Pub Date : 2019-10-06DOI: 10.4090/juee.2019.v13n2.274284
Song-yan Qin, Wanpeng Kuang, Xintong Wang, Yi Luo, Lixin Zhao
Tetracycline wastewater excess active sludge TEAS was studied for the possibility of heavy metal ions adsorption and barrier materials in the landfill. TEAS was characterized by SEM, element analysis, TGA and FT-IR techniques. The characterization of TEAS demonstrated mounts of remaining hypha residues existed in sludge. High-temperature drying of sludge reduced the potential risk of remaining Tetracycline bleaching. The Adsorption thermodynamics study of TEAS to the Cu2+, Ni2+ ，and Cd2+ indicated a spontaneous and endothermic nature of the adsorption process. The best equilibrium data was given by Langmuir isotherm, and the maximum adsorption capacities were 18.484，14.837 and 9.116 mg/g for Cu2+, Ni2+ and Cd2+, respectively. The kinetic data of adsorption were described by a pseudo-second-order equation, indicating their chemical adsorption. The main mechanism of metal biosorption was cation exchanged is expected that TEAS could be used as a promising co-disposal and attenuation material in the landfill to hinder the heavy metal solution into Landfill leachate.
{"title":"HEAVY METALS ADSORPTION BY OXYTETRACYCLINE HYDROCHLORIDE TETRACYCLINE ANTIBIOTIC WASTEWATER EXCESS ACTIVE SLUDGE","authors":"Song-yan Qin, Wanpeng Kuang, Xintong Wang, Yi Luo, Lixin Zhao","doi":"10.4090/juee.2019.v13n2.274284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4090/juee.2019.v13n2.274284","url":null,"abstract":"Tetracycline wastewater excess active sludge TEAS was studied for the possibility of heavy metal ions adsorption and barrier materials in the landfill. TEAS was characterized by SEM, element analysis, TGA and FT-IR techniques. The characterization of TEAS demonstrated mounts of remaining hypha residues existed in sludge. High-temperature drying of sludge reduced the potential risk of remaining Tetracycline bleaching. The Adsorption thermodynamics study of TEAS to the Cu2+, Ni2+ ，and Cd2+ indicated a spontaneous and endothermic nature of the adsorption process. The best equilibrium data was given by Langmuir isotherm, and the maximum adsorption capacities were 18.484，14.837 and 9.116 mg/g for Cu2+, Ni2+ and Cd2+, respectively. The kinetic data of adsorption were described by a pseudo-second-order equation, indicating their chemical adsorption. The main mechanism of metal biosorption was cation exchanged is expected that TEAS could be used as a promising co-disposal and attenuation material in the landfill to hinder the heavy metal solution into Landfill leachate.","PeriodicalId":17594,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban and Environmental Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48017215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-06DOI: 10.4090/juee.2019.v13n2.329335
M. L. Yakubu, Z. Yusop, R. Ismail, Isa Baba Koki, M. T. Ahmad, A. Tukur
Washoff is an important process that describes the transportation of pollutants into water ways during the wet weather event. Washoff is a multifarious phenomenon that encapsulated other varied processes ranging from the pollutants deposition during the dry weather period (buildup), to the higher load transport at the beginning of the storm (first flush). Most of the washoff studies were localised to non-tropical regions, where the laxity to wait for dry weather period exist. However, in the tropical regions, the assurance for prolonged dry weather period is near absent, due to frequency of rainfall. This research experimented two new approaches to washoff sampling suitable for tropical regions, alongside with the traditional washoff sampling method. To obtain highly accurate data, the rainfall parameters were confined to selection by employing a very efficient rainfall simulator to gain the washoff data. The washoff of Total suspended solids (TSS) as an indicator of pollution under different simulated rainfalls was established. The result indicated higher mobilisation of the TSS in the first five minutes of rain, and disposes to a steady mobilisation rate after 40 minutes of simulated rain. The washoff percentages for the three road surfaces suggests that the rain intensity plays a more prominent role in washoff prior to the occurrence of first flush, while intense rain mobilises higher amount of TSS within shorter duration of rain. The first flush effect was quantified based on the common definitions of pollutants load-volume relationships of 20/80, 30/80, and 20/40. In all the road surfaces, at least 40% of the pollutants loads were transported in the first 20% of the runoff volumes.
{"title":"INNOVATIVE PROPOSITION AND PREDICTION OF URBAN WET WEATHER WASHOFF USING SIMULATED RAINFALL","authors":"M. L. Yakubu, Z. Yusop, R. Ismail, Isa Baba Koki, M. T. Ahmad, A. Tukur","doi":"10.4090/juee.2019.v13n2.329335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4090/juee.2019.v13n2.329335","url":null,"abstract":"Washoff is an important process that describes the transportation of pollutants into water ways during the wet weather event. Washoff is a multifarious phenomenon that encapsulated other varied processes ranging from the pollutants deposition during the dry weather period (buildup), to the higher load transport at the beginning of the storm (first flush). Most of the washoff studies were localised to non-tropical regions, where the laxity to wait for dry weather period exist. However, in the tropical regions, the assurance for prolonged dry weather period is near absent, due to frequency of rainfall. This research experimented two new approaches to washoff sampling suitable for tropical regions, alongside with the traditional washoff sampling method. To obtain highly accurate data, the rainfall parameters were confined to selection by employing a very efficient rainfall simulator to gain the washoff data. The washoff of Total suspended solids (TSS) as an indicator of pollution under different simulated rainfalls was established. The result indicated higher mobilisation of the TSS in the first five minutes of rain, and disposes to a steady mobilisation rate after 40 minutes of simulated rain. The washoff percentages for the three road surfaces suggests that the rain intensity plays a more prominent role in washoff prior to the occurrence of first flush, while intense rain mobilises higher amount of TSS within shorter duration of rain. The first flush effect was quantified based on the common definitions of pollutants load-volume relationships of 20/80, 30/80, and 20/40. In all the road surfaces, at least 40% of the pollutants loads were transported in the first 20% of the runoff volumes.","PeriodicalId":17594,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban and Environmental Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48721175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-06DOI: 10.4090/juee.2019.v13n2.317328
Sidnei Pereira Silva, B. Teixeira
This paper analyzes, evaluates and simulates a water catchment and consumption process using a system dynamics model to support water resources management. After creating a theoretical model, real data from São Carlos in Brazil were used. The water availability situation was assessed using the catchment data analysis of the main surface and groundwater sources and the supply data, subdivided into four categories of use. Simulations were carried out by evaluating historical data and further simulations of future scenarios. The average annual consumption was 15.8 million m3. The volume of water catchment in 2017 was more than 35 million m³, and from this total 43.5% of treated water was wasted due to losses. Domestic consumption accounts for more than 80% of the total and greywater reuse can reduce this impact, which means economizing approximately 9 million m3/year. Modeling allows decision makers to analyze the evolution of parameters and the scenario projection.
{"title":"MODELLING SYSTEM DYNAMICS TO EVALUATE URBAN WATER SUPPLY MANAGEMENT AND PRODUCTION OF FUTURE SCENARIOS","authors":"Sidnei Pereira Silva, B. Teixeira","doi":"10.4090/juee.2019.v13n2.317328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4090/juee.2019.v13n2.317328","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyzes, evaluates and simulates a water catchment and consumption process using a system dynamics model to support water resources management. After creating a theoretical model, real data from São Carlos in Brazil were used. The water availability situation was assessed using the catchment data analysis of the main surface and groundwater sources and the supply data, subdivided into four categories of use. Simulations were carried out by evaluating historical data and further simulations of future scenarios. The average annual consumption was 15.8 million m3. The volume of water catchment in 2017 was more than 35 million m³, and from this total 43.5% of treated water was wasted due to losses. Domestic consumption accounts for more than 80% of the total and greywater reuse can reduce this impact, which means economizing approximately 9 million m3/year. Modeling allows decision makers to analyze the evolution of parameters and the scenario projection.","PeriodicalId":17594,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban and Environmental Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45702652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-06DOI: 10.4090/juee.2019.v13n2.257265
Amit Kumar, Ashwani Kumar
In the present study, the total carbon emission of rapidly growing Ranchi Urban Agglomeration (RUA) was estimated in geospatial environment considering certain factors. The carbon emission estimation is based on the increase in human as well as vehicular population and loss of vegetation cover employing standardized conversion factors. The rapid built-up expansion (180%) and human population growth (223%) during 1975-2010 led to innumerable socio-economic and environmental impacts including deterioration of urban ecosystem. The built-up expansion as observed through satellite images reflects degradation in the natural ecosystem primarily apparent on forest ecosystem in RUA. The study reveals that after reorganization of Ranchi as state capital (post 2000), the carbon emission was more prevalent as compared to the earlier periods. The estimates of carbon stock (terrestrial carbon) represents that the vegetation cover, attributed as the major source of carbon sink, was lost and leads to emission of total 2.44 metric tonnes of carbon during 1975-2010. The vehicular based carbon emission estimation exhibits high level of carbon emission in RUA (198,038,728 metric tonnes) during the year 2010. The population distribution pattern in wards of Ranchi Municipal Corporation revealed that the wards located in the selected city core northern, north-eastern, eastern and south-western parts emitted than the mean city carbon emission (>38,500 metric tonnes) as compared to the wards located in central, north-eastern, south-western and south-western parts (>60,000 metric tonnes). The study suggests towards urgent imposition of regulations for rapid land use transformation together with preservation and growth of carbon sink locations of RUA.
{"title":"ASSESSING HUMAN AND CARBON FOOTPRINT OF RANCHI URBAN ENVIRONMENT USING REMOTE SENSING TECHNOLOGY","authors":"Amit Kumar, Ashwani Kumar","doi":"10.4090/juee.2019.v13n2.257265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4090/juee.2019.v13n2.257265","url":null,"abstract":"In the present study, the total carbon emission of rapidly growing Ranchi Urban Agglomeration (RUA) was estimated in geospatial environment considering certain factors. The carbon emission estimation is based on the increase in human as well as vehicular population and loss of vegetation cover employing standardized conversion factors. The rapid built-up expansion (180%) and human population growth (223%) during 1975-2010 led to innumerable socio-economic and environmental impacts including deterioration of urban ecosystem. The built-up expansion as observed through satellite images reflects degradation in the natural ecosystem primarily apparent on forest ecosystem in RUA. The study reveals that after reorganization of Ranchi as state capital (post 2000), the carbon emission was more prevalent as compared to the earlier periods. The estimates of carbon stock (terrestrial carbon) represents that the vegetation cover, attributed as the major source of carbon sink, was lost and leads to emission of total 2.44 metric tonnes of carbon during 1975-2010. The vehicular based carbon emission estimation exhibits high level of carbon emission in RUA (198,038,728 metric tonnes) during the year 2010. The population distribution pattern in wards of Ranchi Municipal Corporation revealed that the wards located in the selected city core northern, north-eastern, eastern and south-western parts emitted than the mean city carbon emission (>38,500 metric tonnes) as compared to the wards located in central, north-eastern, south-western and south-western parts (>60,000 metric tonnes). The study suggests towards urgent imposition of regulations for rapid land use transformation together with preservation and growth of carbon sink locations of RUA.","PeriodicalId":17594,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban and Environmental Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46546658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-06DOI: 10.4090/juee.2019.v13n2.302316
L. Oliveira, Sayonara Lopes Souza, L. Cardoso, José Elievam Bessa Jr, R. Oliveira, Lílian dos Santos Fontes Pereira Bracarense
The congestion pricing is a measure of travel demand management to discourage car use with low public and political acceptability. In the Brazilian context, the Urban Mobility Policy considers this measure to mitigate the congestion. In this paper, we present an exploratory analysis to identify the characteristics considered important by Brazilian transport experts to the implementation of the congestion pricing. The residents assessed these characteristics to identify the preference and acceptability of this scheme in Belo Horizonte (Brazil). We obtained the data from a Web-based survey from experts and residents. With the results, we simulated scenarios reducing the number of private cars in order to evaluate the real benefits of congestion price in a real network. According to Brazilian transport experts, the congestion pricing can be an efficient and well-accepted demand management measure, if the profit subsidises the public transportation systems (bus and rail) and the infrastructure to non-motorized transportation, with active public participation in the decision-making. Considering the residents’ results, we identified favourable public acceptability considering the benefits of public transport investment from the revenue obtained out of the congestion charges. However, availability for payment has a high rejection rate, although implementation strategies are perceived as advantages. The simulation indicates the reduction of travel time (seconds/km), delay time (seconds/km), queue length (vehicle) and density time (vehicle/km) indicating congestion reduction and, consequently, improving the urban mobility. The contribution of this paper is one methodology considering the Brazilian context to evaluate the congestion-pricing scheme from experts and residents point of view. Also, the results could support the discussion about the implementation of the congestion charging in Brazilian cities.
{"title":"IS CONGESTION PRICING AN URBAN MOBILITY SOLUTION TO BRAZILIAN CITIES?","authors":"L. Oliveira, Sayonara Lopes Souza, L. Cardoso, José Elievam Bessa Jr, R. Oliveira, Lílian dos Santos Fontes Pereira Bracarense","doi":"10.4090/juee.2019.v13n2.302316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4090/juee.2019.v13n2.302316","url":null,"abstract":"The congestion pricing is a measure of travel demand management to discourage car use with low public and political acceptability. In the Brazilian context, the Urban Mobility Policy considers this measure to mitigate the congestion. In this paper, we present an exploratory analysis to identify the characteristics considered important by Brazilian transport experts to the implementation of the congestion pricing. The residents assessed these characteristics to identify the preference and acceptability of this scheme in Belo Horizonte (Brazil). We obtained the data from a Web-based survey from experts and residents. With the results, we simulated scenarios reducing the number of private cars in order to evaluate the real benefits of congestion price in a real network. According to Brazilian transport experts, the congestion pricing can be an efficient and well-accepted demand management measure, if the profit subsidises the public transportation systems (bus and rail) and the infrastructure to non-motorized transportation, with active public participation in the decision-making. Considering the residents’ results, we identified favourable public acceptability considering the benefits of public transport investment from the revenue obtained out of the congestion charges. However, availability for payment has a high rejection rate, although implementation strategies are perceived as advantages. The simulation indicates the reduction of travel time (seconds/km), delay time (seconds/km), queue length (vehicle) and density time (vehicle/km) indicating congestion reduction and, consequently, improving the urban mobility. The contribution of this paper is one methodology considering the Brazilian context to evaluate the congestion-pricing scheme from experts and residents point of view. Also, the results could support the discussion about the implementation of the congestion charging in Brazilian cities.","PeriodicalId":17594,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban and Environmental Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42865583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-05DOI: 10.4090/juee.2019.v13n1.138144
N. Moulai-Mostefa, Radia Madjdoub
This paper proposes a pretreatment of a real dairy effluent by coagulation and decantation using two types of coagulants, aluminum sulfate (Al2(SO4)3) and ferric chloride (FeCl3). In order to optimize the best coagulation conditions leading to maximums of COD and turbidity removals, response surface method (RSM) was employed. The analysis of variance showed that the values of the correlation coefficients (R2) for the reduction of turbidity and COD were found equal respectively to 0.959 and 0.840, which gives an idea about the validity of the quadratic developed models and their predictive qualities. The results predicted by the models were 98.18 and 77.06% of turbidity and COD removals, at Al2(SO4)3 concentration of 1200mg/L and time of treatment of 38.57min. These results are in agreement with those obtained experimentally.
{"title":"OPTIMIZATION OF COAGULATION PRETREATMENT OF A REAL DAIRY EFFLUENT USING A RESPONSE SURFACE METHOD","authors":"N. Moulai-Mostefa, Radia Madjdoub","doi":"10.4090/juee.2019.v13n1.138144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4090/juee.2019.v13n1.138144","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a pretreatment of a real dairy effluent by coagulation and decantation using two types of coagulants, aluminum sulfate (Al2(SO4)3) and ferric chloride (FeCl3). In order to optimize the best coagulation conditions leading to maximums of COD and turbidity removals, response surface method (RSM) was employed. The analysis of variance showed that the values of the correlation coefficients (R2) for the reduction of turbidity and COD were found equal respectively to 0.959 and 0.840, which gives an idea about the validity of the quadratic developed models and their predictive qualities. The results predicted by the models were 98.18 and 77.06% of turbidity and COD removals, at Al2(SO4)3 concentration of 1200mg/L and time of treatment of 38.57min. These results are in agreement with those obtained experimentally.","PeriodicalId":17594,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban and Environmental Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44912062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-05DOI: 10.4090/juee.2019.v13n1.183197
R. Jayaseelan, Gajalskshmi Pandulu, G. Ashwini
This paper presents the prediction of fresh concrete properties and compressive strength of flowable concrete through neural network approach. A comprehensive data set was generated from the experiments performed in the laboratory under standard conditions. The flowable concrete was made with two different types of micro particles and with single nano particles. The input parameter was chosen for the neural network model as cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, superplasticizer, water-cement ratio, micro aluminium oxide particles, micro titanium oxide particles, and nano silica. The output parameter includes the slump Flow, L-Box flow, V Funnel flow and compressive strength of the flowable concrete. To develop a suitable neural network model, several training algorithms were used such as BFGS Quasi- Newton back propagation, Fletcher-Powell conjugate gradient back propagation, Polak - Ribiere conjugate gradient back propagation, Gradient descent with adaptive linear back propagation and Levenberg-Marquardt back propagation. It was found that BFGS Quasi- Newton back propagation and Levenberg-Marquardt back propagation algorithm provides more than 90% on the prediction accuracy. Hence, the model performance was agreeable for prediction purposes for the fresh properties and compressive strength of flowable concrete.
{"title":"NEURAL NETWORKS FOR THE PREDICTION OF FRESH PROPERTIES AND COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF FLOWABLE CONCRETE","authors":"R. Jayaseelan, Gajalskshmi Pandulu, G. Ashwini","doi":"10.4090/juee.2019.v13n1.183197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4090/juee.2019.v13n1.183197","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the prediction of fresh concrete properties and compressive strength of flowable concrete through neural network approach. A comprehensive data set was generated from the experiments performed in the laboratory under standard conditions. The flowable concrete was made with two different types of micro particles and with single nano particles. The input parameter was chosen for the neural network model as cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, superplasticizer, water-cement ratio, micro aluminium oxide particles, micro titanium oxide particles, and nano silica. The output parameter includes the slump Flow, L-Box flow, V Funnel flow and compressive strength of the flowable concrete. To develop a suitable neural network model, several training algorithms were used such as BFGS Quasi- Newton back propagation, Fletcher-Powell conjugate gradient back propagation, Polak - Ribiere conjugate gradient back propagation, Gradient descent with adaptive linear back propagation and Levenberg-Marquardt back propagation. It was found that BFGS Quasi- Newton back propagation and Levenberg-Marquardt back propagation algorithm provides more than 90% on the prediction accuracy. Hence, the model performance was agreeable for prediction purposes for the fresh properties and compressive strength of flowable concrete.","PeriodicalId":17594,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban and Environmental Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45035205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-05DOI: 10.4090/juee.2019.v13n1.023033
A. Galkin, Y. Davidich, Y. Kush, N. Davidich, I. Tkachenko
The functioning of passenger transport systems should provide necessary quality of passenger service. The results of this research have shown possibility to increase the quality of urban public transport via influence on the driver’s state due to the rational schedule planning. The state change patterns of drivers during the idle time on the final and intermediate bus stops were formalized, based on field observations. The following conclusion was made: decreasing of driver’s body stress takes place during the idle time on the route stops. The intensity of decreasing of driver’s body stress is inversely proportional to the meaning of activity index of driver’s regulatory systems before the start of standing time. Consequently, the duration of idle time must be differentiated depending on the value of the indicator of activity of driver’s regulatory systems before the start of standing time, which is influenced by the working conditions. ECG method was used for assessing driver’s fatigue in elements of transportation process. Comparative analysis of driver’s state changes during the different types of idle time shows the comparability of the results of the study. Transportation management experts can use the research results in urban transport schedule planning and monitoring.
{"title":"IMPROVING OF URBAN PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION QUALITY VIA OPERATOR SCHEDULE OPTIMIZATION","authors":"A. Galkin, Y. Davidich, Y. Kush, N. Davidich, I. Tkachenko","doi":"10.4090/juee.2019.v13n1.023033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4090/juee.2019.v13n1.023033","url":null,"abstract":"The functioning of passenger transport systems should provide necessary quality of passenger service. The results of this research have shown possibility to increase the quality of urban public transport via influence on the driver’s state due to the rational schedule planning. The state change patterns of drivers during the idle time on the final and intermediate bus stops were formalized, based on field observations. The following conclusion was made: decreasing of driver’s body stress takes place during the idle time on the route stops. The intensity of decreasing of driver’s body stress is inversely proportional to the meaning of activity index of driver’s regulatory systems before the start of standing time. Consequently, the duration of idle time must be differentiated depending on the value of the indicator of activity of driver’s regulatory systems before the start of standing time, which is influenced by the working conditions. ECG method was used for assessing driver’s fatigue in elements of transportation process. Comparative analysis of driver’s state changes during the different types of idle time shows the comparability of the results of the study. Transportation management experts can use the research results in urban transport schedule planning and monitoring.","PeriodicalId":17594,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban and Environmental Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45773381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-05DOI: 10.4090/juee.2019.v13n1.080086
Kevser Cirik, Ozan Eskikaya
In this study, the elimination of nitrogen compounds from is based on nitrifiication and denitrification. Ammonium released from the mineralization of nitrogen-containing organic compounds is oxidized first to nitrite/nitrate in nitrification process. During denitrification, nitrate is reduced to dinitrogen. The parameters effect this process are pH, temperature, electron donor/accepter ratio, hydraulic retention time nitrate-recycling rate etc. In this study, sequential batch denitrification-nitrification reactor was operated for testing different nitrate recycling ratio (100-700%). The batch reactor was fed with Kahramanmaraş urban wastewater during 80d at constant temperature of 25±0.5°C. The reactor performance was determined by color, ammonium (NH4+), nitrate (NO-3), nitrite (NO-2), inorganic carbon (IC), total organic carbon (TOC) parameters. According to our results, 100% recycling time was found optimum. Nitrate and ammonium removals were over 99%.
{"title":"EFFECT OF RECYCLE RATIO AND HYDRAULIC RETENTION TIME ON DENITRIFICATION-NITRIFICATION PROCESS","authors":"Kevser Cirik, Ozan Eskikaya","doi":"10.4090/juee.2019.v13n1.080086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4090/juee.2019.v13n1.080086","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the elimination of nitrogen compounds from is based on nitrifiication and denitrification. Ammonium released from the mineralization of nitrogen-containing organic compounds is oxidized first to nitrite/nitrate in nitrification process. During denitrification, nitrate is reduced to dinitrogen. The parameters effect this process are pH, temperature, electron donor/accepter ratio, hydraulic retention time nitrate-recycling rate etc. In this study, sequential batch denitrification-nitrification reactor was operated for testing different nitrate recycling ratio (100-700%). The batch reactor was fed with Kahramanmaraş urban wastewater during 80d at constant temperature of 25±0.5°C. The reactor performance was determined by color, ammonium (NH4+), nitrate (NO-3), nitrite (NO-2), inorganic carbon (IC), total organic carbon (TOC) parameters. According to our results, 100% recycling time was found optimum. Nitrate and ammonium removals were over 99%.","PeriodicalId":17594,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban and Environmental Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46899065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-05DOI: 10.4090/juee.2019.v13n1.174182
N. Ahmad, S. Harun, Haza Nuzly Abdul Hamed, M. Askari, Z. Ibrahim, M. N. Hanapi, Hazrat Ali
The search for an accurate evapotranspiration (ET) continues when the world has responsibility to cope with the water scarcity issue, population outgrown and uncertain change of weather. Measuring actual evapotranspiration (ETa) can be tedious and requires a lot of time and cost. Therefore, numbers of empirical ET models have been developed to overcome this problem. The Valiantzas’ models are quite familiar to the hydrologist community as it has been developed based on Penman evaporation equation. This paper presents the evaluation on the selected six Valiantzas’ models by comparing to Food and Agricultural Organization Penman-Montieth (FAO-PM) empirical model in estimating ET in the Peninsular Malaysia. Seventeen meteorological stations around Peninsular Malaysia with data gathered from 1987 till 2003 were tested. The performance for each model was evaluated by root mean square error (RMSE), coefficient of determination (R2), percentage error (PE) and mean bias error (MBE). All the six models showed good agreement to FAO-PM with R2> 0.90. The PETval2 model which gave R2 of 0.97 was the best performer with the lowest RMSE, PE and MBE of 0.26, 5.5% and 0.14, respectively. The good and sensible performance on the ET estimation displayed by Valiantzas’ model may promise an accurate method for calculation on the water management for irrigation and catchment studies.
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