseudomonas (PF-097) PGPR incorporation in vivo experminet significantly increased the shoot length (4% to 12%), shoot fresh biomass (18% to 35%), shoot dry biomass (17% to 35%). Physiological activity of Catalase and peroxidase considerably increased in negative treatments amended with only T. portulacastrum and decreased in positive treatments by using biological agent Pseudomonas spp (PF- 097). By the amendment of Pseudomonas (PF- 097) protein content of mash bean seedling was significantly increased in positive treatments as compared to negative treatments.
{"title":"The BIOHERBICIDAL ACTIVITY OF Pseudomonas SPP (PF-097) To SUPRESS THE ALLELOPATHIC STRESS OF Trianthema portulacastrum LEAF EXTRACT ON Vigna mungo","authors":"Sumaira Abdul Raouf, Dr Nadia Jabeen","doi":"10.28941/pjwsr.v27i4.1015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28941/pjwsr.v27i4.1015","url":null,"abstract":"Vigna mungo L. (black gram) is a summer pulse crop endemic to Central Asia. It is one of Pakistan's top five premium food beans and a highly cost-effective crop. Allelochemicals in Trianthema portulacastrum leaf extract effect and inhibit black gram germination rate, seedling length, fresh and dry biomass of seedling from low to high concentrations. The research revealed that in vitro leaf extract of black pigweed decrease the mash bean leaf germination percentage (34% to 6%), seedling length (10cm to 3cm), fresh biomass of seedling (2.4g to 0.94g), dry biomass (1.2g to 0.47g). Biological tool Pseudomonas (PF- 097) act as bioherbicide and as plant growth promoter agent (PGPR) to decrease the Trianthema portulacastrum allelopathic stress and to enhance the growth of black gram. The Pseudomonas (PF-097) PGPR addition in vitro experiment increased mash bean leaf germination (8-42%), seedling length (12-54%), and fresh biomass of seedling (8-17%) and dry biomass of seedling (0.47g-1.2g). In vivo experimental study revealed that whole plant material of black pigweed significantly suppress the shoot length (46cm to 18cm), shoot fresh biomass (2.6g to 0.66g) and shoot dry biomass (1.31g to 0.33g) and Pseudomonas (PF-097) PGPR incorporation in vivo experminet significantly increased the shoot length (4% to 12%), shoot fresh biomass (18% to 35%), shoot dry biomass (17% to 35%). Physiological activity of Catalase and peroxidase considerably increased in negative treatments amended with only T. portulacastrum and decreased in positive treatments by using biological agent Pseudomonas spp (PF- 097). By the amendment of Pseudomonas (PF- 097) protein content of mash bean seedling was significantly increased in positive treatments as compared to negative treatments.","PeriodicalId":17469,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF WEED SCIENCE RESEARCH","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83044912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.28941/pjwsr.v27i4.1014
A. Javaid, Malik F. H. Ferdosi, Iqra Khan, A. Shoaib, Hafiz M. Saeed, Muhammad Abrar Ul Hassan
Vinca major L. is an evergreen perennial weed of family Apocynaceae, growing naturally in hilly areas of Hazara region of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Flowers of this weed were collected from Khanspur, Ayubia during June 2021, shade dried and extracted in pure methanol for two weeks. After filtration, the extract was analyzed by GC-MS for identification of possible bioactive compounds. α-Amyrin was the major compounds (32.49%) followed by lup-20(29)-en-3-ol, acetate, (3β)- (25.72%). Moderately abundant compounds included γ-sitosterol (8.78%), β-amyrone (7.25%), cyclohexane, 1,3,5-triphenyl- (7.01%), olean-12-en-3-ol, acetate, (3β)- (5.68%), and n-hexadecanoic acid (3.18%). Some of the identified compounds have various important biological properties including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, antimalarial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antitumor etc.
{"title":"BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF FLOWERS OF Vinca major, A MEDICINAL WEED PLANT OF HILLY AREAS OF PAKISTAN","authors":"A. Javaid, Malik F. H. Ferdosi, Iqra Khan, A. Shoaib, Hafiz M. Saeed, Muhammad Abrar Ul Hassan","doi":"10.28941/pjwsr.v27i4.1014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28941/pjwsr.v27i4.1014","url":null,"abstract":"Vinca major L. is an evergreen perennial weed of family Apocynaceae, growing naturally in hilly areas of Hazara region of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Flowers of this weed were collected from Khanspur, Ayubia during June 2021, shade dried and extracted in pure methanol for two weeks. After filtration, the extract was analyzed by GC-MS for identification of possible bioactive compounds. α-Amyrin was the major compounds (32.49%) followed by lup-20(29)-en-3-ol, acetate, (3β)- (25.72%). Moderately abundant compounds included γ-sitosterol (8.78%), β-amyrone (7.25%), cyclohexane, 1,3,5-triphenyl- (7.01%), olean-12-en-3-ol, acetate, (3β)- (5.68%), and n-hexadecanoic acid (3.18%). Some of the identified compounds have various important biological properties including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, antimalarial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antitumor etc.","PeriodicalId":17469,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF WEED SCIENCE RESEARCH","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73490826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-30DOI: 10.28941/pjwsr.v27i3.906
Shabir Ahmad, F. Khan, Z. Muhammad, K. Khan, Muhammad Jamil Khan, Asif Kamal
The present study was carried out to determine the floristic composition and ecological characterization of the flora of tehsil Sarai Naurang. The floristic diversity of the plant consists of 143 species belonging to 47 different families having 42 dicots and 05 monocots. Poaceae were comprised as the dominant families containing 18 species followed by Brassicaceae, Fabaceae, Asteraceae and Solanaceae. Therophytes were dominant class having 89 species (62.23%) followed by Microphanerophytes 19 species (13.28%), Hemicryptophytes 13 species (9.09%),Chamaephytes 8 species (5.59%), Geophytes 7 species (4.89%), Nanophanerophytes 6 species (4.19%) and Megaphanerophytes have 1 species (0.69%). Leaf size of most plant species was reduced indicating an adaptation to arid climatic conditions. The leaf size showed that Nanophylls size were the dominant followed by Microphyll (40 species (27.97%), Leptophyll (34 species (23.77%), mesophyll (15 species (10.48%), megaphyll (2 species( 1.39%) and macrophyll 1 species (0.69%).
{"title":"FLORISITIC COMPOSITION AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FLORA OF TEHSIL SARI NAURANG, DISTRICT LAKKI MARWAT PAKISTAN","authors":"Shabir Ahmad, F. Khan, Z. Muhammad, K. Khan, Muhammad Jamil Khan, Asif Kamal","doi":"10.28941/pjwsr.v27i3.906","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28941/pjwsr.v27i3.906","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was carried out to determine the floristic composition and ecological characterization of the flora of tehsil Sarai Naurang. The floristic diversity of the plant consists of 143 species belonging to 47 different families having 42 dicots and 05 monocots. Poaceae were comprised as the dominant families containing 18 species followed by Brassicaceae, Fabaceae, Asteraceae and Solanaceae. Therophytes were dominant class having 89 species (62.23%) followed by Microphanerophytes 19 species (13.28%), Hemicryptophytes 13 species (9.09%),Chamaephytes 8 species (5.59%), Geophytes 7 species (4.89%), Nanophanerophytes 6 species (4.19%) and Megaphanerophytes have 1 species (0.69%). Leaf size of most plant species was reduced indicating an adaptation to arid climatic conditions. The leaf size showed that Nanophylls size were the dominant followed by Microphyll (40 species (27.97%), Leptophyll (34 species (23.77%), mesophyll (15 species (10.48%), megaphyll (2 species( 1.39%) and macrophyll 1 species (0.69%).","PeriodicalId":17469,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF WEED SCIENCE RESEARCH","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73124661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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