Pub Date : 2022-02-02DOI: 10.1080/02773813.2022.2033779
N. Yusoff, S. S. Mohtar, T. N. Z. Tengku Malim Busu, A. Md Noor, N. Shaari, Hanapi Mat
Abstract In this study, cellulose was extracted from waste paper using alkaline and bleaching treatments. The flocculation performance of six quaternized cellulose (QC) samples (QC-1, QC-5, QC-10, QC-15, QC-20, and QC-30) was evaluated through kaolin suspension using the standard jar test method at varying flocculant dosages, kaolin concentrations, pH values, and settling times. The cellulose content of the waste paper and extracted celluloses were 68.6% and 78.1%, respectively. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy showed that the waste paper properties changed after chemical treatment, confirming that the extracted product was cellulose. The QC derivatives were homogeneously synthesized by reacting the extracted cellulose with 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethylammonium chloride (CHPTAC) in the aqueous medium of sodium hydroxide/urea. QC-15 exhibited a highly effective flocculation capability (99.67%) compared to alum (83.91%), with good performance in a wide pH range. The flocculation kinetics (kNo: 5.9 × 10−1 s-1) supported this finding. QC-15 removed 99.67% of turbidity compared to alum (83.9%). Besides, filtration of the conditioned sludge with QC-15 was relatively easy, with low specific resistance compared to the commercial alum. Overall, Q-15 was an effective and environmentally friendly flocculant with potential application for treating drinking water.
{"title":"Isolating and modifying cellulose from waste papers as flocculant for treating drinking water","authors":"N. Yusoff, S. S. Mohtar, T. N. Z. Tengku Malim Busu, A. Md Noor, N. Shaari, Hanapi Mat","doi":"10.1080/02773813.2022.2033779","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02773813.2022.2033779","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this study, cellulose was extracted from waste paper using alkaline and bleaching treatments. The flocculation performance of six quaternized cellulose (QC) samples (QC-1, QC-5, QC-10, QC-15, QC-20, and QC-30) was evaluated through kaolin suspension using the standard jar test method at varying flocculant dosages, kaolin concentrations, pH values, and settling times. The cellulose content of the waste paper and extracted celluloses were 68.6% and 78.1%, respectively. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy showed that the waste paper properties changed after chemical treatment, confirming that the extracted product was cellulose. The QC derivatives were homogeneously synthesized by reacting the extracted cellulose with 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethylammonium chloride (CHPTAC) in the aqueous medium of sodium hydroxide/urea. QC-15 exhibited a highly effective flocculation capability (99.67%) compared to alum (83.91%), with good performance in a wide pH range. The flocculation kinetics (kNo: 5.9 × 10−1 s-1) supported this finding. QC-15 removed 99.67% of turbidity compared to alum (83.9%). Besides, filtration of the conditioned sludge with QC-15 was relatively easy, with low specific resistance compared to the commercial alum. Overall, Q-15 was an effective and environmentally friendly flocculant with potential application for treating drinking water.","PeriodicalId":17493,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43070683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-01DOI: 10.1080/02773813.2022.2033781
Nazife Isik Haykir
Abstract In this study, mixtures of protic ionic liquids (PILs) and biomass derived solvents; gamma-valerolactone (GVL), levulinic acid (LA) and H2O at different weight percentages were used to pretreat poplar. GVL addition up to 60% enhanced delignification in biomass that is subjected to MEAHSO4-GVL-H2O; cellulose content of the biomass increased from 42% to 74% with 67% lignin removal. Aqueous solution of LA used for the first time to pretreat a biomass performed better than TEAHSO4-H2O. LA-H2O at 80%-20% resulted in 70% lignin extraction and preserved 89% of the cellulose in the structure which were also verified with SEM, FTIR and XRD analysis displaying clear cellulose macrofibers, lignin signals with lower intensities and higher biomass crystallinity, respectively. Accordingly, enzymatic conversion of LA pretreated poplar released 43 g/L glucose at 10% substrate loading. Findings showed the potentials of biomass derived solvents, GVL and LA and PILs and their aqueous mixtures to selectively deconstruct poplar.
{"title":"Evaluation of biomass-derived solvents and protic ionic liquids as lignin-selective pretreatment agents for poplar fractionation","authors":"Nazife Isik Haykir","doi":"10.1080/02773813.2022.2033781","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02773813.2022.2033781","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this study, mixtures of protic ionic liquids (PILs) and biomass derived solvents; gamma-valerolactone (GVL), levulinic acid (LA) and H2O at different weight percentages were used to pretreat poplar. GVL addition up to 60% enhanced delignification in biomass that is subjected to MEAHSO4-GVL-H2O; cellulose content of the biomass increased from 42% to 74% with 67% lignin removal. Aqueous solution of LA used for the first time to pretreat a biomass performed better than TEAHSO4-H2O. LA-H2O at 80%-20% resulted in 70% lignin extraction and preserved 89% of the cellulose in the structure which were also verified with SEM, FTIR and XRD analysis displaying clear cellulose macrofibers, lignin signals with lower intensities and higher biomass crystallinity, respectively. Accordingly, enzymatic conversion of LA pretreated poplar released 43 g/L glucose at 10% substrate loading. Findings showed the potentials of biomass derived solvents, GVL and LA and PILs and their aqueous mixtures to selectively deconstruct poplar.","PeriodicalId":17493,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42397300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-29DOI: 10.1080/02773813.2021.2015387
Lucía Penín, L. López-Hortas, Carlos Vila, V. Santos, J. Parajó
Abstract Eucalyptus regnans wood samples were treated with water under diverse conditions, in order to obtain soluble hemicellulose-derived products. The composition of the liquid phase from the treatment leading to the best results was characterized in depth using a combination of spectrophotometric, spectrometric and chromatographic methods; and the susceptibility of the treated solids to further fractionation by organosolv delignification was assessed in additional experiments. The chemical and physicochemical properties of the resulting lignin were determined, and the suitability of the delignified solids as substrates for the one-pot manufacture of ethyl levulinate was evaluated on a quantitative basis.
{"title":"Fractionation of Eucalyptus regnans wood: properties of the soluble products and reactivity of the treated solids","authors":"Lucía Penín, L. López-Hortas, Carlos Vila, V. Santos, J. Parajó","doi":"10.1080/02773813.2021.2015387","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02773813.2021.2015387","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Eucalyptus regnans wood samples were treated with water under diverse conditions, in order to obtain soluble hemicellulose-derived products. The composition of the liquid phase from the treatment leading to the best results was characterized in depth using a combination of spectrophotometric, spectrometric and chromatographic methods; and the susceptibility of the treated solids to further fractionation by organosolv delignification was assessed in additional experiments. The chemical and physicochemical properties of the resulting lignin were determined, and the suitability of the delignified solids as substrates for the one-pot manufacture of ethyl levulinate was evaluated on a quantitative basis.","PeriodicalId":17493,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44273959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-16DOI: 10.1080/02773813.2021.2015388
Fangfang Wang, Yan-Rong Zhang, Yang Su, Di Zhang, N. Xia, Yangyang Sun, Yu Liu
Abstract The preparation of value-added, chemically modified lignin-based copolymers for the use of technical lignin is crucial for green and sustainable development. Herein, we synthesized alkali-lignin-grafted polyacrylamide by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). As alkali lignin (AL) has the highest total hydroxyl group content, it was modified with 2-bromoisobutyryl bromide to synthesize a lignin macroinitiator (lignin-Br) at different ratios of [OH group in AL]:[TEA]:[BiBB] = 1:1:1, 1:1.5:1.5, and 1:2:2. Acrylamide was grafted from lignin-Br with the most Br-initiating sites via ATRP. The ratios of monomer to lignin-Br used were 50:1, 100:1, and 200:1, and the synthesized copolymers (L-g-PAM) were denoted as L-g-PAM50, L-g-PAM100, and L-g-PAM200, respectively. These copolymers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies. The FT-IR and 1H NMR results indicated that polyacrylamide was introduced into the lignin backbone of all L-g-PAM copolymers. Gel permeation chromatography of L-g-PAM showed that the M w of L-g-PAM200 was the highest at 427,383 g/mol. Photographs and scanning electron microscopy images of L-g-PAM showed that L-g-PAM appeared as a soft sponge and contained interwoven fibers. The maximum degradation temperature (T max) of L-g-PAM increased with increasing monomer-to-lignin-Br ratio. Moreover, the glass transition temperature (T g) of L-g-PAM was higher than that of AL. The alkali-lignin-grafted polyacrylamide, synthesized by ATRP, in our study has a narrow molecular weight distribution, and its soft sponge properties make it a hydrogel or another surfactant.
{"title":"Characterization of alkali-lignin-grafted polyacrylamide synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization","authors":"Fangfang Wang, Yan-Rong Zhang, Yang Su, Di Zhang, N. Xia, Yangyang Sun, Yu Liu","doi":"10.1080/02773813.2021.2015388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02773813.2021.2015388","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The preparation of value-added, chemically modified lignin-based copolymers for the use of technical lignin is crucial for green and sustainable development. Herein, we synthesized alkali-lignin-grafted polyacrylamide by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). As alkali lignin (AL) has the highest total hydroxyl group content, it was modified with 2-bromoisobutyryl bromide to synthesize a lignin macroinitiator (lignin-Br) at different ratios of [OH group in AL]:[TEA]:[BiBB] = 1:1:1, 1:1.5:1.5, and 1:2:2. Acrylamide was grafted from lignin-Br with the most Br-initiating sites via ATRP. The ratios of monomer to lignin-Br used were 50:1, 100:1, and 200:1, and the synthesized copolymers (L-g-PAM) were denoted as L-g-PAM50, L-g-PAM100, and L-g-PAM200, respectively. These copolymers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies. The FT-IR and 1H NMR results indicated that polyacrylamide was introduced into the lignin backbone of all L-g-PAM copolymers. Gel permeation chromatography of L-g-PAM showed that the M w of L-g-PAM200 was the highest at 427,383 g/mol. Photographs and scanning electron microscopy images of L-g-PAM showed that L-g-PAM appeared as a soft sponge and contained interwoven fibers. The maximum degradation temperature (T max) of L-g-PAM increased with increasing monomer-to-lignin-Br ratio. Moreover, the glass transition temperature (T g) of L-g-PAM was higher than that of AL. The alkali-lignin-grafted polyacrylamide, synthesized by ATRP, in our study has a narrow molecular weight distribution, and its soft sponge properties make it a hydrogel or another surfactant.","PeriodicalId":17493,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45289293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-29DOI: 10.1080/02773813.2021.2004166
Manami Satoh, Norihisa Kusumoto, N. Matsui, R. Makino, K. Hashida, D. Arai, Yoshiaki Iiduka, T. Ashitani
Abstract In this study, antitermitic and antifungal activities of enantiopure linalool and linalool oxide (furanoid) in L. umbellata var. membranacea were evaluated with their racemates. Results of chiral analysis showed that linalool oxide in leaves dominated by (R)-linalool and in twigs dominated by (S)-linalool were (2R,5R)-trans- and (2R,5S)-cis-linalool oxide and (2S,5S)-trans- and (2S,5R)-cis-linalool oxide, respectively. All rac-, (R)-, and (S)-linalool at highest concentration showed termiticidal and antifeedant activities against Reticulitermes speratus. Antitermitic activities of linalool oxides differed depending on their stereostructures, and (2R,5R)-trans-linalool oxide showed the strongest termiticidal activity. (S)-linalool showed significantly stronger antifungal activity than that of rac- and (R)-linalool against Penicillium citrinum and Chaetomium globosum. Racemate of trans- and cis-linalool oxide showed potent activity against P. citrinum, Rhizopus oryzae, and C. globosum; however, the activity decreased in isolated pure enantiomers. These results suggest that linalool and linalool oxide exhibit different antitermitic and antifungal properties.
{"title":"Antitermitic and antifungal properties of enantiopure linalool and furanoid linalool oxide confirmed in Lindera umbellata var. membranacea","authors":"Manami Satoh, Norihisa Kusumoto, N. Matsui, R. Makino, K. Hashida, D. Arai, Yoshiaki Iiduka, T. Ashitani","doi":"10.1080/02773813.2021.2004166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02773813.2021.2004166","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this study, antitermitic and antifungal activities of enantiopure linalool and linalool oxide (furanoid) in L. umbellata var. membranacea were evaluated with their racemates. Results of chiral analysis showed that linalool oxide in leaves dominated by (R)-linalool and in twigs dominated by (S)-linalool were (2R,5R)-trans- and (2R,5S)-cis-linalool oxide and (2S,5S)-trans- and (2S,5R)-cis-linalool oxide, respectively. All rac-, (R)-, and (S)-linalool at highest concentration showed termiticidal and antifeedant activities against Reticulitermes speratus. Antitermitic activities of linalool oxides differed depending on their stereostructures, and (2R,5R)-trans-linalool oxide showed the strongest termiticidal activity. (S)-linalool showed significantly stronger antifungal activity than that of rac- and (R)-linalool against Penicillium citrinum and Chaetomium globosum. Racemate of trans- and cis-linalool oxide showed potent activity against P. citrinum, Rhizopus oryzae, and C. globosum; however, the activity decreased in isolated pure enantiomers. These results suggest that linalool and linalool oxide exhibit different antitermitic and antifungal properties.","PeriodicalId":17493,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41933899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-22DOI: 10.1080/02773813.2021.1998127
Takashi Hosoya, K. Kawase, Yukimichi Hirano, Mizuki Ikeuchi, H. Miyafuji
Abstract Alkaline aerobic oxidation is a promising way to convert lignin to low molecular weight phenols, especially 4-hydroxybenzaldehydes. Our previous studies reported that oxidation of softwood lignin samples with a bulky cation, Bu4N+, facilitates selective production of vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde). This study presents vanillin production from native softwood lignin in Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) in NaOH aq. in the presence of cyclic polyethers, with our expectation that Na+-polyether complexes exhibit effects similar to those of Bu4N+. Oxidation of wood flour (10 mg) in 4.0 M NaOH aq. (2.0 mL) at 120 °C under air gave vanillin with 6.2 wt% lignin-based yield, which was raised to 15.2 wt% by the addition of 15-crown-5 (1,4,7,10,13-pentaoxacyclopentadecane). On the other hand, such effect was not observed with the addition of tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether, a non-cyclic analog of 15-crown-5. Mechanistic study with a lignin model compound revealed that stabilization of a vanillin precursor by the complex cation was a reason for the increased vanillin yield exhibited by the crown ether. This is similar to the influence of Bu4N+ reported previously, suggesting effective control of aerobic oxidation by large size cationic species.
碱性好氧氧化是将木质素转化为低分子量酚类，特别是4-羟基苯甲醛的一种很有前途的方法。我们之前的研究报道了软木木质素样品与大体积阳离子Bu4N+的氧化，促进了香兰素(4-羟基-3-甲氧基苯甲醛)的选择性生产。本研究研究了在NaOH水溶液中，在环聚醚存在的情况下，从日本杉木(Cryptomeria japonica)中的天然软木木质素中生产香兰素，我们期望Na+-聚醚配合物具有类似于Bu4N+的作用。木粉(10mg)在4.0 M NaOH aq (2.0 mL)中在120°C下在空气中氧化得到香兰素，木质素产率为6.2 wt%，通过添加15-冠-5(1,4,7,10,13-五氧环十五烷)将香兰素产率提高到15.2%。另一方面，添加了15-冠-5的非环类似物四乙二醇二甲醚，则没有观察到这种效果。木质素模型化合物的机理研究表明，配合物阳离子对香兰素前体的稳定作用是冠醚提高香兰素产率的原因之一。这与之前报道的Bu4N+的影响相似，表明大尺寸阳离子物种可以有效控制好氧氧化。
{"title":"Alkaline aerobic oxidation of native softwood lignin in the presence of Na+-cyclic polyether complexes","authors":"Takashi Hosoya, K. Kawase, Yukimichi Hirano, Mizuki Ikeuchi, H. Miyafuji","doi":"10.1080/02773813.2021.1998127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02773813.2021.1998127","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Alkaline aerobic oxidation is a promising way to convert lignin to low molecular weight phenols, especially 4-hydroxybenzaldehydes. Our previous studies reported that oxidation of softwood lignin samples with a bulky cation, Bu4N+, facilitates selective production of vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde). This study presents vanillin production from native softwood lignin in Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) in NaOH aq. in the presence of cyclic polyethers, with our expectation that Na+-polyether complexes exhibit effects similar to those of Bu4N+. Oxidation of wood flour (10 mg) in 4.0 M NaOH aq. (2.0 mL) at 120 °C under air gave vanillin with 6.2 wt% lignin-based yield, which was raised to 15.2 wt% by the addition of 15-crown-5 (1,4,7,10,13-pentaoxacyclopentadecane). On the other hand, such effect was not observed with the addition of tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether, a non-cyclic analog of 15-crown-5. Mechanistic study with a lignin model compound revealed that stabilization of a vanillin precursor by the complex cation was a reason for the increased vanillin yield exhibited by the crown ether. This is similar to the influence of Bu4N+ reported previously, suggesting effective control of aerobic oxidation by large size cationic species.","PeriodicalId":17493,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47955116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-20DOI: 10.1080/02773813.2021.2004165
Sandra Mazri, B. Benotmane, M. Hachémi, A. Pranovich, S. Willför, A. Smeds
Abstract The result of this study is the chemical characterization of sapwood (SW) and heartwood (HW) of Fraxinus angustifolia native to Algeria. Lipophilic and hydrophilic extractives were isolated by means of an accelerated solvent extractor (ASE) using hexane and the acetone/water mixture respectively. The acid hydrolysis and methanolysis methods were used to determine cellulose and hemicelluloses contents. The Tappi Standards T 222 and UM 250 allowed Klason and acid-soluble lignin quantification respectively. Alkaline hydrolysis of wood samples followed by HPLC analysis was performed to determine the acetyl groups. The method detailed in TAPPI T 211 (2002) for determining the ash content was used. It was found that the SW and HW of Fraxinus A. had almost similar amounts of the main components, averaging 40.00 wt% cellulose, 28.00 wt% hemicelluloses within 18.00 wt% of xylan, 22.00 wt% lignin, 3% extractives and 0.83 wt% ash. However, the HW contained more triglycerides (0.08 wt%) than the SW (0.02 wt%). On the other hand, mannitol was the most predominant hydrophilic extractive in SW (1.60 wt%) than in HW (1.02 wt%). These findings are useful for practitioners in the paper, biofuel, cosmetics, food, pharmaceutical and chemical industries for the assessment of Fraxinus A. wood chemical treatment parameters.
{"title":"Chemical characterization of sapwood and heartwood of Fraxinus angustifolia growing in Algeria","authors":"Sandra Mazri, B. Benotmane, M. Hachémi, A. Pranovich, S. Willför, A. Smeds","doi":"10.1080/02773813.2021.2004165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02773813.2021.2004165","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The result of this study is the chemical characterization of sapwood (SW) and heartwood (HW) of Fraxinus angustifolia native to Algeria. Lipophilic and hydrophilic extractives were isolated by means of an accelerated solvent extractor (ASE) using hexane and the acetone/water mixture respectively. The acid hydrolysis and methanolysis methods were used to determine cellulose and hemicelluloses contents. The Tappi Standards T 222 and UM 250 allowed Klason and acid-soluble lignin quantification respectively. Alkaline hydrolysis of wood samples followed by HPLC analysis was performed to determine the acetyl groups. The method detailed in TAPPI T 211 (2002) for determining the ash content was used. It was found that the SW and HW of Fraxinus A. had almost similar amounts of the main components, averaging 40.00 wt% cellulose, 28.00 wt% hemicelluloses within 18.00 wt% of xylan, 22.00 wt% lignin, 3% extractives and 0.83 wt% ash. However, the HW contained more triglycerides (0.08 wt%) than the SW (0.02 wt%). On the other hand, mannitol was the most predominant hydrophilic extractive in SW (1.60 wt%) than in HW (1.02 wt%). These findings are useful for practitioners in the paper, biofuel, cosmetics, food, pharmaceutical and chemical industries for the assessment of Fraxinus A. wood chemical treatment parameters.","PeriodicalId":17493,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43198204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-13DOI: 10.1080/02773813.2021.1998128
Jizhen Huang, S. E, Lianmeng Si, Jiaoyang Li, Zhijun Tian, Zhaoqing Lu
Abstract An insulation network was constructed by adding hydroxyapatite nanowires (HNs) to a hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) system. The HNs improve the mechanical and insulating properties of the composites. The results showed the formation of strong chemical interactions between the HEC and HNs. Moreover, 20% HNs addition maximized the electrical insulation and tensile strength of the HEC/HNs film to 12.7 kV/mm and 34.12 MPa, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a three-dimensional network of HNs at the perforated edge of the films, which prevented further decomposition of HEC by the current flow. The superior mechanical properties of the combined HEC and HNs were attributed to the self-assembling cambium structure. Graphical Abstract
{"title":"Composite films of hydroxyethyl cellulose and hydroxyapatite nanowires with high mechanical strength and electrical insulation property","authors":"Jizhen Huang, S. E, Lianmeng Si, Jiaoyang Li, Zhijun Tian, Zhaoqing Lu","doi":"10.1080/02773813.2021.1998128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02773813.2021.1998128","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract An insulation network was constructed by adding hydroxyapatite nanowires (HNs) to a hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) system. The HNs improve the mechanical and insulating properties of the composites. The results showed the formation of strong chemical interactions between the HEC and HNs. Moreover, 20% HNs addition maximized the electrical insulation and tensile strength of the HEC/HNs film to 12.7 kV/mm and 34.12 MPa, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a three-dimensional network of HNs at the perforated edge of the films, which prevented further decomposition of HEC by the current flow. The superior mechanical properties of the combined HEC and HNs were attributed to the self-assembling cambium structure. Graphical Abstract","PeriodicalId":17493,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43470336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-28DOI: 10.1080/02773813.2021.1994611
H. Du, Jinzhuan Wang, Bin Liu, Z. Liang, Zhipeng Liu, M. Zhang, Yue Zhao, Jiayan Luo
Abstract The precise identification of wood plays a vital role in protecting rare timber species. Among the various wood identification techniques, the fluorescence characteristics of Pterocarpus santalinus L.f. species have rarely been investigated. In this study, the types, number of fluorescent compounds, maximum excitation and emission wavelengths, and effects of solvent and pH were characterized by fluorescence photographs, fluorescence emission spectra and fluorescence contour spectra, respectively. The results indicate that the fluorescence of P. santalinus species is relatively strong, and the fluorescent substances extracted in different solvents exhibit different color photographs under irradiation. The spectrum is also affected by the polarity of the solvent and the pH of the solution. In addition, the method for extracting the fluorescent compounds in P. santalinus samples was optimized. Based on the reported results, a good correlation between the fluorescence characteristics and the wood species was obtained as a potentially new identification method for precious rosewoods at the species level.
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Pub Date : 2021-10-17DOI: 10.1080/02773813.2021.1990957
Justyna Kazmierczak-Razna, Dawid Kasprzak, M. Walkowiak, R. Pietrzak, P. Nowicki
Abstract Microwave and conventional heating have been combined to obtain highly microporous nitrogen-doped activated biocarbons. In order to generate nitrogen groups bonded in different ways into the carbonaceous matrix, the modification with urea was performed at two different stages of processing, i.e., precursor or char. Additionally, the effects of chemical and thermal (physical) activation on the physicochemical parameters and capacitance behavior of the biocarbons prepared were tested. All the materials under investigation were characterized by elementary analysis, surface area measurements as well as estimation of the number of surface functional groups. Depending on the variant of preparation, the final products were microporous nitrogen-doped activated biocarbons of well-developed surface area ranging from 314 to 1483 m2/g, showing acidic or intermediate acidic–basic character of the surface and different contents of nitrogen functional groups, varying from 0.8 to 8.6 wt.%. Finally, the electrode materials were manufactured using prepared biocarbons and tested as components of symmetric supercapacitors, containing organic electrolyte. The electrochemical performance of these materials was investigated in Swagelok® type cells by using CV, GCD and EIS techniques. The results obtained in this study showed that incorporation of nitrogen and chemical activation of sawdust can led to activated biocarbons with very good electrochemical parameters. Most promising materials have exhibited high specific capacitance values (ca. 50 − 100 F g−1), good rate capability, and excellent cycling stability (ca. 86–88% capacitance retention) after thousands of GCD cycles.
摘要微波和常规加热相结合，获得了高度微孔的氮掺杂活性生物炭。为了产生以不同方式结合到碳质基质中的氮基团，在两个不同的加工阶段（即前体或炭）进行尿素改性。此外，还测试了化学和热（物理）活化对所制备的生物炭的物理化学参数和电容行为的影响。通过元素分析、表面积测量以及表面官能团数量的估计，对所研究的所有材料进行了表征。根据制备的不同，最终产物是微孔氮掺杂的活性生物炭，其表面积在314-1483之间 m2/g，表面呈现酸性或中酸性-碱性，氮官能团含量不同，从0.8到8.6不等 最后，使用制备的生物碳制造电极材料，并将其作为含有有机电解质的对称超级电容器的部件进行测试。使用CV、GCD和EIS技术在世伟洛克®型电池中研究了这些材料的电化学性能。本研究的结果表明，氮的加入和木屑的化学活化可以产生具有良好电化学参数的活性生物炭。大多数有前途的材料都表现出较高的比电容值（约50 − 100 F g−1）、良好的倍率性能和优异的循环稳定性（约86–88%的电容保持率）。
{"title":"N-doped sawdust-based activated biocarbons prepared by microwave-assisted heat treatment as potential electrode materials for supercapacitors","authors":"Justyna Kazmierczak-Razna, Dawid Kasprzak, M. Walkowiak, R. Pietrzak, P. Nowicki","doi":"10.1080/02773813.2021.1990957","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02773813.2021.1990957","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Microwave and conventional heating have been combined to obtain highly microporous nitrogen-doped activated biocarbons. In order to generate nitrogen groups bonded in different ways into the carbonaceous matrix, the modification with urea was performed at two different stages of processing, i.e., precursor or char. Additionally, the effects of chemical and thermal (physical) activation on the physicochemical parameters and capacitance behavior of the biocarbons prepared were tested. All the materials under investigation were characterized by elementary analysis, surface area measurements as well as estimation of the number of surface functional groups. Depending on the variant of preparation, the final products were microporous nitrogen-doped activated biocarbons of well-developed surface area ranging from 314 to 1483 m2/g, showing acidic or intermediate acidic–basic character of the surface and different contents of nitrogen functional groups, varying from 0.8 to 8.6 wt.%. Finally, the electrode materials were manufactured using prepared biocarbons and tested as components of symmetric supercapacitors, containing organic electrolyte. The electrochemical performance of these materials was investigated in Swagelok® type cells by using CV, GCD and EIS techniques. The results obtained in this study showed that incorporation of nitrogen and chemical activation of sawdust can led to activated biocarbons with very good electrochemical parameters. Most promising materials have exhibited high specific capacitance values (ca. 50 − 100 F g−1), good rate capability, and excellent cycling stability (ca. 86–88% capacitance retention) after thousands of GCD cycles.","PeriodicalId":17493,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48688888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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