Pub Date : 2018-06-30DOI: 10.4090/JUEE.2018.V12N1.128146
Neilor Paes, A. Schmid
Energy consumption and its economic, social and environmental effects in cities is a relevant issue of growing concern that requires better tools for assessment and measurement. In this context, the aim of this article is to explore the concept of a city energy matrix, with focus on the transportation sector, to support political decision-making. Partial (only transportation-related) energy matrixes are presented for three cities: Bordeaux (France), Cincinnati (USA) and Curitiba (Brazil), using an energy accounting method. The study considered consolidated energy consumption data of the conurbation area around each city. This information allowed the elaboration of inferences made from matrixes, which involved urban population and economic indicators, as a strategy to understand the relationship between urban characteristics and energy consumption. Results obtained were compared to information available in the literature. National and local influences as city size, spatial structure, economic development and access to data in the final matrixes are reported. Relevant theoretic issues to be further explored are the adequacy of the political boundaries and the actual geographic distribution of energy consumption of trucks, trains and airplanes connecting the city to other regions.
{"title":"PARTIAL ENERGY MATRIXES ON URBAN SCALE FOR TRANSPORTATION: A CASE-STUDY OF METROPOLITAN AREAS OF BORDEAUX (FRANCE), CINCINNATI (USA) AND CURITIBA (BRAZIL)","authors":"Neilor Paes, A. Schmid","doi":"10.4090/JUEE.2018.V12N1.128146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4090/JUEE.2018.V12N1.128146","url":null,"abstract":"Energy consumption and its economic, social and environmental effects in cities is a relevant issue of growing concern that requires better tools for assessment and measurement. In this context, the aim of this article is to explore the concept of a city energy matrix, with focus on the transportation sector, to support political decision-making. Partial (only transportation-related) energy matrixes are presented for three cities: Bordeaux (France), Cincinnati (USA) and Curitiba (Brazil), using an energy accounting method. The study considered consolidated energy consumption data of the conurbation area around each city. This information allowed the elaboration of inferences made from matrixes, which involved urban population and economic indicators, as a strategy to understand the relationship between urban characteristics and energy consumption. Results obtained were compared to information available in the literature. National and local influences as city size, spatial structure, economic development and access to data in the final matrixes are reported. Relevant theoretic issues to be further explored are the adequacy of the political boundaries and the actual geographic distribution of energy consumption of trucks, trains and airplanes connecting the city to other regions.","PeriodicalId":17594,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban and Environmental Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42454363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-30DOI: 10.4090/JUEE.2018.V12N1.120127
M. Mancuso, Mariele Fioreze
Constructed wetlands are engineered systems designed and constructed to treat wastewater using natural functions of vegetation, soils and microbial assemblages. Seeking the optimization of these systems, numerical simulation models have been developed in order to obtain parameters for design, representation of treating conditions and prediction of future scenarios. This paper reviews the state of the art on the numerical models for simulating flow and biokinetic processes in subsurface flow constructed wetlands. In this review, it is highlighted the application and performance of five software applied to simulate saturated horizontal flow (CWM1-RETRASO and PHWAT), variably saturated vertical flow (FITOVERT and HYDRUS-CW2D) and variably saturated vertical or horizontal flow (HYDRUS-CWM1). For vertical flow, FITOVERT requires less data input, but HYDRUS-CW2D simulates transformation of phosphorus and ammonia adsorption. For horizontal flow, HYDRUS-CWM1 and CWM1-RETRASO have similar approach in terms of species and number of reactions, but HYDRUS-CWM1 simulates the effect of transpiration and the limitations of bacterial growth. To simulate phosphorus in horizontal flow, the only applicable software is PHWAT, besides be able to simulate of gas production. In Brazil, a few studies address the subject of constructed wetlands simulation. Some of them apply software such as AQUASIM and MATLAB to support flow and transport equations.
{"title":"NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF FLOW AND BIOKINETIC PROCESSES IN SUBSURFACE FLOW CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW","authors":"M. Mancuso, Mariele Fioreze","doi":"10.4090/JUEE.2018.V12N1.120127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4090/JUEE.2018.V12N1.120127","url":null,"abstract":"Constructed wetlands are engineered systems designed and constructed to treat wastewater using natural functions of vegetation, soils and microbial assemblages. Seeking the optimization of these systems, numerical simulation models have been developed in order to obtain parameters for design, representation of treating conditions and prediction of future scenarios. This paper reviews the state of the art on the numerical models for simulating flow and biokinetic processes in subsurface flow constructed wetlands. In this review, it is highlighted the application and performance of five software applied to simulate saturated horizontal flow (CWM1-RETRASO and PHWAT), variably saturated vertical flow (FITOVERT and HYDRUS-CW2D) and variably saturated vertical or horizontal flow (HYDRUS-CWM1). For vertical flow, FITOVERT requires less data input, but HYDRUS-CW2D simulates transformation of phosphorus and ammonia adsorption. For horizontal flow, HYDRUS-CWM1 and CWM1-RETRASO have similar approach in terms of species and number of reactions, but HYDRUS-CWM1 simulates the effect of transpiration and the limitations of bacterial growth. To simulate phosphorus in horizontal flow, the only applicable software is PHWAT, besides be able to simulate of gas production. In Brazil, a few studies address the subject of constructed wetlands simulation. Some of them apply software such as AQUASIM and MATLAB to support flow and transport equations.","PeriodicalId":17594,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban and Environmental Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44550791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-30DOI: 10.4090/JUEE.2018.V12N1.040049
A. Sahani, A. K. Samanta, D. K. Singha Roy
Present work experimentally investigates the scope of utilizing granular blast furnace slag (GBFS) in concrete exposed to high temperature. Six series of concrete mixes of Grade M20 including control mix were prepared by replacing natural sand with GBFS in 10, 30, 50, 70 and 100% by weight. Sustainability of GBFS concrete for normal weather condition was ensured by preliminary investigation on mechanical strength for various GBFS concrete mixes at various ages. Later, fire durability of the concrete was evaluated by residual compressive strength, weight loss and surface observation of heat cured specimen through necked eye. Cube compressive strength improves by 2.15-6.31% while cylindrical compressive strength of concrete mix with 30% GBFS marginally improves at all ages. Split strength increases up to 2.9-8.07% up to 50% GBFS replacement while flexure strength increases by 0.81-7.0% at 30% with respect to all the age of curing at room temperature. Residual compressive strengths were 57.3, 55.89 and 54.46 % for 30, 50 and 70% GBFS concrete mixes at 600°C. Surface cracks in specimen were observed after 500°C which continued to grow with the increase in temperature. Furthermore, test results indicate the improvement in the properties of concrete with the incorporation of GBFS even though it exposes to high temperature.
{"title":"SCOPE OF GRANULATED BLAST FURNACE SLAG AS FINE AGGREGATE IN CONCRETE FOR NORMAL AND FIRE EXPOSURE","authors":"A. Sahani, A. K. Samanta, D. K. Singha Roy","doi":"10.4090/JUEE.2018.V12N1.040049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4090/JUEE.2018.V12N1.040049","url":null,"abstract":"Present work experimentally investigates the scope of utilizing granular blast furnace slag (GBFS) in concrete exposed to high temperature. Six series of concrete mixes of Grade M20 including control mix were prepared by replacing natural sand with GBFS in 10, 30, 50, 70 and 100% by weight. Sustainability of GBFS concrete for normal weather condition was ensured by preliminary investigation on mechanical strength for various GBFS concrete mixes at various ages. Later, fire durability of the concrete was evaluated by residual compressive strength, weight loss and surface observation of heat cured specimen through necked eye. Cube compressive strength improves by 2.15-6.31% while cylindrical compressive strength of concrete mix with 30% GBFS marginally improves at all ages. Split strength increases up to 2.9-8.07% up to 50% GBFS replacement while flexure strength increases by 0.81-7.0% at 30% with respect to all the age of curing at room temperature. Residual compressive strengths were 57.3, 55.89 and 54.46 % for 30, 50 and 70% GBFS concrete mixes at 600°C. Surface cracks in specimen were observed after 500°C which continued to grow with the increase in temperature. Furthermore, test results indicate the improvement in the properties of concrete with the incorporation of GBFS even though it exposes to high temperature.","PeriodicalId":17594,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban and Environmental Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48106107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-30DOI: 10.4090/JUEE.2018.V12N1.154159
Briti Sundar Sil, B. Das
For estimating and forecasting of flood event, researchers and engineers mostly use the Muskingum flood routing method which is widely used throughout the world. The application of two parameter based Muskingum model is valid only for single inflow flood routing without any lateral inflow into the routing reach. However, normally a river is fed by a number of branch channels or rivulets at various upstream points. So, the single inflow-outflow Muskingum model cannot be applied in such situation. To overcome this problem, artificial Neural Network (ANN) has been applied in a river system considering inflow from various upstream rivers with a common outflow section. A simple static ANN model have been developed using concurrent discharge data. The model is applied in Mississippi River network starting from St. Louis, Montana to downstream section at Thebes, Illinois. In this reach, from St. Louis to Thebes, in the Mississippi river, a total of six lateral inflows confluence to the main river at different locations. Using ANN model, considering water discharge as input from all the upstream sections, water discharge at the most downstream section, Thebes is computed. Statistical performance analysis of the estimated data shows that ANN can be efficiently used for estimation of flood flow considering multiple inflows.
{"title":"DETERMINATION OF DOWNSTREAM FLOOD FLOW CONSIDERING INPUTS FROM DIFFERENT UPSTREAM RIVERS USING ANN","authors":"Briti Sundar Sil, B. Das","doi":"10.4090/JUEE.2018.V12N1.154159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4090/JUEE.2018.V12N1.154159","url":null,"abstract":"For estimating and forecasting of flood event, researchers and engineers mostly use the Muskingum flood routing method which is widely used throughout the world. The application of two parameter based Muskingum model is valid only for single inflow flood routing without any lateral inflow into the routing reach. However, normally a river is fed by a number of branch channels or rivulets at various upstream points. So, the single inflow-outflow Muskingum model cannot be applied in such situation. To overcome this problem, artificial Neural Network (ANN) has been applied in a river system considering inflow from various upstream rivers with a common outflow section. A simple static ANN model have been developed using concurrent discharge data. The model is applied in Mississippi River network starting from St. Louis, Montana to downstream section at Thebes, Illinois. In this reach, from St. Louis to Thebes, in the Mississippi river, a total of six lateral inflows confluence to the main river at different locations. Using ANN model, considering water discharge as input from all the upstream sections, water discharge at the most downstream section, Thebes is computed. Statistical performance analysis of the estimated data shows that ANN can be efficiently used for estimation of flood flow considering multiple inflows.","PeriodicalId":17594,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban and Environmental Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47275604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-30DOI: 10.4090/JUEE.2018.V12N1.147153
J. Vaz, Pedro Maia, R. Menezes, M. Silva, E. Lins
Over the years the electricity generation based on alternative energy systems applied to remote regions has been increased in Brazil, mainly due to the lack of conventional electric grid structure, specially in places as the Amazon. In this scenario, it is well-known that the wind power technology attracts great attention because the wind potential available in the country coast is really representative, leading this sort of technology to an important position into the local energy matrix. However, it is necessary to search new technology developments in order to get efficient turbines applied to isolated regions, where usually low wind speeds are found. The small wind systems using diffuser appear as a relevant alternative, which can be adapted to the characteristics of low wind speed conditions. Hence, in this work, an experimental study on diffusers using three different airfoils (SELIG 1223, EPPLER 423 and NACA 4412) was performed. The goal was to evaluate the influence of the diffuser velocity ratio on the classical theory (axial moment theory with diffuser), in order to show the increasing efficiency typically noticed in studies on Diffuser-Augmented Wind Turbines (DAWTs). In this regard, it was concluded that the wind speed increases under diffuser effect even whether the geometric model is composed by two straight parallel airfoils. Consequently, a DAWT might be adapted to low wind speeds usually found in northern Brazil.
{"title":"EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THREE DIFFERENT AIRFOILS APPLIED TO DIFFUSER-AUGMENTED WIND TURBINES","authors":"J. Vaz, Pedro Maia, R. Menezes, M. Silva, E. Lins","doi":"10.4090/JUEE.2018.V12N1.147153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4090/JUEE.2018.V12N1.147153","url":null,"abstract":"Over the years the electricity generation based on alternative energy systems applied to remote regions has been increased in Brazil, mainly due to the lack of conventional electric grid structure, specially in places as the Amazon. In this scenario, it is well-known that the wind power technology attracts great attention because the wind potential available in the country coast is really representative, leading this sort of technology to an important position into the local energy matrix. However, it is necessary to search new technology developments in order to get efficient turbines applied to isolated regions, where usually low wind speeds are found. The small wind systems using diffuser appear as a relevant alternative, which can be adapted to the characteristics of low wind speed conditions. Hence, in this work, an experimental study on diffusers using three different airfoils (SELIG 1223, EPPLER 423 and NACA 4412) was performed. The goal was to evaluate the influence of the diffuser velocity ratio on the classical theory (axial moment theory with diffuser), in order to show the increasing efficiency typically noticed in studies on Diffuser-Augmented Wind Turbines (DAWTs). In this regard, it was concluded that the wind speed increases under diffuser effect even whether the geometric model is composed by two straight parallel airfoils. Consequently, a DAWT might be adapted to low wind speeds usually found in northern Brazil.","PeriodicalId":17594,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban and Environmental Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44207961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-30DOI: 10.4090/JUEE.2018.V12N1.088092
S. Hasan
Residential Buildings are responsible for a large portion of energy consumption in cities. The study of The Impact of Residential Building's Design on the energy consumption in hot desert climate requires careful examination and evaluating the validity of the commonly known assumptions and for quantifying the effects of building design on energy consumption. This research problem is the effect of residential building design on the energy consumption in hot Deseret climate for Baghdad city as an example. In this study several options for residential building forms, area, number of stories, and walls materials were selected for the assessment of energy consumption. Software simulation was to estimate an energy performance model for assessing various energy conservation measures pertinent to the building design. Percentage change was calculated and compared accordingly for each case. Results demonstrate that shapes with less surface area achieved better results. Also for wall materials the reduction reached to 50% for Thermostone wall for the same building form and area. The area of building and number of stories contributes on energy consumption too. Building with less area provides better results. Also buildings with two stories provide total energy consumption for average square meter less than on story building
{"title":"THE IMPACT OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDING’S DESIGN ON THE ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN HOT DESERT CLIMATE (BAGHDAD CITY AS AN EXAMPLE)","authors":"S. Hasan","doi":"10.4090/JUEE.2018.V12N1.088092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4090/JUEE.2018.V12N1.088092","url":null,"abstract":"Residential Buildings are responsible for a large portion of energy consumption in cities. The study of The Impact of Residential Building's Design on the energy consumption in hot desert climate requires careful examination and evaluating the validity of the commonly known assumptions and for quantifying the effects of building design on energy consumption. This research problem is the effect of residential building design on the energy consumption in hot Deseret climate for Baghdad city as an example. In this study several options for residential building forms, area, number of stories, and walls materials were selected for the assessment of energy consumption. Software simulation was to estimate an energy performance model for assessing various energy conservation measures pertinent to the building design. Percentage change was calculated and compared accordingly for each case. Results demonstrate that shapes with less surface area achieved better results. Also for wall materials the reduction reached to 50% for Thermostone wall for the same building form and area. The area of building and number of stories contributes on energy consumption too. Building with less area provides better results. Also buildings with two stories provide total energy consumption for average square meter less than on story building","PeriodicalId":17594,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban and Environmental Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46241931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-30DOI: 10.4090/juee.2018.v12n1.003014
Vassilios Krassanakis, V. Vassilopoulou
Spatial data visualization techniques may have a great influence in several disciplines related to spatial management and hence decision-making process. Among them, marine spatial planning (MSP) constitutes an integrated procedure aiming at the optimal allocation of human activities in marine space. In MSP, mapping process referred either in human activities, marine ecosystems or indicative indices is based on the implementation of a grid approach. The present paper discusses some critical issues related to visualization procedure while a new data-driven approach is introduced towards the identification of grid cell size threshold. The proposed method gives a critical suggestion that may be easily extended in each field that considers this type of visualization for spatial data handling.
{"title":"INTRODUCING A DATA-DRIVEN APPROACH TOWARDS THE IDENTIFICATION OF GRID CELL SIZE THRESHOLD (CST) FOR SPATIAL DATA VISUALIZATION: AN APPLICATION ON MARINE SPATIAL PLANNING (MSP)","authors":"Vassilios Krassanakis, V. Vassilopoulou","doi":"10.4090/juee.2018.v12n1.003014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4090/juee.2018.v12n1.003014","url":null,"abstract":"Spatial data visualization techniques may have a great influence in several disciplines related to spatial management and hence decision-making process. Among them, marine spatial planning (MSP) constitutes an integrated procedure aiming at the optimal allocation of human activities in marine space. In MSP, mapping process referred either in human activities, marine ecosystems or indicative indices is based on the implementation of a grid approach. The present paper discusses some critical issues related to visualization procedure while a new data-driven approach is introduced towards the identification of grid cell size threshold. The proposed method gives a critical suggestion that may be easily extended in each field that considers this type of visualization for spatial data handling.","PeriodicalId":17594,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban and Environmental Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46614724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-30DOI: 10.4090/JUEE.2018.V12N1.050058
Loai Aljerf
A new PVC-filter filled with recycled glass and crushed foam glass has been investigated the removal of major pollutants in rainwater to enhance the physical properties and enrich the matrix of this potential source of water with essential minerals. The physical properties of 10 pre-filtered and 10 post-filtered specimens of rainwater are tested. Then, all samples are analysed to assess the chemistry of rainwater. The ions found in pre-filtered rainwater follows the order: HCO3− > SO42− > NO3− > Cl− > F- for anions and Ca2+ > Mg2+ > Na+ > NH4+ > Sr2+ > K+ for cations. The relative abundance of heavy metals in pre-filtered rainwater follows the descending order: Cu2+, Fe2+, Zn2+, Se4+, Pb2+, Mn2+, As5+, Ni2+, Cd2+. On the other hand, the high concentrations of SO42-, NO3-, and the heavy metals found in this study can be signs of that Damascus rainwater is mainly of anthropogenic origin. After filtration, the analytes in rainwater becomes in conformity with the World Health Organization for drinkability. The performance of this filter is compared with Eugene Water & Electric Board. This comparison proves that this filter is greener and eco-friendly option to conventional rainwater purification practices. Results of this research prove the capability of this filter to shift polluted raindrops into a freshwater.
{"title":"ADVANCED HIGHLY POLLUTED RAINWATER TREATMENT PROCESS","authors":"Loai Aljerf","doi":"10.4090/JUEE.2018.V12N1.050058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4090/JUEE.2018.V12N1.050058","url":null,"abstract":"A new PVC-filter filled with recycled glass and crushed foam glass has been investigated the removal of major pollutants in rainwater to enhance the physical properties and enrich the matrix of this potential source of water with essential minerals. The physical properties of 10 pre-filtered and 10 post-filtered specimens of rainwater are tested. Then, all samples are analysed to assess the chemistry of rainwater. The ions found in pre-filtered rainwater follows the order: HCO3− > SO42− > NO3− > Cl− > F- for anions and Ca2+ > Mg2+ > Na+ > NH4+ > Sr2+ > K+ for cations. The relative abundance of heavy metals in pre-filtered rainwater follows the descending order: Cu2+, Fe2+, Zn2+, Se4+, Pb2+, Mn2+, As5+, Ni2+, Cd2+. On the other hand, the high concentrations of SO42-, NO3-, and the heavy metals found in this study can be signs of that Damascus rainwater is mainly of anthropogenic origin. After filtration, the analytes in rainwater becomes in conformity with the World Health Organization for drinkability. The performance of this filter is compared with Eugene Water & Electric Board. This comparison proves that this filter is greener and eco-friendly option to conventional rainwater purification practices. Results of this research prove the capability of this filter to shift polluted raindrops into a freshwater.","PeriodicalId":17594,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban and Environmental Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49181625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-30DOI: 10.4090/JUEE.2017.V12N1.106-119
M. Khan, N. Muhammad, A. El-Shafie
Drought characterization is essential for drought risk and sustainable water resources management. Therefore, it is important to have a timely review of fundamental concepts of droughts, classification, types of drought indices and historical droughts. The impact of drought has increased on water availability at different scales all over the world. It is also important to correlate trends of drought as influenced by the climate variability of the present times. Drought frequency, duration and intensity in the major river basins have been increasing. The influencing hydro-meteorological parameters and their interaction are necessary in developing measures for mitigating impacts of droughts. The existing indices for each category of meteorological, hydrological, agricultural are reviewed and the current state of development is described in this study. Out of this review, this article draws conclusions where gaps for more focused research to be conducted in future.
{"title":"A REVIEW OF FUNDAMENTAL DROUGHT CONCEPTS, IMPACTS AND ANALYSES OF INDICES IN ASIAN CONTINENT","authors":"M. Khan, N. Muhammad, A. El-Shafie","doi":"10.4090/JUEE.2017.V12N1.106-119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4090/JUEE.2017.V12N1.106-119","url":null,"abstract":"Drought characterization is essential for drought risk and sustainable water resources management. Therefore, it is important to have a timely review of fundamental concepts of droughts, classification, types of drought indices and historical droughts. The impact of drought has increased on water availability at different scales all over the world. It is also important to correlate trends of drought as influenced by the climate variability of the present times. Drought frequency, duration and intensity in the major river basins have been increasing. The influencing hydro-meteorological parameters and their interaction are necessary in developing measures for mitigating impacts of droughts. The existing indices for each category of meteorological, hydrological, agricultural are reviewed and the current state of development is described in this study. Out of this review, this article draws conclusions where gaps for more focused research to be conducted in future.","PeriodicalId":17594,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban and Environmental Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48081788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-30DOI: 10.4090/juee.2018.v12n1.059069
Sumaia Islam, J. Chakrabartty, A.N.M. Zakaria, S. Jahan
Dhaka is one of the rapid growing cities in the world with several environmental problems. For these problems, the city has been identified as one of the worst livable cities of the world. There are two city corporations in Dhaka: Dhaka North City Corporation (DNCC) and Dhaka South City Corporation (DSCC). The environmental condition of DSCC is deteriorated because of dearth in open space, vegetation and water body as well as for inadequate service facilities like water supply and waste management. In this study, assessment of environmental condition of wards (administrative unit) of DSCC using Multi-criteria Analysis has helped to perceive the comparative environmental scenario of different wards. Environmental criteria are categorized into Primary Tier Criteria (PTC) and Secondary Tier Criteria (STC). The weightage of the selected criteria has been obtained using expert opinions and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Ward basis data for selected criteria has been collected from different secondary sources. Using these data and weightage values of selected criteria, the score values for 54 wards of DSCC has been calculated. With this score value, we analyze inter-ward comparison and overall assessment of environmental condition of study area. We rank and classify the wards using these score values. From the analysis, we found that the environmental condition of most of the wards of DSCC is abject. Especially condition of wards is inferior considering natural aspect of environment since many wards do not have any open space, water body and vegetation area within their boundaries.
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