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Warming-Driven Abrupt Shifts in Alpine Permafrost Dynamics With Elevation 气候变暖驱动的高寒永久冻土随海拔变化的突变
IF 12 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2025-12-14 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.70616
Xiling Gu, Huangyu Huo, Shaoyi Tian, Jinzhi Ding

Alpine permafrost constitutes a substantial climate-sensitive system due to compressed environmental gradients and elevation-dependent forcing. However, projection uncertainties persist from unresolved altitudinal thresholds governing permafrost responses. Here, we integrate large-scale thaw-depth investigations across Tibetan permafrost with regional climate, vegetation, and soil data sets, to identify an elevational transition between 4600 and 5000 m, where coupled climatic–vegetation–soil interactions shift abruptly. Below this range, vegetation-buffered permafrost is dominated by NDVI and SOC controls, while climate-exposed permafrost above it is governed by temperature. As warming intensifies across scenarios, maximum thaw-depth sensitivity to temperature rises by approximately 1.5-fold (from 0.17 to 0.25 m °C−1). Projections incorporating this elevation dependence indicate near-linear Tibetan permafrost contraction, with 6.7%–64.6% area loss expected by 2100, liberating approximately 3.6–14.4 Pg C of cryolocked carbon subject to post-thaw biogeochemical release. These findings highlight the critical role of elevation-dependent controls in shaping permafrost-climate feedbacks and underscore the urgency of incorporating altitudinal thresholds into Earth system models to improve the accuracy of future carbon flux predictions from alpine permafrost regions.

由于压缩的环境梯度和海拔依赖的强迫,高寒多年冻土构成了一个重要的气候敏感系统。然而,由于未解决的控制永久冻土响应的高度阈值,预估的不确定性仍然存在。在此范围以下,植被缓冲的永久冻土受NDVI和有机碳控制,而在此范围以上,气候暴露的永久冻土受温度控制。随着各情景的变暖加剧,融化深度对温度的最大敏感性上升了约1.5倍(从0.17°C - 1上升到0.25 m°C - 1)。预计到2100年将损失7%-64.6%的面积,释放约3.6-14.4 Pg C的冷冻碳,这些碳受解冻后生物地球化学释放的影响。这些发现强调了海拔依赖控制在形成永久冻土气候反馈中的关键作用,并强调了将海拔阈值纳入地球系统模型以提高未来高山永久冻土区碳通量预测准确性的紧迫性。
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引用次数: 0
Regional Emergence of Water-Related Browning in a Greening World 绿色世界中与水有关的褐变的区域性出现。
IF 12 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2025-12-11 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.70620
Rene Orth, Jasper M. C. Denissen, Josephin Kroll, Sungmin O, Ana Bastos, Wantong Li, Diego G. Miralles, Melissa Ruiz-Vásquez, Anne J. Hoek van Dijke, Andrew F. Feldman, Mirco Migliavacca, Lan Wang-Erlandsson, Benjamin D. Stocker, Adriaan J. Teuling, Hui Yang, Chunhui Zhan, Xin Yu

The Earth is greening in many regions under elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations, along with increasing temperature and land use changes. However, despite the continued rise in CO2, greening has stagnated or even reversed in some regions, suggesting a reduced capacity of the land surface to act as a carbon sink. Here, we show that declining water availability and rising atmospheric water demand have coincided with regional browning trends over recent decades in some tropical regions that have historically acted as prominent carbon sinks. A regression analysis considering a balanced set of water- and energy-related variables alongside land cover change and climate extremes confirms that both water availability and atmospheric water demand are important contributors to inter-annual variability in Leaf Area Index (LAI) there. Earth system models mostly reproduce the observed spatial extent of browning and concurrent related coinciding water changes in the multi-model mean, but results from individual models differ strongly. Our findings provide a new constraint for related model development and highlight the need for enhanced monitoring and consideration of observation-based water availability trends as an emerging driver of vegetation in future analyses and model development.

在大气中二氧化碳浓度升高、气温升高和土地利用变化的情况下,许多地区的地球正在变绿。然而,尽管二氧化碳持续上升,一些地区的绿化却停滞不前,甚至出现逆转,这表明陆地表面作为碳汇的能力有所下降。在这里,我们表明,近几十年来,在一些历史上扮演着重要碳汇角色的热带地区,水可用性下降和大气水需求上升与区域褐变趋势同时发生。一项考虑平衡的水和能源相关变量以及土地覆盖变化和极端气候的回归分析证实,水分有效性和大气水分需求是该地区叶面积指数(LAI)年际变率的重要贡献因子。地球系统模式在多模式平均值上主要再现了观测到的褐变空间范围和同时相关的重合水变化,但不同模式的结果差异较大。我们的研究结果为相关模型的开发提供了新的约束,并强调了在未来的分析和模型开发中,需要加强监测和考虑基于观测的水分可用性趋势作为植被的新兴驱动因素。
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引用次数: 0
Global Flux-Based Assessment Reveals Declining Ozone Risk for Wheat in Future Climate Change Scenarios 全球通量评估揭示未来气候变化情景下小麦臭氧风险下降
IF 12 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2025-12-11 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.70643
Pierluigi R. Guaita, Riccardo Marzuoli, Leiming Zhang, Steven Turnock, Gerbrand Koren, Oliver Wild, Paola Crippa, Giacomo Gerosa

Tropospheric ozone (O3) is a widespread air pollutant that impairs crop physiology and threatens global food security. Most global-scale assessments have relied on exposure-based metrics, which overlook plant–environment interactions that control O3 uptake. This study presents a global flux-based assessment of future O3 risk for wheat (Triticum aestivum) using a dual-sink dry deposition model driven by Earth System Models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6 (CMIP6) under three Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP1-2.6, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5-8.5). We quantify phytotoxic O3 dose (POD6) and production losses from 2000 to 2100, analyze regional trends, and perform multiple simulations to assess the influence of soil water availability and atmospheric CO2 on O3 risk. Finally, we explore the roles of radiative forcing (RF), emission policies on O3 precursors (EP), and their interaction, in determining O3 risk changes. We find a general decline in O3 risk, although regional disparities remain. Under SSP1-2.6 (strong EP, low RF) POD6 declines throughout the century, leading global mean production losses to decrease from 3.3% to 5.0% at the beginning of the century to less than 1.4% at its end. In contrast, SSP3-7.0 (weak EP, high RF) shows end-century losses between 1.3% and 4.9% and may exacerbate risks in several regions (South and East Asia, South America, Sub-Saharan Africa). SSP5-8.5 displays intermediate outcomes: O3 risk increases until mid-century in many regions, and then declines by 2100 (0.5%–2.6%), due to delayed EP adoption. Increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations will likely hinder future O3 risk due to reduced stomatal conductance, but some hotspots will persist near the Southern and Eastern edges of the Tibetan Plateau. These findings provide a basis for prioritizing region-specific mitigation strategies to reduce O3 damage to wheat under future climate conditions.

对流层臭氧(O3)是一种广泛存在的空气污染物,损害作物生理并威胁全球粮食安全。大多数全球尺度的评估依赖于基于暴露的指标,忽略了控制臭氧吸收的植物-环境相互作用。本研究基于耦合模式比较项目6 (CMIP6)的地球系统模型驱动的双汇干沉降模型,在三个共享的社会经济路径(SSP1-2.6、SSP3-7.0和SSP5-8.5)下,对小麦(Triticum aestivum)未来O3风险进行了基于通量的全球评估。我们量化了2000 - 2100年植物毒性O3剂量(POD6)和生产损失,分析了区域趋势,并进行了多次模拟,以评估土壤水分有效性和大气CO2对O3风险的影响。最后,我们探讨了辐射强迫(RF)、O3前体排放政策(EP)及其相互作用在确定O3风险变化中的作用。我们发现O3风险普遍下降,尽管地区差异仍然存在。在SSP1-2.6(强EP,低RF)下,POD6在整个世纪都在下降,导致全球平均产量损失从本世纪初的3.3% - 5.0%下降到本世纪末的不到1.4%。相比之下,SSP3-7.0(弱EP,高RF)显示本世纪末的损失在1.3%至4.9%之间,并可能加剧几个地区(南亚和东亚、南美、撒哈拉以南非洲)的风险。SSP5-8.5显示了中间结果:到本世纪中叶,许多地区的臭氧风险增加,然后到2100年下降(0.5%-2.6%),这是由于推迟了EP的采用。这些发现为在未来气候条件下确定区域减缓战略的优先次序以减少O3对小麦的损害提供了基础。
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引用次数: 0
Long-Term Ecological Baselines and Critical Thresholds in Ombrotrophic Peatlands of Europe: Implications for Restoration Strategies 欧洲综合营养型泥炭地的长期生态基线和临界阈值:对恢复策略的影响
IF 12 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2025-12-11 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.70629
Mateusz Draga, Mariusz Gałka, Klaus-Holger Knorr, Stephan Glatzel, Bogdan H. Chojnicki, Christian Fritz, Vincent E. J. Jassey, Radosław Juszczak, Hanna Meyer, Bjorn J. M. Robroek, Carrie L. Thomas, Mariusz Lamentowicz

Maintaining appropriate peatland hydrology, notably through the regulation of the depth to water table (DWT), is crucial for peatland conservation, restoration, and the mitigation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. We assess the long-term ecological impact of hydrological changes, primarily induced by drainage, in ombrotrophic peatlands across Europe. Our analysis is based on novel palaeoecological data from seven peat cores collected from sites that have experienced varying degrees of anthropogenic disturbance. We reconstructed historical DWT fluctuations using plant macrofossil and testate amoeba analyses at high resolution. By applying Threshold Indicator Taxa Analysis (TITAN) models, we identified species-specific and community-level response thresholds to changes in reconstructed water table. This approach revealed two distinct change points: the first, at c. 7 cm DWT, corresponds to hydrological conditions favourable for moisture-dependent Sphagnum species. The second, at c. 22 cm DWT, is associated with more drought-adapted plant taxa and signals ecosystem degradation. The interval between these change points represents a transition zone between optimal and suboptimal conditions for peatland functioning. An additional TITAN analysis, designed to identify the timing of major ecological changes, indicates that peatland degradation has intensified over the past two centuries and accelerated in recent decades. Our findings further reveal that plant and testate amoebae communities often remain distinct from those of undisturbed peatlands, even after hydrological restoration. This underscores the importance of preserving sites that still retain near-natural conditions. Based on our results (and consistent with previous studies) we recommend maintaining the water table close to the surface, i.e., a DWT of approximately 10 cm below the surface as an optimal target for both peatland conservation and restoration. Such conditions not only support ecological integrity but are also associated with reduced GHG emissions and higher peat accumulation rates, reinforcing the role of ombrotrophic peatlands as long-term carbon sinks.

维持适当的泥炭地水文,特别是通过调节到地下水位的深度(DWT),对泥炭地保护、恢复和减少温室气体(GHG)排放至关重要。我们评估了水文变化的长期生态影响,主要是由排水引起的,在全欧洲的营养型泥炭地。我们的分析是基于从经历不同程度人为干扰的地点收集的七个泥炭岩心的新的古生态数据。我们利用植物大化石和晚期变形虫的高分辨率分析重建了历史DWT波动。应用阈值指标分类群分析(TITAN)模型,确定了物种和群落对重建地下水位变化的响应阈值。这种方法揭示了两个不同的变化点:第一个,在约7厘米DWT处,对应于有利于依赖水分的Sphagnum物种的水文条件。第二个是在约22 cm DWT处,与更多适应干旱的植物类群和生态系统退化有关。这些变化点之间的间隔表示泥炭地功能最优和次优条件之间的过渡区。另一项旨在确定主要生态变化时间的TITAN分析表明,泥炭地退化在过去两个世纪中加剧,并在最近几十年加速。我们的研究结果进一步表明,即使在水文恢复之后,植物和非植物变形虫群落往往仍然与未受干扰的泥炭地不同。这强调了保护那些仍然保持着近乎自然状态的遗址的重要性。根据我们的研究结果(并与以前的研究一致),我们建议将地下水位保持在接近地表的地方,即地表以下约10厘米的DWT作为泥炭地保护和恢复的最佳目标。这种条件不仅支持生态完整性,而且还与减少温室气体排放和提高泥炭积累率有关,从而加强了营养型泥炭地作为长期碳汇的作用。
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引用次数: 0
Deciphering Conserved Rhizosphere Metabolite–Microbiome Interactions for Crop Drought Resistance 解读作物抗旱性的保守根际代谢物-微生物相互作用。
IF 12 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2025-12-11 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.70652
Guoqing Niu, Weiye Liu, Tianjiao Zhang, Jie Ma, Xiaohang Yuan, Penghao Xie, Shengdie Yang, Zhexu Ding, Jing Fang, Jianguo Zeng, Tao Wen, Qirong Shen, Jun Yuan

Drought stress is a major threat to global food security. It remains uncertain whether conserved drought-responsive microbes can be recruited by different crop species to help their adaptation to drought and how this recruitment occurs. Herein, we identified drought-responsive rhizosphere microbial genera conserved across multiple crop species under drought stress and elucidated their in situ regulatory mechanisms. Integrated amplicon sequencing of rhizosphere microbiomes from 26 crop species indicated 6 core genera (Streptomyces, Glycomyces, Inquilinus, Amycolatopsis, Acinetobacter, and Promicromonospora) consistently enriched under drought. Soil conditioning with 46 shared rhizosphere metabolites among multiple crops demonstrated that trehalose, myo-inositol, and phenylalanine synergistically enrich the six genera. The soil microbiome conditioned with three compounds significantly increased root length and leaf water content when evaluated in greenhouse trials (tomato, cucumber, and watermelon) and sorghum field studies. Furthermore, the conditioned soil microbiome exhibited enrichment in pathways related to energy supply, protective compound synthesis, and plant interaction signaling, driven by six core genera. Pure culture experiments revealed a potential cross-phylum interaction; that is, Streptomyces could synthesize phenylalanine to recruit Acinetobacter. Our findings reveal a potential conserved rhizosphere metabolite-microbiome interactions across multiple crops, offering a talent pathway to steer soil microbiome for drought resistance.

干旱是全球粮食安全的主要威胁。目前尚不清楚不同作物是否可以招募保守的干旱敏感微生物来帮助它们适应干旱,以及这种招募是如何发生的。在此,我们鉴定了在干旱胁迫下多种作物中保守的对干旱敏感的根际微生物属,并阐明了它们的原位调控机制。对26种作物根际微生物组的扩增子测序结果显示,6个核心属(链霉菌属、糖霉菌属、Inquilinus属、Amycolatopsis属、不动杆菌属和Promicromonospora属)在干旱条件下持续富集。不同作物间46种根际代谢物的土壤调节表明海藻糖、肌醇和苯丙氨酸对6个属具有协同增效作用。在温室试验(番茄、黄瓜和西瓜)和高粱田间试验中,经三种化合物调节的土壤微生物组显著增加了根长和叶片含水量。此外,在6个核心属的驱动下,条件土壤微生物组在能量供应、保护性化合物合成和植物相互作用信号通路中表现出富集。纯培养实验揭示了潜在的跨门相互作用;即链霉菌可以合成苯丙氨酸来招募不动杆菌。我们的研究结果揭示了多种作物间根际代谢物-微生物组相互作用的潜在保守性,为引导土壤微生物组的抗旱性提供了一条途径。
{"title":"Deciphering Conserved Rhizosphere Metabolite–Microbiome Interactions for Crop Drought Resistance","authors":"Guoqing Niu,&nbsp;Weiye Liu,&nbsp;Tianjiao Zhang,&nbsp;Jie Ma,&nbsp;Xiaohang Yuan,&nbsp;Penghao Xie,&nbsp;Shengdie Yang,&nbsp;Zhexu Ding,&nbsp;Jing Fang,&nbsp;Jianguo Zeng,&nbsp;Tao Wen,&nbsp;Qirong Shen,&nbsp;Jun Yuan","doi":"10.1111/gcb.70652","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gcb.70652","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Drought stress is a major threat to global food security. It remains uncertain whether conserved drought-responsive microbes can be recruited by different crop species to help their adaptation to drought and how this recruitment occurs. Herein, we identified drought-responsive rhizosphere microbial genera conserved across multiple crop species under drought stress and elucidated their in situ regulatory mechanisms. Integrated amplicon sequencing of rhizosphere microbiomes from 26 crop species indicated 6 core genera (<i>Streptomyces</i>, <i>Glycomyces</i>, <i>Inquilinus</i>, <i>Amycolatopsis</i>, <i>Acinetobacter</i>, and <i>Promicromonospora</i>) consistently enriched under drought. Soil conditioning with 46 shared rhizosphere metabolites among multiple crops demonstrated that trehalose, myo-inositol, and phenylalanine synergistically enrich the six genera. The soil microbiome conditioned with three compounds significantly increased root length and leaf water content when evaluated in greenhouse trials (tomato, cucumber, and watermelon) and sorghum field studies. Furthermore, the conditioned soil microbiome exhibited enrichment in pathways related to energy supply, protective compound synthesis, and plant interaction signaling, driven by six core genera. Pure culture experiments revealed a potential cross-phylum interaction; that is, <i>Streptomyces</i> could synthesize phenylalanine to recruit <i>Acinetobacter</i>. Our findings reveal a potential conserved rhizosphere metabolite-microbiome interactions across multiple crops, offering a talent pathway to steer soil microbiome for drought resistance.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"31 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145718343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Differential Effects of Nitrogen Chemical Forms on Soil Bacterial Communities and Ecosystem Multifunctionality in a Temperate Meadow Steppe 氮化学形态对温带草甸草原土壤细菌群落和生态系统多功能性的差异影响
IF 12 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2025-12-11 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.70648
Jian-Guo Ma, He-Yong Liu, Jordi Sardans, Raúl Ochoa-Hueso, Guo-Jiao Yang, Étienne Yergeau, Josep Peñuelas, Xiao-Tao Lü, Zheng-Wen Wang, Xing-Guo Han, Xiao-Bo Wang

Understanding the impact of nitrogen (N) enrichment on soil microbial community and its associations with ecosystem functionality is crucial, given rising global atmospheric N deposition and even greater agricultural inputs. Most previous studies simulating N deposition used single N species, yet the specific effects of different N forms are not fully understood. This limitation hinders our capacity to link changes in soil microbial communities with ecosystem multifunctionality and to assess the impact of atmospheric N deposition on ecosystem services. To bridge this knowledge gap, our study, conducted from 2016 to 2018 in a typical temperate grassland in Inner Mongolia, China, evaluated the differential effects of the addition of four N forms—ammonium bicarbonate (AC), ammonium nitrate (AN), ammonium sulfate (AS), and urea (UR)—on soil bacterial community structure and function, taxonomic interactions, and ecosystem multifunctionality. These forms were applied at five levels (0, 2, 10, 20, and 50 g N m−2 year−1) with five replicates as part of a long-term experiment. Our findings reveal that N forms in combination with increased N loading differentially influence bacterial community structure and functional characteristics, and co-occurrence networks, alongside ecosystem multifunctionality. Notably, AN/AS significantly reduced bacterial taxonomic and functional diversity and network complexity, unlike AC, which showed minimal changes. The alteration in bacterial community structure and function under AN/AS was more significantly linked to changes in ecosystem multifunctionality than those under AC/UR, with AC having minimal connections. Additionally, keystone taxa responded differently to N levels and showed varied correlations with ecosystem multifunctionality. These results underscore the distinct effects of different N forms on soil bacterial communities and their cascading influence on ecosystem multifunctionality, emphasizing the need for management practices targeted to the specific chemical species of N deposition and fertilization.

考虑到全球大气氮沉降的增加和农业投入的增加,了解氮(N)富集对土壤微生物群落的影响及其与生态系统功能的关系至关重要。以往模拟氮沉降的研究大多采用单一氮种,但不同形态氮的具体作用尚未完全了解。这一限制阻碍了我们将土壤微生物群落的变化与生态系统的多功能性联系起来,以及评估大气氮沉降对生态系统服务的影响。为了弥补这一知识空白,本研究于2016年至2018年在内蒙古典型温带草原进行,评估了碳酸氢铵(AC)、硝酸铵(AN)、硫酸铵(AS)和尿素(UR) 4种N形态的添加对土壤细菌群落结构和功能、分类相互作用和生态系统多功能性的差异影响。作为长期试验的一部分,在5个水平(0、2、10、20和50 g N - m-2 -1年)上施用这些形式,共5个重复。我们的研究结果表明,氮形态与氮负荷增加的结合对细菌群落结构和功能特征、共生网络以及生态系统的多功能性有不同的影响。值得注意的是,AN/AS显著降低了细菌的分类和功能多样性以及网络复杂性,而AC的变化很小。与AC/UR相比,AN/AS条件下细菌群落结构和功能的变化与生态系统多功能性变化的联系更为显著,AC条件下细菌群落结构和功能的变化与生态系统多功能性变化的联系最小。重点类群对氮素水平的响应不同,与生态系统多功能性的相关性也不同。这些结果强调了不同形态氮对土壤细菌群落的不同影响及其对生态系统多功能性的级联影响,强调了针对特定化学物质氮沉积和施肥的管理实践的必要性。
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引用次数: 0
Record-Breaking 2025 European Wildfires Concentrated in Northwest Iberia 创纪录的2025年欧洲野火集中在伊比利亚西北部。
IF 12 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2025-12-11 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.70649
Guadalupe Sánchez-Hernández, Marco Turco, Irene Repeto-Deudero, Dominic Royé, Mara Baudena, Juan Pedro Montávez, Rosa Pietroiusti, Antonello Provenzale, Cristina Santin, Miguel Ángel Torres-Vázquez, Juli G. Pausas
<p>At the end of August 2025, the total burned area (BA) in Europe reached ~1 million hectares (Mha), the highest on record (https://forest-fire.emergency.copernicus.eu/apps/effis.statistics/seasonaltrend). More than half of this total (~541,000 ha) was concentrated within only ~2% of the EU area, in a ~15 Mha region in the north-west of the Iberian Peninsula (NW-IP; Figure 1a) and developed over just a few weeks in August (Keeping et al. <span>2025</span>). For several days, large wildfires burned in the region, prompting military support and the first-ever activation of the European Civil Protection Mechanism in Spain. The fires caused severe environmental and socio-economic impacts, including at least eight fatalities and large-scale evacuations (https://www.euronews.com/2025/08/17/wildfires-in-spain-and-portugal-force-evacuations-and-deployment-of-thousands-of-emergency; Keeping et al. <span>2025</span>).</p><p>The fires occurred during an intense 16-day heatwave across southwestern Europe in August (https://climate.copernicus.eu/surface-air-temperature-august-2025). As a consequence, the Fire Weather Index (FWI), a fire danger metric which combines temperature, humidity, wind, and precipitation, was particularly high in the NW-IP, with August 2025 showing the most extreme monthly fire-weather conditions in the 1985–2025 period (Figure 1b). According to the World Weather Attribution rapid assessment, human-caused climate change has made the kind of extreme fire-weather conditions observed in August 2025 roughly 40 times more likely and about 30% more intense, but this attribution refers only to meteorological hazard (fire-weather conditions), not ignition probability or BA (Keeping et al. <span>2025</span>).</p><p>Within the NW-IP, August 2025 reached a record-high value over the period 1985–2025 for BA too (Figure 1c). The second-largest monthly BA occurred in October 2017, outside the typical summer fire season and during the exceptional windy conditions associated with Hurricane Ophelia (Ramos et al. <span>2023</span>). Monthly BA and FWI are positively associated (Spearman ρ = 0.73, <i>p</i> < 0.001; after removing the annual cycle <i>ρ</i> = 0.55, <i>p</i> < 0.001). However, the response is non-linear: below FWI 15, most months lie well under the BA 95th percentile, and BA increases rapidly once it exceeds FWI ~20 (Figure 1c). At high FWI, dispersion widens, indicating that extreme fire weather is necessary but not sufficient for extreme BA. In addition, summer FWI shows a significant positive trend over the 1985–2025 period (Theil–Sen = +1.18 FWI units per decade; Kendall <i>p</i> = 0.013), and high monthly FWI has become more prevalent in recent years (red symbols in Figure 1c, 2006–2025). By contrast, summer BA remains highly variable and does not show a comparably clear long-term increase (Theil–Sen = −4324 ha per decade; Kendall <i>p</i> = 0.041). This divergence suggests that, beyond meteorological hazard, changes in suppress
2025年8月底,欧洲的总燃烧面积(BA)达到了100万公顷(Mha),是有记录以来的最高水平(https://forest-fire.emergency.copernicus.eu/apps/effis.statistics/seasonaltrend)。其中一半以上(约541,000公顷)集中在仅占欧盟约2%的地区,即伊比利亚半岛西北部约15公顷的地区(NW-IP;图1a),并在8月份的几周内发展起来(Keeping et al. 2025)。几天来,该地区发生了大规模的野火,促使军方提供支持,并首次在西班牙启动了欧洲民事保护机制。火灾造成了严重的环境和社会经济影响,包括至少8人死亡和大规模疏散(https://www.euronews.com/2025/08/17/wildfires-in-spain-and-portugal-force-evacuations-and-deployment-of-thousands-of-emergency; Keeping et al. 2025)。火灾发生在8月份席卷欧洲西南部的16天强烈热浪期间(https://climate.copernicus.eu/surface-air-temperature-august-2025)。因此,火灾天气指数(FWI),一个结合温度、湿度、风和降水的火灾危险指标,在NW-IP特别高,2025年8月显示了1985-2025年期间最极端的月度火灾天气条件(图1b)。根据世界天气归因快速评估,人为引起的气候变化使2025年8月观测到的那种极端火灾天气条件的可能性增加了大约40倍,强度增加了约30%,但这种归因仅指气象危害(火灾天气条件),而不是点火概率或BA (Keeping et al. 2025)。在NW-IP内,BA在2025年8月也达到了1985-2025年期间的最高记录(图1c)。第二大月度BA发生在2017年10月,不包括典型的夏季火灾季节和与飓风奥菲莉亚相关的异常大风条件(Ramos et al. 2023)。月度BA和FWI呈正相关(Spearman ρ = 0.73, p &lt; 0.001;剔除年周期后ρ = 0.55, p &lt; 0.001)。然而,响应是非线性的:在FWI 15以下,大多数月份都处于BA的第95个百分位数以下,一旦超过FWI ~20, BA就会迅速增加(图1c)。在高FWI时,弥散变宽,表明极端火灾天气是必要的,但不是极端BA的充分条件。此外,夏季FWI在1985-2025年期间呈现出显著的正趋势(Theil-Sen = +1.18 FWI单位/十年;Kendall p = 0.013),近年来月度高FWI变得更加普遍(图1c中红色符号,2006-2025)。相比之下,夏季BA变化很大,没有显示出相当明显的长期增长(Theil-Sen = - 4324 ha / 10年;Kendall p = 0.041)。这种差异表明,除了气象灾害之外,抑制能力、燃料结构和更广泛的人类环境因素的变化也会在年代际尺度上调节燃烧面积(例如,fr<s:1>贾维尔和科特,2017)。为什么2025年如此极端?火灾的大小取决于有利于火灾的天气的持续时间和景观中连续燃料的程度(Pausas和Keeley 2021)。因此,燃烧的东西也很重要。2025年8月NW-IP的火灾表现出很强的燃烧选择性,相对于其在域内的可用性,灌木地贡献了不成比例的BA份额(图1d)。这与这些植被类型的高燃料密度、可燃性和空间连续性是一致的(Repeto-Deudero et al. 2025)。其他类别的燃烧比例低于其可用性,包括异国情调的树木种植园。这些火灾主要集中在海岸,而这些火灾大多发生在内陆。考虑到最近人们对保护区可能不成比例地受到野火影响的担忧,我们比较了保护区内观察到的BA份额(32.3%,95%折刀CI值在17.6-47.0范围内)与研究区域内受保护土地的份额(25.2%)。因此,我们没有发现强有力的统计证据表明,在这个极端的火灾月份,火灾优先影响保护区。该地区以天然精细燃料为主导的生态系统——灌木地受到了不成比例的影响,这表明数十年的森林破坏、土地遗弃和有效的抑制可能增加了其面积和整个西北ip的连续性(Viedma et al. 2015; Moreira et al. 2020)。之前的天气也可能有助于增加优质燃料的供应。这些燃料床遇到极端的火灾天气条件,导致多起几乎同步的大火(图1a),其中几起超过了灭火能力。我们希望这份说明有助于立即采取行动,促进紧急、详细的评估和规划。 为了使2025年这样的夏季成为例外,而不是新的常态,需要在风险、危害、暴露和脆弱性的各个方面采取行动——通过协调的缓解和适应。减缓至关重要:减少温室气体排放是限制极端火灾天气增加的主要杠杆(Abatzoglou等人,2025年;Keeping等人,2025年)。适应应优先考虑有针对性的土地利用规划、战略地点的燃料减少、谨慎的森林管理以及对社区恢复能力和恢复支持的投资。这意味着从主要的反应性抑制转向减少脆弱性和暴露的主动策略。预防必须被视为战略重点,因为不断升级的野火威胁着人口、基础设施和经济稳定(Cunningham et al. 2025),使火灾恢复能力成为国家安全和环境保护的问题(AghaKouchak et al. 2025)。作者声明无利益冲突。作者没有什么可报告的。
{"title":"Record-Breaking 2025 European Wildfires Concentrated in Northwest Iberia","authors":"Guadalupe Sánchez-Hernández,&nbsp;Marco Turco,&nbsp;Irene Repeto-Deudero,&nbsp;Dominic Royé,&nbsp;Mara Baudena,&nbsp;Juan Pedro Montávez,&nbsp;Rosa Pietroiusti,&nbsp;Antonello Provenzale,&nbsp;Cristina Santin,&nbsp;Miguel Ángel Torres-Vázquez,&nbsp;Juli G. Pausas","doi":"10.1111/gcb.70649","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gcb.70649","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;At the end of August 2025, the total burned area (BA) in Europe reached ~1 million hectares (Mha), the highest on record (https://forest-fire.emergency.copernicus.eu/apps/effis.statistics/seasonaltrend). More than half of this total (~541,000 ha) was concentrated within only ~2% of the EU area, in a ~15 Mha region in the north-west of the Iberian Peninsula (NW-IP; Figure 1a) and developed over just a few weeks in August (Keeping et al. &lt;span&gt;2025&lt;/span&gt;). For several days, large wildfires burned in the region, prompting military support and the first-ever activation of the European Civil Protection Mechanism in Spain. The fires caused severe environmental and socio-economic impacts, including at least eight fatalities and large-scale evacuations (https://www.euronews.com/2025/08/17/wildfires-in-spain-and-portugal-force-evacuations-and-deployment-of-thousands-of-emergency; Keeping et al. &lt;span&gt;2025&lt;/span&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The fires occurred during an intense 16-day heatwave across southwestern Europe in August (https://climate.copernicus.eu/surface-air-temperature-august-2025). As a consequence, the Fire Weather Index (FWI), a fire danger metric which combines temperature, humidity, wind, and precipitation, was particularly high in the NW-IP, with August 2025 showing the most extreme monthly fire-weather conditions in the 1985–2025 period (Figure 1b). According to the World Weather Attribution rapid assessment, human-caused climate change has made the kind of extreme fire-weather conditions observed in August 2025 roughly 40 times more likely and about 30% more intense, but this attribution refers only to meteorological hazard (fire-weather conditions), not ignition probability or BA (Keeping et al. &lt;span&gt;2025&lt;/span&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Within the NW-IP, August 2025 reached a record-high value over the period 1985–2025 for BA too (Figure 1c). The second-largest monthly BA occurred in October 2017, outside the typical summer fire season and during the exceptional windy conditions associated with Hurricane Ophelia (Ramos et al. &lt;span&gt;2023&lt;/span&gt;). Monthly BA and FWI are positively associated (Spearman ρ = 0.73, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.001; after removing the annual cycle &lt;i&gt;ρ&lt;/i&gt; = 0.55, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.001). However, the response is non-linear: below FWI 15, most months lie well under the BA 95th percentile, and BA increases rapidly once it exceeds FWI ~20 (Figure 1c). At high FWI, dispersion widens, indicating that extreme fire weather is necessary but not sufficient for extreme BA. In addition, summer FWI shows a significant positive trend over the 1985–2025 period (Theil–Sen = +1.18 FWI units per decade; Kendall &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.013), and high monthly FWI has become more prevalent in recent years (red symbols in Figure 1c, 2006–2025). By contrast, summer BA remains highly variable and does not show a comparably clear long-term increase (Theil–Sen = −4324 ha per decade; Kendall &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.041). This divergence suggests that, beyond meteorological hazard, changes in suppress","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"31 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/gcb.70649","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145717899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Prof Stephen P. Long, FRS (1950–2025) Stephen P. Long教授,FRS (1950-2025)
IF 12 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2025-12-10 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.70606
Lorenzo Álvarez-Filip, Edith Bai, Carl J. Bernacchi, Rhea Bruno, Klaus Butterbach-Bahl, Maria Byrne, I-Ching Chen, Shaolin Chen, William W. L. Cheung, M. Francesca Cotrufo, Tatenda Dalu, Xiaojuan Feng, Yongshuo Fu, Yanli Gao, Vera L. M. Huszar, Ivan A. Janssens, Sujong Jeong, T. Hefin Jones, Stephen D. Joseph, Madhu Khanna, Miko U. F. Kirschbaum, Kazuhiko Kobayashi, Julie LaRoche, Andrew D. B. Leakey, Xinhai Li, Yin Li, Lingli Liu, Annalea Lohila, Yiqi Luo, Andrew E. McKechnie, Ara Monadjem, Rachael H. Nolan, Richard G. Pearson, Shushi Peng, Josep Peñuelas, Shilong Piao, Sharon A. Robinson, Youngryel Ryu, Rowan F. Sage, Rachel G. Shekar, Shuai Xue, Pete Smith, Glaucia Mendes Souza, Sabrina Spatari, David J. Suggett, Guangce Wang, Danielle A. Way, Jin Wu, Longlong Xia
<p>Professor Stephen P. Long, FRS (Steve) was born in London in 1950. His passion for plant science was the result of an inspiring schoolteacher, Ms. Muriel Hoskins, and recognition that new science and biotechnology were needed to address the famines being experienced by the Global South in the 1960s. As a result, he studied agricultural botany at Reading University, graduating with a B.Sc. in 1972. He then went on to earn a Ph.D. from Leeds University in 1976 for research that revealed that plants with C4 photosynthesis were naturally present in the UK and not limited to tropical regions. He added to this formal education while visiting Kenya and India as a teacher for the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) during the 1970s and 1980s. These formative experiences underpinned a research agenda that Steve would pursue with remarkable success for the rest of his career, that is, understanding and engineering photosynthesis to improve agricultural productivity, resilience and sustainability in the face of global environmental change. His landmark contributions included work on C4 photosynthesis, photosynthetic responses to both heat and cold, photosynthetic and productivity responses to atmospheric changes, photosynthetic productivity of biomass crops, cross-scale modelling of photosynthesis and plant function, and engineering of photosynthesis to improve crop yield. Along the way, Steve consistently kept pace with the latest technologies, finding ways to leverage them to accelerate progress. This included use of <i>in silico</i> modelling, cutting-edge methods for growing plants under global change treatments in the field, and myriad biotech approaches to crop engineering.</p><p>One key hallmark of Steve's career was his ability to build teams, both for research and scientific publishing. He established early examples of transdisciplinary research teams for plant science at the SoyFACE project, Energy Biosciences Institute (EBI), and Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE) projects. These transdisciplinary teams attracted funding from industry, philanthropic and government sources that were distributed among national and international networks of collaborators. During this time, he met a number of former and current editors of <i>Global Change Biology</i>; his warmth and support from many interactions are fondly remembered by them.</p><p>He also kept his “finger on the pulse” of the research community when working as a journal editor for nine journals. This included being the Chief and Founding Editor of: <i>Global Change Biology</i>, <i>Global Change Biology Bioenergy</i>, and <i>in silico Plants</i>. At the time of his death, he had also just conceived and helped to launch <i>Global Change Biology Communications</i>. These journals created new opportunities for research communities to form on topics of special societal importance and at the intersection of traditionally siloed subdisciplines. For all these achievements, Stev
Stephen P. Long教授,FRS (Steve), 1950年生于伦敦。他对植物科学的热情源于一位鼓舞人心的教师穆丽尔·霍斯金斯女士,他认识到需要新的科学和生物技术来解决上世纪60年代全球南方国家所经历的饥荒。因此,他在雷丁大学学习农业植物学,并于1972年获得学士学位。1976年,他获得了利兹大学的博士学位,因为他的研究表明,具有C4光合作用的植物自然存在于英国,而不仅仅局限于热带地区。在20世纪70年代和80年代,他作为联合国环境规划署(UNEP)的教师访问肯尼亚和印度时,又增加了这种正规教育。这些形成性的经历支撑了史蒂夫的研究议程,并在他职业生涯的其余时间里取得了显著的成功,即理解和设计光合作用,以提高农业生产力,面对全球环境变化的恢复力和可持续性。他具有里程碑意义的贡献包括C4光合作用的研究,对热和冷的光合作用反应,对大气变化的光合作用和生产力反应,生物质作物的光合作用生产力,光合作用和植物功能的跨尺度建模,以及提高作物产量的光合作用工程。在此过程中,史蒂夫始终与最新技术保持同步,寻找利用它们加速进步的方法。这包括使用计算机建模,在全球变化处理下在田间种植植物的尖端方法,以及无数的生物技术方法来进行作物工程。史蒂夫职业生涯的一个关键标志是他有能力组建团队,无论是为了研究还是科学出版。他在SoyFACE项目、能源生物科学研究所(EBI)和实现提高光合效率(RIPE)项目中建立了植物科学跨学科研究团队的早期例子。这些跨学科团队吸引了来自行业、慈善机构和政府的资金,这些资金分布在国家和国际合作者网络中。在此期间,他会见了许多《全球变化生物学》的前任和现任编辑;他在许多互动中的温暖和支持让他们记忆犹新。在担任9家期刊的编辑期间,他也时刻关注着研究界的“脉搏”。这包括担任《全球变化生物学》、《全球变化生物学生物能源》和《硅片植物》的主编和创始编辑。在他去世的时候,他刚刚构思并帮助创办了全球变化生物通讯公司。这些期刊为研究团体创造了新的机会,形成具有特殊社会重要性的主题,并在传统上孤立的分支学科的交叉点上形成。由于所有这些成就,史蒂夫获得了许多奖项和奖励,包括2007年兰开斯特大学和2023年埃塞克斯大学的荣誉博士学位。他于2013年当选为英国皇家学会会员,并于2019年当选为美国国家科学院院士。他的专业知识得到了认可,被邀请向美国总统乔治·w·布什、安妮公主和教皇本笃十六世提供简报。也许最重要的是,史蒂夫的影响力继续被他招募和培训的人放大。他非常关心处于各个职业阶段的人,精力充沛,指导了50多名博士后科学家和研究生,其中许多人在学术界和工业界取得了成功的科学事业。史蒂夫对各个领域的热情和知识让他的同事们感到惊讶,但他最感兴趣的是利用他的研究来解决关键的人类问题,生物能源和增强光合作用是他最感兴趣的两个领域。他对生物能源的兴趣至少可以追溯到20世纪90年代,这与他希望给人们提供阻止全球变暖的新工具有关。史蒂夫开发了大型、资金充足的项目,旨在将基础研究成果转化为新的应用。史蒂夫于1999年从埃塞克斯大学(University of Essex)加入伊利诺伊大学香槟分校(University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign),在那里他在伊利诺伊州建立了第一个专门用于生物能源作物的试验性大田试验,并表明芒草可以在伊利诺伊州的条件下成功生产。这项工作,加上史蒂夫的声誉和专业知识,为英国石油公司资助的伊利诺斯大学能源生物科学研究所的建立奠定了基础,该研究所与加州大学伯克利分校和劳伦斯利弗莫尔国家实验室合作,是所有大学建立的最大的公私合作伙伴关系。 Steve的愿景发展成为伊利诺斯州一个强大的跨学科项目,从纤维素原料中提取先进的生物燃料,并成功过渡到伊利诺斯州建立了一个由美国能源部资助的生物能源研究中心(先进生物能源和生物产品创新中心,CABBI)。他使伊利诺伊大学在先进生物燃料研究领域处于领先地位。2007年,伊利诺斯州只有少数几名教员直接从事生物燃料研究,现在有60多名教员从事CABBI研究。他在伊利诺伊大学和将继承他的遗产的人们身上留下了不可磨灭的印记。史蒂夫还通过带领团队展示如何将甘蔗等生物能源作物转化为茎叶中产生的油作为生物燃料的原料,为“植物作为工厂”的范例奠定了基础。但史蒂夫并不满足于这些成就。实现提高光合效率(RIPE)项目是盖茨基金会资助的一个项目,该项目开发了提高光合效率的技术,并彻底改变了我们对光合作用和作物生产力的理解,为全球可持续农业创新奠定了基础。史蒂夫是全球变化生物学和GCB生物能源的首席和创始编辑。对于《全球变化生物学》的现任和前任编辑以及更广泛的社区来说,《全球变化生物学》的建立是全球变化生物学和生态学研究的关键时刻。在那之前,文章出现在一系列动物学、微生物学、生态学、植物科学的出版物上——《全球变化生物学》的成立为我们提供了一个专门的出版渠道,致力于我们都意识到将成为一个重大问题的问题——全球环境变化及其后果。史蒂夫的目标是让《全球变化生物学》成为该领域的世界领先期刊,为了实现这一目标,他一直坚持不懈地工作到生命的最后一天。通过GCB Bioenergy, Steve启发了一个跨学科框架,将全球环境变化与新兴生物经济的农艺、技术、经济和政策发展相结合。从科学上讲,史蒂夫一直要求我们向前看,他问:“全球变化生物学的下一个新兴主题是什么?”我们应该邀请谁来审查?我们应该写什么评论?他雄心勃勃,不是为了个人利益,而是为了期刊本身,他的愿景是全球变化生物学应该不断推动生物科学在全球变化研究中的界限。经过30年的发展,《全球变化生物学》已经成长为一个家族期刊,包括GCB Bioenergy和现在的GCB Communications,这不仅反映了该期刊的发展,也反映了Steve对指导下一代的承诺。全球变化生物学的优势在于以全球变化为中心的学科多样性。认识到由于篇幅限制,许多优秀的论文被《全球变化生物学》杂志拒之门外,这本身就是《全球变化生物学》成功的证据,他倡导创办了新杂志《全球变化生物学通讯》。正如史蒂夫的本性,该杂志还没有出版第一期,但已经超过了预期的投稿量。史蒂夫的领导使在《全球变化生物学》编委会的工作成为我们作为编辑的一次真正特殊的经历。在期刊的早期发展中,他邀请了来自多个学科和国家的新兴有才华的科学家加入他的冒险,从那时起,提高编委会的知名度、代表性、创造力和效率一直是他领导的坚定目标。在成为编辑之前,我们中的许多人都很兴奋地在全球变化生物学或GCB生物能源上发表了博士和博士后研究论文。我们作为编辑的经历是独一无二的,很大程度上是因为史蒂夫在编辑之间培养了一个真正的社区。史蒂夫对我们生活中正在发生的事情表现出真诚的兴趣,无论是科学上的还是个人的,这延伸到他与支持全球变化生物学和GCB生物能源的一流团队以及出版商Wiley的工作人员的互动。在他的演讲中,在他家里组织的万圣节派对中,在与他的会议和日常互动中,史蒂夫都有一种很强的英式幽默。一个很好的例子是他在TED上的演讲“我们能通过光合作用养活世界吗?”https://www.ted.com/talks/steve_long_can_we_hack_photosynthesis_to
{"title":"Prof Stephen P. Long, FRS (1950–2025)","authors":"Lorenzo Álvarez-Filip,&nbsp;Edith Bai,&nbsp;Carl J. Bernacchi,&nbsp;Rhea Bruno,&nbsp;Klaus Butterbach-Bahl,&nbsp;Maria Byrne,&nbsp;I-Ching Chen,&nbsp;Shaolin Chen,&nbsp;William W. L. Cheung,&nbsp;M. Francesca Cotrufo,&nbsp;Tatenda Dalu,&nbsp;Xiaojuan Feng,&nbsp;Yongshuo Fu,&nbsp;Yanli Gao,&nbsp;Vera L. M. Huszar,&nbsp;Ivan A. Janssens,&nbsp;Sujong Jeong,&nbsp;T. Hefin Jones,&nbsp;Stephen D. Joseph,&nbsp;Madhu Khanna,&nbsp;Miko U. F. Kirschbaum,&nbsp;Kazuhiko Kobayashi,&nbsp;Julie LaRoche,&nbsp;Andrew D. B. Leakey,&nbsp;Xinhai Li,&nbsp;Yin Li,&nbsp;Lingli Liu,&nbsp;Annalea Lohila,&nbsp;Yiqi Luo,&nbsp;Andrew E. McKechnie,&nbsp;Ara Monadjem,&nbsp;Rachael H. Nolan,&nbsp;Richard G. Pearson,&nbsp;Shushi Peng,&nbsp;Josep Peñuelas,&nbsp;Shilong Piao,&nbsp;Sharon A. Robinson,&nbsp;Youngryel Ryu,&nbsp;Rowan F. Sage,&nbsp;Rachel G. Shekar,&nbsp;Shuai Xue,&nbsp;Pete Smith,&nbsp;Glaucia Mendes Souza,&nbsp;Sabrina Spatari,&nbsp;David J. Suggett,&nbsp;Guangce Wang,&nbsp;Danielle A. Way,&nbsp;Jin Wu,&nbsp;Longlong Xia","doi":"10.1111/gcb.70606","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gcb.70606","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Professor Stephen P. Long, FRS (Steve) was born in London in 1950. His passion for plant science was the result of an inspiring schoolteacher, Ms. Muriel Hoskins, and recognition that new science and biotechnology were needed to address the famines being experienced by the Global South in the 1960s. As a result, he studied agricultural botany at Reading University, graduating with a B.Sc. in 1972. He then went on to earn a Ph.D. from Leeds University in 1976 for research that revealed that plants with C4 photosynthesis were naturally present in the UK and not limited to tropical regions. He added to this formal education while visiting Kenya and India as a teacher for the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) during the 1970s and 1980s. These formative experiences underpinned a research agenda that Steve would pursue with remarkable success for the rest of his career, that is, understanding and engineering photosynthesis to improve agricultural productivity, resilience and sustainability in the face of global environmental change. His landmark contributions included work on C4 photosynthesis, photosynthetic responses to both heat and cold, photosynthetic and productivity responses to atmospheric changes, photosynthetic productivity of biomass crops, cross-scale modelling of photosynthesis and plant function, and engineering of photosynthesis to improve crop yield. Along the way, Steve consistently kept pace with the latest technologies, finding ways to leverage them to accelerate progress. This included use of &lt;i&gt;in silico&lt;/i&gt; modelling, cutting-edge methods for growing plants under global change treatments in the field, and myriad biotech approaches to crop engineering.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;One key hallmark of Steve's career was his ability to build teams, both for research and scientific publishing. He established early examples of transdisciplinary research teams for plant science at the SoyFACE project, Energy Biosciences Institute (EBI), and Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE) projects. These transdisciplinary teams attracted funding from industry, philanthropic and government sources that were distributed among national and international networks of collaborators. During this time, he met a number of former and current editors of &lt;i&gt;Global Change Biology&lt;/i&gt;; his warmth and support from many interactions are fondly remembered by them.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;He also kept his “finger on the pulse” of the research community when working as a journal editor for nine journals. This included being the Chief and Founding Editor of: &lt;i&gt;Global Change Biology&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Global Change Biology Bioenergy&lt;/i&gt;, and &lt;i&gt;in silico Plants&lt;/i&gt;. At the time of his death, he had also just conceived and helped to launch &lt;i&gt;Global Change Biology Communications&lt;/i&gt;. These journals created new opportunities for research communities to form on topics of special societal importance and at the intersection of traditionally siloed subdisciplines. For all these achievements, Stev","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"31 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/gcb.70606","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145717902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Correction to “Policy Inaction Risks Breaching the 2°C Climate Target” 更正“政策不作为有可能突破2°C气候目标”
IF 12 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2025-12-09 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.70655

Deng, X., Z. Qin, M. Chen, et al. 2025. “Policy Inaction Risks Breaching the 2°C Climate Target.” Global Change Biology 31, no. 11: e70614. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70614.

In the original version of this article, financial information for Son Hwi Kim was omitted from the Acknowledgments section. Previously, the text was as follows:

“This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2023YFF0805403). We are grateful to Prof. Pete Smith and the members of the Qin Lab for their support throughout this project. We respectfully dedicate this work to the memory of Professor Steve Long, in grateful remembrance of his selfless support of young scientists and his enduring legacy, which continues to inspire our research.”

It should be as follows:

“This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2023YFF0805403). Son Hwi Kim was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea, Ministry of Science and ICT (RS-2024-00405736). We are grateful to Prof. Pete Smith and the members of the Qin Lab for their support throughout this project. We respectfully dedicate this work to the memory of Professor Steve Long, in grateful remembrance of his selfless support of young scientists and his enduring legacy, which continues to inspire our research.”

We apologize for this error.

邓新,秦之,陈明等。2025。“政策不作为有可能突破2°C气候目标。”全球变化生物学第31期11: e70614。https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70614.In在这篇文章的原始版本中,孙惠金的财务信息在致谢部分被省略了。之前的文本是这样的:“本工作得到国家重点研发计划(2023YFF0805403)的支持。我们非常感谢皮特·史密斯教授和秦实验室的成员在整个项目中给予我们的支持。我们谨以此作品纪念史蒂夫·朗教授,感谢他对年轻科学家的无私支持和他不朽的遗产,这些遗产将继续激励我们的研究。”全文如下:“本工作得到国家重点研发计划(2023YFF0805403)的支持。Son Hwi Kim得到韩国科学和信息通信技术部国家研究基金(RS-2024-00405736)的支持。我们非常感谢皮特·史密斯教授和秦实验室的成员在整个项目中给予我们的支持。我们谨以此作品纪念史蒂夫·朗教授,感谢他对年轻科学家的无私支持和他不朽的遗产,这些遗产将继续激励我们的研究。”我们为这个错误道歉。
{"title":"Correction to “Policy Inaction Risks Breaching the 2°C Climate Target”","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/gcb.70655","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gcb.70655","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Deng, X., Z. Qin, M. Chen, et al. 2025. “Policy Inaction Risks Breaching the 2°C Climate Target.” <i>Global Change Biology</i> 31, no. 11: e70614. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70614.</p><p>In the original version of this article, financial information for Son Hwi Kim was omitted from the Acknowledgments section. Previously, the text was as follows:</p><p>“This work was supported by the National Key R&amp;D Program of China (2023YFF0805403). We are grateful to Prof. Pete Smith and the members of the Qin Lab for their support throughout this project. We respectfully dedicate this work to the memory of Professor Steve Long, in grateful remembrance of his selfless support of young scientists and his enduring legacy, which continues to inspire our research.”</p><p>It should be as follows:</p><p>“This work was supported by the National Key R&amp;D Program of China (2023YFF0805403). Son Hwi Kim was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea, Ministry of Science and ICT (RS-2024-00405736). We are grateful to Prof. Pete Smith and the members of the Qin Lab for their support throughout this project. We respectfully dedicate this work to the memory of Professor Steve Long, in grateful remembrance of his selfless support of young scientists and his enduring legacy, which continues to inspire our research.”</p><p>We apologize for this error.</p>","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"31 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/gcb.70655","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145704274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Interactive Effects of Weather and Forest Structure on Microclimate Buffering in European Deciduous Forests 气候和森林结构对欧洲落叶森林小气候缓冲的交互作用
IF 12 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2025-12-09 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.70634
Liping Wei, Pieter Sanczuk, Pieter Vangansbeke, Karen De Pauw, Thomas Vanneste, Kurt Bollmann, Jörg Brunet, Kim Calders, Sara A. O. Cousins, Martin Diekmann, Cristina Gasperini, Bente J. Graae, Per-Ola Hedwall, Giovanni Iacopetti, Jonathan Lenoir, Anna Orczewska, Quentin Ponette, Jan Plue, Ilaria Santi, Federico Selvi, Fabien Spicher, Hans Verbeeck, Florian Zellweger, Pieter De Frenne

The microclimate temperature within forests can substantially deviate from measurements outside forests. Yet, the amount and direction of this buffering strongly depend on meteorological conditions outside forests, such as free-air temperature, wind speed, soil moisture, precipitation and solar radiation. Most studies on microclimate buffering focus on long-term averages at coarse temporal resolution (e.g., monthly to seasonal), potentially overlooking the impact of daily fluctuations, which are nonetheless critical for many forest species and processes. Here, we linked in situ measured air and soil temperatures, at the daily resolution over a period of more than 5 years across 45 European deciduous forests spanning a 2300-km latitudinal gradient, to daily variation in weather conditions (i.e., free-air temperature, precipitation, wind speed, soil moisture, solar radiation, day length and snow cover). We assessed the interactive effects of weather conditions and forest structural complexity (plant area index) and distance to the forest edge on air and soil temperature offsets. Temperature offsets are the difference between understory air or soil temperature and macroclimate reference conditions measured at weather stations in the open field. We show that relative effect sizes of free-air temperature prevailed over the effects of other weather variables to determine air and soil temperature buffering. In general, higher free-air temperatures, soil moisture, wind speed and snow cover led to more negative air and soil temperature offsets, with variations depending on forest structural complexity and season. Conversely, slightly increased air and soil temperature offsets were found as precipitation and solar radiation increased. Our study highlights the dominant role of daily free-air temperature fluctuations outside forests in shaping microclimatic buffering. We emphasize complex interaction paths between daily weather conditions, and forest structure and edge effects, offering valuable insights for next-generation microclimate models and enhancing our understanding of forest ecosystem responses to environmental change that account for microclimate.

森林内的小气候温度与森林外的测量值有很大的偏差。然而,这种缓冲的数量和方向在很大程度上取决于森林以外的气象条件,如自由空气温度、风速、土壤湿度、降水和太阳辐射。大多数关于小气候缓冲的研究侧重于粗时间分辨率的长期平均值(例如,从月到季),可能忽略了日波动的影响,而日波动对许多森林物种和过程至关重要。在这里,我们在超过5年的时间里,在横跨2300公里纬度梯度的45个欧洲落叶森林中,以每日分辨率将现场测量的空气和土壤温度与天气条件的每日变化(即自由空气温度、降水、风速、土壤湿度、太阳辐射、日长和积雪)联系起来。我们评估了天气条件、森林结构复杂性(植物面积指数)和到森林边缘的距离对空气和土壤温度补偿的交互影响。温度补偿是指在野外气象站测量的林下空气或土壤温度与宏观气候参考条件之间的差异。我们表明,在决定空气和土壤温度缓冲方面,自由空气温度的相对影响大小优于其他天气变量的影响。总的来说,较高的自由空气温度、土壤湿度、风速和积雪导致更多的负空气和土壤温度抵消,其变化取决于森林结构的复杂性和季节。相反,随着降水和太阳辐射的增加,空气和土壤温度抵消略有增加。我们的研究强调了森林外每日自由空气温度波动在形成小气候缓冲中的主导作用。我们强调了日常天气条件与森林结构和边缘效应之间复杂的相互作用路径,为下一代小气候模型提供了有价值的见解,并增强了我们对森林生态系统对环境变化的响应的理解。
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Global Change Biology
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