Journal of Veterinary Dentistry最新文献

This report presents 2 cases of renal osteodystrophy in young to middle-aged dogs, emphasizing the clinical presentation, diagnostic challenges, and therapeutic management. Both cases exhibited similar symptoms including oral abnormalities and renal dysfunction, with radiographic evidence revealing substantial bone resorption in the mandibles and maxillae. Histological analysis post-mortem confirmed advanced chronic kidney disease characterized by extensive fibrosis and glomerular abnormalities. The report underscores the critical importance of early detection of chronic kidney disease to mitigate the development of secondary hyperparathyroidism and subsequent renal osteodystrophy. These cases illustrate the complexities of diagnosing and managing renal osteodystrophy in dogs, highlighting the need for comprehensive diagnostic approaches combining clinical evaluation, radiographic imaging, and histopathological examination. Effective management strategies discussed include dietary modification, phosphate binding agents, and supportive care to alleviate clinical symptoms and slow progression of disease. The outcomes underscore the grave prognosis associated with advanced stages of chronic kidney disease and emphasize the significance of proactive screening and early intervention in mitigating renal osteodystrophy in canine patients.

The mandibular fourth premolar teeth (308, 408) and surrounding mandibular bone are subject to pathologies such as periodontal disease, periapical pathology, and mandibular fracture. As such, the locations of these teeth roots in relation to the mandibular canal and the ventral mandibular cortex are important considerations when developing a surgical treatment plan. This study analyzed the 308 and 408 teeth with cone beam computed tomography scans in 81 small breed dogs. There was no statistically significant variance found in distance to the mandibular canal or the mandibular ventral cortex between the individual mesial and distal roots of 308 and 408. The mesial roots of 308 and 408 tended to be lingual and within the mandibular canal, while the distal roots tended to be dorsal and buccal to the mandibular canal. There was a statistically significant variance regarding the mesial roots and distal roots in relation to the mandibular canal.

A 6-year-old Doberman cross-breed dog was presented at a primary veterinary care center in India with loss of appetite, irritability, and pain following a traffic accident. Upon examination there were unfavorable bilateral fractures of the body of the mandible, with ventral displacement of the symphysis due to pull from the geniohyoid and mylohyoid muscles. The fracture was reduced and fixed using circum-mandibular 18-gauge surgical orthopedic wire. Postoperatively, the dog was fed a soft and liquid diet for 3 weeks along with pain management and antibiotics. Despite there being semirigid fixation, prompt healing was observed. This article discusses the selection and use of mandibular fracture repair options and treatment for a bilateral mandibular fracture in a limited resource environment in a dog.

The gingival contour plaque index (GCPI) is a method for measuring gingival margin plaque in dogs. The scoring approach usually characterizes accumulation of dental plaque via a "clean" baseline attained by toothbrushing of conscious animals. However, toothbrushing is a rare pet owner-led practice. Instead, the introduction and/or use of dental interventions is far more likely when a dog's teeth are in a somewhat "dirty" state. In line with such an assumption, 2 studies were conducted to gauge the efficacy of a single feeding instance of several different dental chews following either 7 or 5 days of intentional plaque accumulation. Each singly fed dental intervention led to a statistically significant removal of plaque compared to the no chew control (P ≤ 0.007). This adapted approach to employing GCPI offers a new opportunity to assess the plaque removal efficacy of oral care products, a novel clinical measure of principal value and relevance to the oral health of dogs in the real world.

The age at which tooth apical closure in dogs occurs is important for planning endodontic surgery. Limited previous studies in this area have demonstrated apical closure between 7 and 10 months of age. This study aimed to determine the apical closure status for canine, maxillary fourth premolar, and mandibular first molar teeth based on retrospective computed tomography (CT) and dental radiography data. Seven hundred and eighty-eight teeth from 149 patients were assessed by 2 examiners as either open, inconclusive, or closed. Fifty percent of studied apices were found to be closed by 10 months, and 95% closed by 17 months. Mandibular first molar and maxillary fourth premolar teeth apices were determined to close earlier than canine teeth, with 95% closed by 7 months. Canine teeth apices were found to be closed between 7 and 18 months. In dogs over 25 kg, teeth with closed apices were measured in younger dogs and over a shorter age range (95% were closed between 7 and 13 months) than in dogs under 25 kg (95% were closed between 8 and 17 months). A higher percentage of maxillary canine teeth apices were open at a later date than mandibular canine teeth apices. The results show that while some teeth apices close during the previously reported age range of 7 to 10 months, significant variation exists (7 to 18 months). This should be considered when planning endodontic therapy in young patients.

Periostitis ossificans (PO) is a subtype of chronic osteomyelitis characterized by subperiosteal bone formation as a reaction to mild infection or irritation. In the veterinary medicine literature, it has been described in large breed dogs, aged 3 to 5 months, and was postulated to be caused by mild inflammation related to tooth eruption. This report describes 3 Belgian Malinois puppies from the same litter diagnosed with PO at 3 months of age. The puppies presented with non-painful distal mandibular swellings. Diagnostic procedures included intraoral dental radiographs, a computed tomography scan of the head, and bone biopsies submitted for histopathological examination. PO is typically a self-limiting condition and likely caused by inflammation due to tooth eruption. Therefore, treatment focuses on pain management and monitoring until the permanent teeth emerge. Long-term follow up until two and a half years of age showed a significant decrease to total resolution of the swelling, with minor bone changes evident on advanced imaging. Histopathologic findings are not pertinent for the diagnosis of PO and imaging shows pathognomonic features of the condition. Mandibular PO, craniomandibular osteopathy, and calvarial hyperostotic syndrome are all self-limiting proliferative bone diseases of the skull in juvenile dogs with an implied genetic component. The authors' findings support grouping them as a single disorder called "Idiopathic Canine Juvenile Cranial Hyperostosis" with predilection sites that vary between breeds.

Many authors recommend abrasive diets to prevent dental overgrowth in pet rabbits. Research, however, indicates that growth adapts to wear. Furthermore, growth in the absence of wear has only been qualitatively but not quantitatively determined. The present study therefore aimed to quantify the growth-wear relation in rabbit incisor teeth by inducing minimal to maximal wear and using the obtained data as well as previously published values. Twelve rabbits were fed a hay-only diet as a control or a gruel as a low-wear diet in a cross-over design for 21 days each. Thereafter, in all animals while on the hay-only diet, the left incisor pair was repetitively trimmed out of occlusion for a maximum of 54 days. Animals received ample gnawing materials except when gruel-fed. Tooth length, growth, and wear were documented throughout. The diet affected proxies (i.e., measurements) only in the maxillary incisors. Growth in response to dental trimming on the other hand was faster in the mandibular incisors. Data indicate a linear adaptation of growth to wear with slopes lower than 1 and a positive intercept in maxillary and mandibular incisors. Although this proposes basal growth and incomplete responsiveness to wear, measurement methods likely cause underestimation and overestimation of the slopes and intercepts, respectively. Importantly, wear always occurs, even when rabbits are fed liquid diets without gnawing opportunities. The present study confirms the adaptive character of growth to wear in rabbit incisors and questions the necessity of dietary abrasiveness to prevent incisor overgrowth.

Captive felids are prone to dental fractures, and the recommended treatment involves endodontics (root canal treatment), prosthodontics (coronal restoration), or tooth extraction. A single-unit dental prosthesis can restore the crown of a tooth whose structure has been partially or completely lost. Nine animals out of 35 captive wild felids kept under human care in 7 different Brazilian institutions were selected for the study. The animals selected included the little spotted cat (Leopardus tigrinus), ocelot (L. pardalis), margay cat (L. wiedii), pampas cat (L. colocolo), jaguarundi cat (Puma yagouaroundi), puma (P. concolor), jaguar (Panthera onca), lion (P. leo), and tiger (P. tigris). Nineteen canine prosthodontic crowns (18 full and one 3/4) were cemented using dual-cure resin cement and their feasibility was evaluated for 30 months. Fourteen (73%) remained fixed to the tooth and 5 (27%) were lost after the evaluation period. This study aimed to assess the longevity of prosthodontic crowns in the canine teeth of wild felids. Furthermore, it aimed to determine the functionality and longevity of teeth which had received prosthodontic crowns.

Oral and dental diseases are among the most common problems observed in small-breed dogs. The Yorkshire Terrier is one of the breeds that most often exhibits oral disease at an early stage, namely, periodontal disease as well as persistent deciduous teeth. The present study aims to describe and analyze primary dental-skeletal anomalies in Yorkshire Terrier dogs aged <2 years, observed in referral dentistry practices, between 2015 and 2024. Dogs with full-mouth dental radiographs and charting were included. Dental agenesis, malocclusions and crowding, persistent deciduous teeth, and shape anomalies were the most frequent findings. Agenesis was mostly encountered in mandibular third molars (90% of dogs, 53 of 183 missing teeth) and was significantly associated with the presence of fused roots in the second molars (P = .0006). Shape abnormalities included microdontia, dilaceration, and fused roots. The previously described bilateral carnassial tooth malformations were observed in 10% of individuals. Eruption anomalies were significantly associated with malocclusion (P = .008). Although these results were based on a convenience sample referred for dental consultation and cannot be extrapolated for the overall population, they show a tendency, which can be a reflection of the dogs' reduced size. Hypodontia and oligodontia in these breeds are possibly an advantage, which can decrease occurrence and severity of malocclusions.