Journal of Veterinary Dentistry最新文献

Equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis (EOTRH) is a widespread dental disease with an unknown aetiology, mainly affecting the incisors and canine teeth of senior horses. Being clinically asymptomatic in early stages but progressively destructive and painful in many cases highlights the need for improvements in early diagnosis of EOTRH. This study describes how clinical and radiological findings correlate with distinguishing EOTRH-specific symptoms from non-specific findings. Clinical and radiographic examinations of the rostral oral cavity were performed in 154 Icelandic horses. Each horse received a separate assessment of clinical and radiographic findings and was clinically and radiographically classified as either EOTRH Stage 0 (no findings), Stage 1 (suspicious), Stage 2 (mild), Stage 3 (moderate) or Stage 4 (severe). Analysis revealed statistically significant association between non-age-correlated bite angle, fistulae, gingival swelling, gingival recession as well as gingivitis and radiographic EOTRH diagnoses. Meanwhile, no statistical association was found between the occurrence of calculus or tooth mobility and EOTRH diagnosis. Understanding the interaction of the different symptoms enables further diagnostics (e.g., radiography) to be conducted at an early stage, and therefore EOTRH can be diagnosed and treated at its earliest possible stage.

This case describes a previously unreported complication of maxillary canine root canal therapy in a cat. A 5-year-old Russian Blue cat was presented with a complicated crown fracture (pulp exposure) of its left maxillary canine tooth (204). To salvage the tooth, root canal therapy was initiated but not completed due to hemorrhage within the canal. The procedure was staged. On recovery from the procedure, unilateral facial swelling and corneal ulceration were observed. This was consistent with retrograde passage of sodium hypochlorite through the nasolacrimal duct, inducing chemical injury to the cornea. The patient was treated with topical antibiotics, ophthalmic lubrication and systemic analgesia. After seven days of treatment, vast improvements to the eye were noted, with a full recovery confirmed at subsequent follow-up. Rather than complete stage two of the root canal therapy, the affected tooth was extracted; due to progression of pathology affecting the periapical bone. Clinicians should be aware of retrograde chemical irrigation as a potential complication when undertaking root canal therapy of maxillary canine teeth in cats. The close association between the maxillary canine tooth root and the nasolacrimal duct in cats needs to be taken into consideration and may require further evaluation prior to undertaking endodontic treatment. Advanced imaging should be considered. Immediate management of chemical corneal injuries should include copious flushing of the corneal surface, followed by swift referral for ophthalmic assessment.

Oral photography is one of the essential methods of maintaining dental records. The primary purpose of photography is to record an image. Images of the oral cavity should have sufficient detail for discerning the features of the hard and soft tissues; in addition, they should accurately reproduce the real colors as they appear in the mouth. Photographs are of value during the repeated monitoring of patients and while making comparisons among historical cohort studies. This article describes the equipment and techniques for obtaining high-quality images of the oral cavities of dogs and cats in a standardized way.

Many dental homecare products are marketed, several of which have been evaluated using a "clean tooth" protocol (the teeth are scaled at the start of the trial). The efficacy of dental products in dogs that have not had their teeth professionally cleaned ("dirty tooth model") has been studied far less often. Some dogs for which professional dental cleaning is indicated will not have their teeth cleaned because of anesthetic risk or for other reasons. In this study, 6 dental homecare products were evaluated against a negative control group; none of the dogs received professional dental cleaning at the start of the study. The home care protocols tested were: brushing every other day using a toothpaste, feeding a dental chew once daily (VF), adding a water additive in the water daily (AQ), brushing once a week + VF daily, brushing once a week + AQ daily, VF + AQ daily. Dental deposits (plaque and calculus) and periodontal health were assessed on awake dogs, before and after receiving the assigned homecare regimen for 8 weeks. Results were compared with an untreated control group. Dental deposits were reduced by regular mechanical action (brushing or VF daily). Periodontal health status was improved when AQ daily was combined with either brushing once a week or VF daily. Two scoring techniques useful for determining a recommendation from a veterinarian to commence home oral hygiene or recommend dental scaling as a necessary first step are described.

Congenital cleft of the secondary palate occurs when there is failure of one or both maxillary processes to fuse with the nasal septum during embryonic development. Palatal cleft severity can range from a simple focal fissure of the caudal soft palate to full-thickness defects of varied widths involving the entire soft and hard palate. A novel staged medially positioned single mucoperiosteal flap technique in 4 canine patients is reported. This flap technique is based on the major palatine and infraorbital arteries with strategic extractions of maxillary teeth and placement of allograft membrane in 3 of 4 cases for treatment of clefts wider than may be repaired effectively by traditional methods.

Tooth resorption (TR) is a common dental condition seen in domestic cats, with a reported prevalence of 29-37.5% in clinically healthy cats and 60.8-67% in cats presenting for dental problems. Radiological and medical records of 120 cats that underwent dental treatment at a private veterinary clinic in Israel between October 2015 and February 2023 were reviewed. Records in which full-mouth radiographs had been obtained were included in the study. Radiographs were screened for TR according to the AVDC classification. Teeth affected by TR were identified in 79/120 (66%) cats. The mean age of cats with TR and non-TR was 8.3 and 6.2 years, respectively. The median age of the TR and non-TR cat populations was 8 and 7 years, respectively. A correlation was found between the number of teeth affected per cat and the age in TR cats. Cats 10 years of age and older, had a TR prevalence of 83.3%. The teeth most commonly affected by TR (82.3%) were the mandibular fourth premolar teeth (308,408).

This case series describes the clinical, imaging, and histological features of 27 lesions diagnosed as a benign fibrous mass not previously described in veterinary literature. The authors propose the name gingival mucoperiosteal fibroma (GMPF) to describe these fibrous lesions found in dogs. Histologically, GMPF is characterized by a lack of odontogenic tissue and various degrees of ossification. GMPFs affect adult dogs with an average age of 95 months (range 24-156 months) and appear as expansile growths with superficial appearance matching the surrounding gingiva. The mandibular incisive region is the most commonly affected region (n = 13) and most cases have some level of bone proliferation radiographically (n = 14). Histological examination of the masses shows poorly cellular fibrous tissue with thick interwoven collagen fibers. Bony invasion by the mass was not noted, though histological proliferation of bone was seen in 17 lesions. Surgical resection was curative in all cases when performed, and no recurrence was seen at time of follow-up. Fibrous lesions of the oral cavity in dogs are poorly defined and categorized, though numerous lesions have been described in both human and veterinary literature.

There is a growing trend of artificial intelligence (AI) applications in veterinary medicine, with the potential to assist veterinarians in clinical decisions. A commercially available, AI-based software program (AISP) for detecting common radiographic dental pathologies in dogs and cats was assessed for agreement with two human evaluators. Furcation bone loss, periapical lucency, resorptive lesion, retained tooth root, attachment (alveolar bone) loss and tooth fracture were assessed. The AISP does not attempt to diagnose or provide treatment recommendations, nor has it been trained to identify other types of radiographic pathology. Inter-rater reliability for detecting pathologies was measured by absolute percent agreement and Gwet's agreement coefficient. There was good to excellent inter-rater reliability among all raters, suggesting the AISP performs similarly at detecting the specified pathologies compared to human evaluators. Sensitivity and specificity for the AISP were assessed using human evaluators as the reference standard. The results revealed a trend of low sensitivity and high specificity, suggesting the AISP may produce a high rate of false negatives and may not be a good tool for initial screening. However, the low rate of false positives produced by the AISP suggests it may be beneficial as a "second set of eyes" because if it detects the specific pathology, there is a high likelihood that the pathology is present. With an understanding of the AISP, as an aid and not a substitute for veterinarians, the technology may increase dental radiography utilization and diagnostic potential.