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Deepening Root Inputs: Potential Soil Carbon Accrual From Breeding for Deeper Rooted Maize. 加深根系投入:深根玉米育种的潜在土壤碳累积。
IF 10.8 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17591
M Francesca Cotrufo, Michelle L Haddix, Jack L Mullen, Yao Zhang, John K McKay

Breeding annual crops for enhanced root depth and biomass is considered a promising intervention to accrue soil organic carbon (SOC) in croplands, with benefits for climate change mitigation and soil health. In annual crops, genetic technology (seed) is replaced every year as part of a farmer's fixed costs, making breeding solutions to climate change more scalable and affordable than management approaches. However, mechanistic understanding and quantitative estimates of SOC accrual potentials from crops with enhanced root phenotypes are lacking. Maize is the highest acreage and yielding crop in the US, characterized by relatively low root biomass confined to the topsoil, making it a suitable candidate for improvement that could be rapidly scaled. We ran a 2-year field experiment to quantify the formation and composition (i.e., particulate (POM), coarse and fine mineral-associated organic matter (chaOM and MAOM, respectively) of new SOC to a depth of 90 cm from the decomposition of isotopically labeled maize roots and exudates. Additionally, we used the process-based MEMS 2 model to simulate the SOC accrual potential of maize root ideotypes enhanced to either shift root production to deeper depths or increase root biomass allocation, assuming no change in overall productivity. In our field experiment, maize root decomposition preferentially formed POM, with doubled efficiency below 50 cm, while root exudates preferentially formed MAOM. Modeling showed that shifting root inputs to deeper layer or increasing allocation to roots resulted in a deterministic increase in SOC, ranging from 0.05 to 0.15 Mg C ha-1 per year, which are at the low end of the range of published SOC per hectare annual accrual estimates from adoption of a variety of crop management practices. Our analysis indicates that for maize, breeding for increasing root inputs as a strategy for SOC accrual has limited impact on a per-hectare basis, although given that globally maize is produced on hundreds of millions of hectares each year, there is potential for this technology and its effect to scale. For maize-soy system that dominates US acres, changes in the overall cropping system are needed for sizable greenhouse gas reductions and SOC accrual. This study demonstrated a modeling and experimental framework to quantify and forecast SOC changes created by changing crop root inputs.

培育一年生作物以提高根系深度和生物量被认为是在农田中积累土壤有机碳(SOC)的一种很有前景的干预措施,有利于减缓气候变化和土壤健康。在一年生作物中,作为农民固定成本的一部分,遗传技术(种子)每年都会被更换,这使得育种应对气候变化的解决方案比管理方法更具可扩展性,也更经济实惠。然而,目前还缺乏对具有增强根表型的作物所产生的 SOC 累积潜力的机理认识和定量估算。玉米是美国种植面积最大、产量最高的作物,其特点是根系生物量相对较低,且局限于表层土壤,因此适合进行可快速推广的改良。我们进行了一项为期两年的田间试验,通过分解同位素标记的玉米根系和渗出物,量化了 90 厘米深的新 SOC 的形成和组成(即颗粒有机质、粗颗粒有机质和细颗粒有机质)。此外,我们还使用基于过程的 MEMS 2 模型模拟玉米根表意型的 SOC 累积潜力,在假设总体生产力不变的情况下,将根系生产转移到更深的深度或增加根系生物量分配。在我们的田间试验中,玉米根系分解优先形成 POM,50 厘米以下的效率加倍,而根系渗出物优先形成 MAOM。建模显示,将根系输入转移到更深的层或增加根系的分配会导致 SOC 的确定性增加,每年 0.05 至 0.15 兆克 C 公顷-1,这处于已公布的采用各种作物管理措施后每公顷 SOC 年累积量估计值的低端。我们的分析表明,就玉米而言,以增加根系投入为战略的育种对每公顷土壤有机碳累积的影响有限,不过考虑到全球每年有数亿公顷的玉米生产,这项技术及其影响有可能扩大规模。对于在美国种植面积中占主导地位的玉米-大豆系统来说,需要改变整个种植系统,以实现可观的温室气体减排和 SOC 累积。这项研究展示了一个建模和实验框架,用于量化和预测改变作物根系投入所产生的 SOC 变化。
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引用次数: 0
Hotter Temperatures Reduce the Diversity and Alter the Composition of Woody Plants in an Amazonian Forest 气温升高会降低亚马逊森林木本植物的多样性并改变其构成
IF 10.8 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17555
Riley P. Fortier, Alyssa T. Kullberg, Roy D. Soria Ahuanari, Lauren Coombs, Andrés Ruzo, Kenneth J. Feeley

Rapid warming and high temperatures are an immediate threat to global ecosystems, but the threat may be especially pronounced in the tropics. Although low-latitude tree species are widely predicted to be vulnerable to warming, information about how tropical tree diversity and community composition respond to elevated temperatures remains sparse. Here, we study long-term responses of tree diversity and composition to increased soil and air temperatures at the Boiling River—an exceptional and unique “natural warming experiment” in the central Peruvian Amazon. Along the Boiling River's course, geothermally heated water joins the river, gradually increasing water temperature and subsequently warming the surrounding forest. In the riparian forests along the Boiling River, mean annual and maximum air temperatures span gradients of 4°C and 11°C, respectively, over extremely short distances (< 1 km), with the hottest temperatures matching those predicted for much of the Amazon under future global warming scenarios. Using a new network of 70 woody plant inventory plots situated along the Boiling River's thermal gradient, we observed a ca. 11% decline in tree α-diversity per 1°C increase in mean annual temperature. We also found that the tree communities growing under elevated temperatures were generally more thermophilic (i.e., included greater relative abundances of species from hotter parts of the Amazon) than the communities in cooler parts of the gradient. Based on patterns at the Boiling River, we hypothesize that global warming will lead to dramatic shifts in tree diversity and composition in the lowland Amazon, including local extinctions and biotic attrition.

快速变暖和高温是对全球生态系统的直接威胁,但这一威胁在热带地区可能尤为明显。尽管人们普遍预测低纬度树种容易受到气候变暖的影响,但有关热带树木多样性和群落组成如何应对温度升高的信息仍然很少。在这里,我们研究了沸腾河--秘鲁亚马逊河中部一个特殊而独特的 "自然变暖实验"--的树木多样性和组成对土壤和空气温度升高的长期反应。沿着沸腾河的河道,地热水汇入河流,水温逐渐升高,周围的森林也随之变暖。在沸腾河沿岸的森林中,年平均气温和最高气温在极短的距离(1 公里)内分别达到 4°C 和 11°C,其中最热的温度与未来全球变暖情况下亚马逊大部分地区的预测温度一致。我们利用沿沸腾河热梯度分布的 70 个木本植物调查点组成的新网络,观察到年平均气温每升高 1°C,树木的 α 多样性就会下降约 11%。我们还发现,与温度梯度较低地区的群落相比,在温度升高条件下生长的树木群落通常更嗜热(即亚马逊较热地区物种的相对丰度更高)。根据沸腾河的模式,我们假设全球变暖将导致亚马逊低地的树木多样性和组成发生巨大变化,包括局部物种灭绝和生物损耗。
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引用次数: 0
Congruent Long-Term Declines in Carbon and Biodiversity Are a Signature of Forest Degradation 碳和生物多样性的长期一致下降是森林退化的标志
IF 10.8 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17541
Matthew G. Betts, Zhiqiang Yang, John S. Gunn, Sean P. Healey

Recent global policy initiatives aimed at reducing forest degradation require practical definitions of degradation that are readily monitored. However, consistent approaches for monitoring forest degradation over the long term and at broad scales are lacking. We quantified the long-term effects of intensive wood harvest on above-ground carbon and biodiversity at fine resolutions (30 m2) and broad scales (New Brunswick, Canada; 72,908 km2). Model predictions for above-ground biomass were highly correlated with independent data (r = 0.77). After accounting for carbon stored in wood products, net CO2 emissions from forests for the region from 1985 to 2020 were 141 CO2e Tg (4.02 TgCO2e year−1; 32% of all reported emissions). We found strong positive correlations between locations with declines in above-ground carbon and habitats for old-forest bird species, which have lost > 20% habitat over 35 years. High congruence between biodiversity and forest carbon offers potential for policy incentives to conserve both objectives simultaneously and slow rates of forest degradation. These methods could be used to track forest degradation for managed forest regions worldwide.

近期旨在减少森林退化的全球政策倡议要求对退化做出易于监测的实际定义。然而,目前还缺乏长期、大范围监测森林退化的一致方法。我们以精细分辨率(30 平方米)和大尺度(加拿大新不伦瑞克省;72,908 平方公里)量化了集约木材采伐对地上碳和生物多样性的长期影响。模型对地上生物量的预测与独立数据高度相关(r = 0.77)。考虑到木制品中储存的碳,1985 年至 2020 年该地区森林的二氧化碳净排放量为 141 CO2e Tg(4.02 TgCO2e 年-1;占所有报告排放量的 32%)。我们发现,地上碳减少的地点与老林鸟类栖息地之间存在很强的正相关性,35 年来,这些鸟类失去了 20% 的栖息地。生物多样性与森林碳之间的高度一致性为同时保护这两个目标和减缓森林退化速度提供了潜在的政策激励。这些方法可用于跟踪全球受管理林区的森林退化情况。
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引用次数: 0
Resolving the Intricate Effects of Multiple Global Change Drivers on Root Litter Decomposition 解决多种全球变化驱动因素对根系腐烂分解的复杂影响。
IF 10.8 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17547
Qingzhou Zhao, Grégoire T. Freschet, Tingting Tao, Gabriel Reuben Smith, Peng Wang, Lingyan Hu, Miaojun Ma, David Johnson, Thomas W. Crowther, Shuijin Hu

Plant roots represent about a quarter of global plant biomass and constitute a primary source of soil organic carbon (C). Yet, considerable uncertainty persists regarding root litter decomposition and their responses to global change factors (GCFs). Much of this uncertainty stems from a limited understanding of the multifactorial effects of GCFs and it remains unclear how these effects are mediated by litter quality, soil conditions and microbial functionality. Using complementary field decomposition and laboratory incubation approaches, we assessed the relative controls of GCF-mediated changes in root litter traits and soil and microbial properties on fine-root decomposition under warming, nitrogen (N) enrichment, and precipitation alteration. We found that warming and N enrichment accelerated fine-root decomposition by over 10%, and their combination showed an additive effect, while precipitation reduction suppressed decomposition overall by 12%, with the suppressive effect being most significant under warming-alone and N enrichment-alone conditions. Significantly, changes in litter quality played a dominant role and accelerated fine-root decomposition by 15% ~ 18% under warming and N enrichment, while changes in soil and microbial properties were predominant and reduced decomposition by 7% ~ 10% under precipitation reduction and the combined warming and N enrichment. Examining only the decomposition environment or litter properties in isolation can distort global change effects on root decomposition, underestimating precipitation reduction impacts by 38% and overstating warming and N effects by up to 73%. These findings highlight that the net impact of GCFs on root litter decomposition hinges on the interplay between GCF-modulated root decomposability and decomposition environment, as well as on the synergistic or antagonistic relationships among GCFs themselves. Our study emphasizes that integrating the legacy effects of multiple GCFs on root traits, soil conditions and microbial functionality would improve our prediction of C and nutrient cycling under interactive global change scenarios.

植物根系约占全球植物生物量的四分之一,是土壤有机碳(C)的主要来源。然而,关于根系废弃物的分解及其对全球变化因子(GCFs)的响应,仍然存在相当大的不确定性。这种不确定性在很大程度上源于人们对 GCFs 的多因素影响的了解有限,而且目前仍不清楚这些影响是如何通过枯落物质量、土壤条件和微生物功能性来调节的。利用互补的野外分解和实验室培养方法,我们评估了在气候变暖、氮(N)富集和降水改变的条件下,由 GCF 介导的根系枯落物特征变化以及土壤和微生物特性对细根分解的相对控制。我们发现,气候变暖和氮素富集会加速细根分解 10%以上,两者结合会产生叠加效应,而降水减少会抑制总体分解 12%,其中单独气候变暖和单独氮素富集条件下的抑制效应最为显著。值得注意的是,在增温和富氮条件下,枯落物质量的变化起了主导作用,使细根分解加速了 15% ~ 18%;而在降水减少以及增温和富氮的综合条件下,土壤和微生物特性的变化起了主导作用,使分解减少了 7% ~ 10%。仅孤立地研究分解环境或枯落物特性会扭曲全球变化对根系分解的影响,将降水减少的影响低估了 38%,将气候变暖和氮的影响高估了 73%。这些发现突出表明,全球变化框架对枯落物根系分解的净影响取决于全球变化框架调节的根系可分解性与分解环境之间的相互作用,以及全球变化框架本身之间的协同或拮抗关系。我们的研究强调,综合多种 GCFs 对根系特征、土壤条件和微生物功能的遗留影响,将改善我们在交互式全球变化情景下对碳和养分循环的预测。
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引用次数: 0
Estimating the Importance of Viral Contributions to Soil Carbon Dynamics 估算病毒对土壤碳动态影响的重要性
IF 10.8 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2024-10-25 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17524
Amy E. Zimmerman, Emily B. Graham, Jason McDermott, Kirsten S. Hofmockel

Biogeochemical models for predicting carbon dynamics increasingly include microbial processes, reflecting the importance of microorganisms in regulating the movement of carbon between soils and the atmosphere. Soil viruses can redirect carbon among various chemical pools, indicating a need for quantification and development soil carbon models that explicitly represent viral dynamics. In this opinion, we derive a global estimate of carbon potentially released from microbial biomass by viral infections in soils and synthesize a quantitative soil carbon budget from existing literature that explicitly includes viral impacts. We then adapt known mechanisms by which viruses influence carbon cycles in marine ecosystems into a soil-explicit framework. Finally, we explore the diversity of virus–host interactions during infection and conceptualize how infection mode may impact soil carbon fate. Our synthesis highlights key knowledge gaps hindering the incorporation of viruses into soil carbon cycling research and generates specific hypotheses to test in the pursuit of better quantifying microbial dynamics that explain ecosystem-scale carbon fluxes. The importance of identifying critical drivers behind soil carbon dynamics, including these elusive but likely pervasive viral mechanisms of carbon redistribution, becomes more pressing with climate change.

预测碳动态的生物地球化学模型越来越多地包括微生物过程,这反映了微生物在调节土壤与大气之间碳流动方面的重要性。土壤病毒可使碳在各种化学库之间重新定向,这表明需要量化和开发能明确表示病毒动态的土壤碳模型。在本文中,我们对土壤中病毒感染可能从微生物生物量中释放的碳进行了全球估算,并从现有文献中综合出一个定量土壤碳预算,其中明确包括病毒的影响。然后,我们将病毒影响海洋生态系统碳循环的已知机制纳入土壤明确框架。最后,我们探讨了病毒感染过程中病毒与宿主相互作用的多样性,并对感染模式如何影响土壤碳的归宿进行了构思。我们的综述强调了阻碍将病毒纳入土壤碳循环研究的关键知识空白,并提出了具体的假设,以便对解释生态系统尺度碳通量的微生物动态进行更好的量化测试。确定土壤碳动态背后的关键驱动因素(包括这些难以捉摸但可能普遍存在的碳再分配病毒机制)的重要性随着气候变化而变得更加迫切。
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引用次数: 0
Arctic Tundra Plant Dieback Can Alter Surface N2O Fluxes and Interact With Summer Warming to Increase Soil Nitrogen Retention 北极苔原植物衰退可改变地表一氧化二氮通量,并与夏季变暖相互作用,增加土壤氮素保留量
IF 10.8 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2024-10-25 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17549
Wenyi Xu, Bo Elberling, Dan Li, Per Lennart Ambus

In recent years, the arctic tundra has been subject to more frequent stochastic biotic or extreme weather events (causing plant dieback) and warmer summer air temperatures. However, the combined effects of these perturbations on the tundra ecosystem remain uninvestigated. We experimentally simulated plant dieback by cutting vegetation and increased summer air temperatures (ca. +2°C) by using open-top chambers (OTCs) in an arctic heath tundra, West Greenland. We quantified surface greenhouse gas fluxes, measured soil gross N transformation rates, and investigated all ecosystem compartments (plants, soils, microbial biomass) to utilize or retain nitrogen (N) upon application of stable N-15 isotope tracer. Measurements from three growing seasons showed an immediate increase in surface CH4 and N2O uptake after the plant dieback. With time, surface N2O fluxes alternated between emission and uptake, and rates in both directions were occasionally affected, which was primarily driven by soil temperatures and soil moisture conditions. Four years after plant dieback, deciduous shrubs recovered their biomass but retained significantly lower amounts of 15N, suggesting the reduced capacity of deciduous shrubs to utilize and retain N. Among four plant functional groups, summer warming only increased the biomass of deciduous shrubs and their 15N retention, while following plant dieback deciduous shrubs showed no response to warming. This suggests that deciduous shrubs may not always benefit from climate warming over other functional groups when considering plant dieback events. Soil gross N mineralization (~ −50%) and nitrification rates (~ −70%) significantly decreased under both ambient and warmed conditions, while only under warmed conditions immobilization of NO3 significantly increased (~ +1900%). This explains that plant dieback enhanced N retention in microbial biomass and thus bulk soils under warmed conditions. This study underscores the need to consider plant dieback events alongside summer warming to better predict future ecosystem-climate feedback.

近年来,北极苔原遭受了更频繁的随机生物事件或极端天气事件(导致植物枯萎)以及夏季气温升高的影响。然而,这些扰动对苔原生态系统的综合影响仍未得到研究。我们在西格陵兰岛的北极石楠苔原上,通过使用开顶室(OTC),实验模拟了植被砍伐导致的植物枯死和夏季气温升高(约 +2°C)。我们对地表温室气体通量进行了量化,对土壤总氮转化率进行了测量,并研究了所有生态系统组成部分(植物、土壤、微生物生物量)在施用稳定 N-15 同位素示踪剂后对氮(N)的利用或保留情况。三个生长季的测量结果显示,植物枯萎后,地表甲烷和一氧化二氮的吸收量立即增加。随着时间的推移,地表一氧化二氮通量在排放和吸收之间交替变化,两个方向的速率偶尔都会受到影响,这主要是受土壤温度和土壤水分条件的影响。植物衰退四年后,落叶灌木的生物量有所恢复,但 15N 的保留量明显降低,这表明落叶灌木利用和保留氮的能力下降。在四个植物功能群中,夏季升温只增加了落叶灌木的生物量及其 15N 保留量,而植物衰退后落叶灌木对升温没有反应。这表明,在考虑植物枯死事件时,落叶灌木并不一定总能从气候变暖中受益。在环境条件和气候变暖条件下,土壤总氮矿化率(~ -50%)和硝化率(~ -70%)都显著下降,而只有在气候变暖条件下,NO3-的固定化率显著增加(~ +1900%)。这说明,在气候变暖的条件下,植物衰退增强了氮在微生物生物量中的保留,从而增强了土壤的体积。这项研究强调了在夏季变暖的同时考虑植物枯死事件的必要性,以便更好地预测未来生态系统与气候之间的反馈。
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引用次数: 0
No Future Growth Enhancement Expected at the Northern Edge for European Beech due to Continued Water Limitation 由于水源持续受限,预计欧洲山毛榉未来在北缘的生长不会增强
IF 10.8 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2024-10-25 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17546
Stefan Klesse, Richard L. Peters, Raquel Alfaro-Sánchez, Vincent Badeau, Claudia Baittinger, Giovanna Battipaglia, Didier Bert, Franco Biondi, Michal Bosela, Marius Budeanu, Vojtěch Čada, J. Julio Camarero, Liam Cavin, Hugues Claessens, Ana-Maria Cretan, Katarina Čufar, Martin de Luis, Isabel Dorado-Liñán, Choimaa Dulamsuren, Josep Maria Espelta, Balazs Garamszegi, Michael Grabner, Jozica Gricar, Andrew Hacket-Pain, Jon Kehlet Hansen, Claudia Hartl, Andrea Hevia, Martina Hobi, Pavel Janda, Alistair S. Jump, Jakub Kašpar, Marko Kazimirović, Srdjan Keren, Juergen Kreyling, Alexander Land, Nicolas Latte, François Lebourgeois, Christoph Leuschner, Mathieu Lévesque, Luis A. Longares, Edurne Martinez del Castillo, Annette Menzel, Maks Merela, Martin Mikoláš, Renzo Motta, Lena Muffler, Anna Neycken, Paola Nola, Momchil Panayotov, Any Mary Petritan, Ion Catalin Petritan, Ionel Popa, Peter Prislan, Tom Levanič, Catalin-Constantin Roibu, Álvaro Rubio-Cuadrado, Raúl Sánchez-Salguero, Pavel Šamonil, Branko Stajić, Miroslav Svoboda, Roberto Tognetti, Elvin Toromani, Volodymyr Trotsiuk, Ernst van der Maaten, Marieke van der Maaten-Theunissen, Astrid Vannoppen, Ivana Vašíčková, Georg von Arx, Martin Wilmking, Robert Weigel, Tzvetan Zlatanov, Christian Zang, Allan Buras

With ongoing global warming, increasing water deficits promote physiological stress on forest ecosystems with negative impacts on tree growth, vitality, and survival. How individual tree species will react to increased drought stress is therefore a key research question to address for carbon accounting and the development of climate change mitigation strategies. Recent tree-ring studies have shown that trees at higher latitudes will benefit from warmer temperatures, yet this is likely highly species-dependent and less well-known for more temperate tree species. Using a unique pan-European tree-ring network of 26,430 European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) trees from 2118 sites, we applied a linear mixed-effects modeling framework to (i) explain variation in climate-dependent growth and (ii) project growth for the near future (2021–2050) across the entire distribution of beech. We modeled the spatial pattern of radial growth responses to annually varying climate as a function of mean climate conditions (mean annual temperature, mean annual climatic water balance, and continentality). Over the calibration period (1952–2011), the model yielded high regional explanatory power (R2 = 0.38–0.72). Considering a moderate climate change scenario (CMIP6 SSP2-4.5), beech growth is projected to decrease in the future across most of its distribution range. In particular, projected growth decreases by 12%–18% (interquartile range) in northwestern Central Europe and by 11%–21% in the Mediterranean region. In contrast, climate-driven growth increases are limited to around 13% of the current occurrence, where the historical mean annual temperature was below ~6°C. More specifically, the model predicts a 3%–24% growth increase in the high-elevation clusters of the Alps and Carpathian Arc. Notably, we find little potential for future growth increases (−10 to +2%) at the poleward leading edge in southern Scandinavia. Because in this region beech growth is found to be primarily water-limited, a northward shift in its distributional range will be constrained by water availability.

随着全球持续变暖,日益严重的缺水现象会对森林生态系统造成生理压力,从而对树木的生长、活力和存活产生负面影响。因此,各个树种将如何应对干旱压力的增加,是碳核算和制定气候变化减缓战略需要解决的一个关键研究问题。最近的树环研究表明,较高纬度地区的树木将受益于较高的气温,但这很可能高度依赖于树种,而较温带的树种则鲜为人知。我们利用由来自 2118 个地点的 26430 棵欧洲山毛榉(Fagus sylvatica L.)树组成的独特泛欧树环网络,采用线性混合效应建模框架(i)解释气候依赖性生长的变化,(ii)预测整个山毛榉分布区近期(2021-2050 年)的生长情况。我们将径向生长对每年变化的气候的响应空间模式作为平均气候条件(年平均气温、年平均气候水分平衡和大陆性)的函数进行建模。在校准期间(1952-2011 年),该模型具有较高的区域解释力(R2 = 0.38-0.72)。考虑到中度气候变化情景(CMIP6 SSP2-4.5),预计未来山毛榉在其大部分分布范围内的生长量都将下降。特别是,预计中欧西北部的生长量将减少 12%-18%(四分位数间距),地中海地区将减少 11%-21%。与此相反,气候驱动的增长仅限于目前出现的约 13%的地区,这些地区的历史年平均气温低于约 6°C。更具体地说,该模型预测阿尔卑斯山和喀尔巴阡山脉弧形高海拔群落的增长幅度为 3%-24%。值得注意的是,我们发现在斯堪的纳维亚半岛南部的极地前缘,未来的生长增长潜力很小(-10% 到 +2%)。因为在这一地区,山毛榉的生长主要受水源限制,其分布范围的北移将受到水源供应的制约。
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引用次数: 0
A Dirt(y) World in a Changing Climate: Importance of Heat Stress in the Risk Assessment of Pesticides for Soil Arthropods 气候变化中的泥土世界:热应力在土壤节肢动物农药风险评估中的重要性
IF 10.8 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2024-10-25 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17542
Micha Wehrli, Stine Slotsbo, Inge S. Fomsgaard, Bente B. Laursen, Jonas Gröning, Matthias Liess, Martin Holmstrup

The rise in global temperatures and increasing severity of heat waves pose significant threats to soil organisms, disrupting ecological balances in soil communities. Additionally, the implications of environmental pollution are exacerbated in a warmer world, as changes in temperature affect the uptake, transformation and elimination of toxicants, thereby increasing the vulnerability of organisms. Nevertheless, our understanding of such processes remains largely unexplored. The present study examines the impact of high temperatures on the uptake and effects of the fungicide fluazinam on the springtail Folsomia candida (Collembola, Isotomidae). Conducted under non-optimum but realistic high temperatures, the experiments revealed that increased temperature hampered detoxification processes in F. candida, enhancing the toxic effects of fluazinam. High temperatures and the fungicide exerted synergistic interactions, reducing F. candida's reproduction and increasing adult mortality beyond what would be predicted by simple addition of the heat and chemical effects. These findings highlight the need to reevaluate the current ecological risk assessment and the regulatory framework in response to climate changes. This research enhances our understanding of how global warming affects the toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics (TK-TD) of chemicals in terrestrial invertebrates. In conclusion, our results suggest that adjustments to regulatory threshold values are necessary to address the impact of a changing climate.

全球气温升高,热浪日益严重,这对土壤生物构成了重大威胁,破坏了土壤群落的生态平衡。此外,由于温度的变化会影响有毒物质的吸收、转化和消除,从而增加生物的脆弱性,因此环境污染的影响在气候变暖的情况下会更加严重。然而,我们对这些过程的了解在很大程度上仍处于探索阶段。本研究探讨了高温对杀真菌剂氟啶虫酰胺的吸收和作用的影响。实验在非最佳但真实的高温条件下进行,结果表明,温度升高会阻碍念珠蛙的解毒过程,从而增强氟啶胺的毒性作用。高温和杀真菌剂产生了协同作用,降低了念珠菌的繁殖能力,增加了成虫死亡率,超出了单纯的热效应和化学效应的预测。这些发现凸显了重新评估当前生态风险评估和监管框架以应对气候变化的必要性。这项研究加深了我们对全球变暖如何影响陆生无脊椎动物体内化学物质的毒代动力学和毒效学(TK-TD)的理解。总之,我们的研究结果表明,有必要调整监管阈值,以应对气候变化的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Coral Community Composition Linked to Hypoxia Exposure 珊瑚群落组成与缺氧暴露有关
IF 10.8 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2024-10-25 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17545
Noelle M. Lucey, Carolina César-Ávila, Alaina Eckert, Anushka Rajagopalan, William C. Brister, Esme Kline, Andrew H. Altieri, Curtis A. Deutsch, Rachel Collin

Tropical reef ecosystems are strongly influenced by the composition of coral species, but the factors influencing coral diversity and distributions are not fully understood. Here we demonstrate that large variations in the relative abundance of three major coral species across adjacent Caribbean reef sites are strongly related to their different low O2 tolerances. In laboratory experiments designed to mimic reef conditions, the cumulative effect of repeated nightly low O2 drove coral bleaching and mortality, with limited modulation by temperature. After four nights of repeated low O2, species responses also varied widely, from > 50% bleaching in Acropora cervicornis to no discernable sensitivity of Porites furcata. A simple metric of hypoxic pressure that combines these experimentally derived species sensitivities with high-resolution field data accurately predicts the observed relative abundance of species across three reefs. Only the well-oxygenated reef supported the framework-building hypoxia-sensitive Acropora cervicornis, while the hypoxia-tolerant weedy species Porites furcata was dominant on the most frequently O2-deplete reef. Physiological exclusion of acroporids from these O2-deplete reefs underscores the need for hypoxia management to reduce extirpation risk.

热带珊瑚礁生态系统深受珊瑚物种组成的影响,但影响珊瑚多样性和分布的因素尚未完全明了。在这里,我们证明了加勒比海相邻珊瑚礁地区三种主要珊瑚物种相对丰度的巨大差异与它们不同的低氧耐受性密切相关。在模拟珊瑚礁条件的实验室实验中,每晚反复低氧的累积效应导致珊瑚白化和死亡,而温度的调节作用有限。经过四个晚上的反复低氧后,珊瑚物种的反应也有很大差异,有的珊瑚虫会白化 50%,有的则没有明显的敏感性。将这些实验得出的物种敏感性与高分辨率现场数据相结合的缺氧压力简单度量方法,可以准确预测三个珊瑚礁中观察到的物种相对丰度。只有氧气充足的珊瑚礁才支持对缺氧敏感的骨架构建型 Acropora cervicornis,而耐缺氧的杂草物种 Porites furcata 在氧气消耗最频繁的珊瑚礁上占主导地位。这些缺氧珊瑚礁对尖孔类动物的生理排斥突出表明,有必要进行缺氧管理,以降低灭绝风险。
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引用次数: 0
Deciphering the Intricate Control of Minerals on Deep Soil Carbon Stability and Persistence in Alaskan Permafrost 破解矿物质对阿拉斯加永久冻土层深层土壤碳稳定性和持久性的复杂控制
IF 10.8 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2024-10-25 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17552
Yi-Xuan Guo, Guang-Hui Yu, Shuijin Hu, Chao Liang, Andreas Kappler, Mark Torre Jorgenson, Laodong Guo, Georg Guggenberger

Understanding the fate of organic carbon in thawed permafrost is crucial for predicting climate feedback. While minerals and microbial necromass are known to play crucial roles in the long-term stability of organic carbon in subsoils, their exact influence on carbon persistence in Arctic permafrost remains uncertain. Our study, combining radiocarbon dating and biomarker analyses, showed that soil organic carbon in Alaskan permafrost had millennial-scale radiocarbon ages and contained only 10%–15% microbial necromass carbon, significantly lower than the global average of ~30%–60%. This ancient carbon exhibited a weak correlation with reactive minerals but a stronger correlation with mineral weathering (reactive iron to total iron ratio). Peroxidase activity displayed a high correlation coefficient (p < 10−6) with Δ14C and δ13C, indicating its strong predictive power for carbon persistence. Further, a positive correlation between peroxidase activity and polysaccharides indicates that increased peroxidase activity may promote the protection of plant residues, potentially by fostering the formation of mineral-organic associations. This protective role of mineral surfaces on biopolymers was further supported by examining 1451 synchrotron radiation infrared spectra from soil aggregates, which revealed a strong correlation between mineral OH groups and organic functional groups at the submicron scale. An incubation experiment revealed that increased moisture contents, particularly within the 0%–40% range, significantly elevated peroxidase activity, suggesting that ancient carbon in permafrost soils is vulnerable to moisture-induced destabilization. Collectively, this study offers mechanistic insights into the persistence of carbon in thawed permafrost soils, essential for refining permafrost carbon-climate feedbacks.

了解融化永冻土中有机碳的归宿对于预测气候反馈至关重要。众所周知,矿物质和微生物尸体对底土中有机碳的长期稳定性起着至关重要的作用,但它们对碳在北极永久冻土中的持久性的确切影响仍不确定。我们的研究结合了放射性碳年代测定和生物标志物分析,结果表明阿拉斯加永冻土中的土壤有机碳具有千年尺度的放射性碳年代,仅含有10%-15%的微生物尸体碳,大大低于全球约30%-60%的平均水平。这种古碳与活性矿物的相关性较弱,但与矿物风化(活性铁与总铁的比率)的相关性较强。过氧化物酶活性与 Δ14C 和 Δ13C 的相关系数很高(p < 10-6),表明过氧化物酶活性对碳的持久性有很强的预测能力。此外,过氧化物酶活性与多糖之间的正相关性表明,过氧化物酶活性的增加可能会促进矿物有机结合体的形成,从而促进对植物残留物的保护。通过研究土壤聚集体的 1451 同步辐射红外光谱,进一步证实了矿物表面对生物聚合物的保护作用。培养实验表明,水分含量的增加,尤其是在 0%-40% 的范围内,会显著提高过氧化物酶的活性,这表明永冻土中的古碳很容易受到水分引起的不稳定的影响。总之,这项研究从机理上揭示了碳在解冻的永久冻土中的持久性,这对完善永久冻土碳-气候反馈至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
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Global Change Biology
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