Blanca Gallego-Tévar, Marta Gil-Martínez, Antonio Perea, Ignacio M. Pérez-Ramos, Lorena Gómez-Aparicio
Plant health is increasingly threatened by abiotic and biotic stressors linked to anthropogenic global change. These stressors are frequently studied in isolation. However, they might have non-additive (antagonistic or synergistic) interactive effects that affect plant communities in unexpected ways. We conducted a global meta-analysis to summarize existing evidence on the joint effects of climate change (drought and warming) and biotic attack (pathogens) on plant performance. We also investigated the effect of drought and warming on pathogen performance, as this information is crucial for a mechanistic interpretation of potential indirect effects of climate change on plant performance mediated by pathogens. The final databases included 1230 pairwise cases extracted from 117 recently published scientific articles (from 2006) on a global scale. We found that the combined negative effects of drought and pathogens on plant growth were lower than expected based on their main effects, supporting the existence of antagonistic interactions. Thus, the larger the magnitude of the drought, the lower the pathogen capacity to limit plant growth. On the other hand, the combination of warming and pathogens caused larger plant damage than expected, supporting the existence of synergistic interactions. Our results on the effects of drought and warming on pathogens revealed a limitation of their growth rates and abundance in vitro but an improvement under natural conditions, where multiple factors operate across the microbiome. Further research on the impact of climate change on traits explicitly defining the infective ability of pathogens would enhance the assessment of its indirect effects on plants. The evaluated plant and pathogen responses were conditioned by the intensity of drought or warming and by moderator categorical variables defining the pathosystems. Overall, our findings reveal the need to incorporate the joint effect of climatic and biotic components of global change into predictive models of plant performance to identify non-additive interactions.
{"title":"Interactive Effects of Climate Change and Pathogens on Plant Performance: A Global Meta-Analysis","authors":"Blanca Gallego-Tévar, Marta Gil-Martínez, Antonio Perea, Ignacio M. Pérez-Ramos, Lorena Gómez-Aparicio","doi":"10.1111/gcb.17535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.17535","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Plant health is increasingly threatened by abiotic and biotic stressors linked to anthropogenic global change. These stressors are frequently studied in isolation. However, they might have non-additive (antagonistic or synergistic) interactive effects that affect plant communities in unexpected ways. We conducted a global meta-analysis to summarize existing evidence on the joint effects of climate change (drought and warming) and biotic attack (pathogens) on plant performance. We also investigated the effect of drought and warming on pathogen performance, as this information is crucial for a mechanistic interpretation of potential indirect effects of climate change on plant performance mediated by pathogens. The final databases included 1230 pairwise cases extracted from 117 recently published scientific articles (from 2006) on a global scale. We found that the combined negative effects of drought and pathogens on plant growth were lower than expected based on their main effects, supporting the existence of antagonistic interactions. Thus, the larger the magnitude of the drought, the lower the pathogen capacity to limit plant growth. On the other hand, the combination of warming and pathogens caused larger plant damage than expected, supporting the existence of synergistic interactions. Our results on the effects of drought and warming on pathogens revealed a limitation of their growth rates and abundance in vitro but an improvement under natural conditions, where multiple factors operate across the microbiome. Further research on the impact of climate change on traits explicitly defining the infective ability of pathogens would enhance the assessment of its indirect effects on plants. The evaluated plant and pathogen responses were conditioned by the intensity of drought or warming and by moderator categorical variables defining the pathosystems. Overall, our findings reveal the need to incorporate the joint effect of climatic and biotic components of global change into predictive models of plant performance to identify non-additive interactions.</p>","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/gcb.17535","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142435337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Leaf respiratory carbon loss decreases independent of temperature as the night progresses. Detailed nighttime measurements needed to quantify cumulative respiratory carbon loss at night are challenging under both lab and field conditions. We provide a simple yet accurate approach to represent variation in nighttime temperature-independent leaf respiratory CO2 efflux in environments with both stable and fluctuating temperatures, which requires no detailed measurements throughout the night. We demonstrate that the inter- and intraspecific variation in the cumulative leaf respiratory CO2 efflux at constant temperature, at any length of night, scales linearly with the inter- and intraspecific variation in initial measurement of leaf respiratory CO2 efflux at the same temperature at the beginning of the night. This approach informs large-scale predictions of cumulative leaf respiratory CO2 efflux, which is needed to understand plant carbon economy in global change studies as well as in global modeling and eddy covariance monitoring of the land–atmosphere exchange of CO2.
{"title":"Simple and Accurate Representation of Cumulative Nighttime Leaf Respiratory CO2 Efflux","authors":"Dan Bruhn, Martijn Slot, Lina M. Mercado","doi":"10.1111/gcb.17529","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gcb.17529","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Leaf respiratory carbon loss decreases independent of temperature as the night progresses. Detailed nighttime measurements needed to quantify cumulative respiratory carbon loss at night are challenging under both lab and field conditions. We provide a simple yet accurate approach to represent variation in nighttime temperature-independent leaf respiratory CO<sub>2</sub> efflux in environments with both stable and fluctuating temperatures, which requires no detailed measurements throughout the night. We demonstrate that the inter- and intraspecific variation in the cumulative leaf respiratory CO<sub>2</sub> efflux at constant temperature, at any length of night, scales linearly with the inter- and intraspecific variation in initial measurement of leaf respiratory CO<sub>2</sub> efflux at the same temperature at the beginning of the night. This approach informs large-scale predictions of cumulative leaf respiratory CO<sub>2</sub> efflux, which is needed to understand plant carbon economy in global change studies as well as in global modeling and eddy covariance monitoring of the land–atmosphere exchange of CO<sub>2</sub>.</p>","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/gcb.17529","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142431682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Agroforestry, often promoted as a sustainable agriculture practice, is rapidly expanding, often at the cost of primary tropical forests. While agroforestry negatively impacts amphibian diversity, its effects on population demography, microhabitat, use and body condition are relatively understudied. This information is crucial for determining and promoting amphibian-friendly land-use practices. We compared habitats, population densities, microhabitat use and body condition of two endemic species of shrub frogs (Pseudophilautus amboli and Raorchestes bombayensis) across (1) elevations (low- and high-elevation forests) and (2) land-use categories (cashew, rubber and low-elevation forests) in the northern part of the Western Ghats Biodiversity Hotspot. Using distance sampling, we demonstrated that the abundances of the two shrub frog species differed across elevation categories, with P. amboli more common in low-elevation forests and R. bombayensis more prevalent in high-elevation forests. Both species of frogs exhibited extremely skewed, male-biased sex ratios, with three females for 100 males. P. amboli had lower densities and poor recruitment and exhibited altered microhabitat use in cashew plantations compared to low-elevation forests. Although adult male P. amboli densities in rubber were similar to those in low-elevation forests, they exhibited altered microhabitat use and smaller body sizes than in forests, indicating poor body condition. We demonstrate the differential impacts of agroforestry types on shrub frogs. We also demonstrate that distance sampling can be a useful tool for population monitoring of shrub frogs, which comprise almost 25% of the anuran diversity in the Western Ghats. There is a need to identify the drivers of extremely skewed sex ratios, which make these species vulnerable to population crashes. Given the recent downlisting of the two focal species to Least Concern, we advocate for their uplisting to at least Near Threatened status considering their patchy distribution, negative impacts of rapidly expanding agroforestry plantations and extremely skewed sex ratios.
{"title":"Effects of land-use change and elevation on endemic shrub frogs in a biodiversity hotspot","authors":"H. Lad, N. Gosavi, V. Jithin, R. Naniwadekar","doi":"10.1111/acv.12991","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/acv.12991","url":null,"abstract":"Agroforestry, often promoted as a sustainable agriculture practice, is rapidly expanding, often at the cost of primary tropical forests. While agroforestry negatively impacts amphibian diversity, its effects on population demography, microhabitat, use and body condition are relatively understudied. This information is crucial for determining and promoting amphibian-friendly land-use practices. We compared habitats, population densities, microhabitat use and body condition of two endemic species of shrub frogs (<i>Pseudophilautus amboli</i> and <i>Raorchestes bombayensis</i>) across (1) elevations (low- and high-elevation forests) and (2) land-use categories (cashew, rubber and low-elevation forests) in the northern part of the Western Ghats Biodiversity Hotspot. Using distance sampling, we demonstrated that the abundances of the two shrub frog species differed across elevation categories, with <i>P. amboli</i> more common in low-elevation forests and <i>R. bombayensis</i> more prevalent in high-elevation forests. Both species of frogs exhibited extremely skewed, male-biased sex ratios, with three females for 100 males. <i>P. amboli</i> had lower densities and poor recruitment and exhibited altered microhabitat use in cashew plantations compared to low-elevation forests. Although adult male <i>P. amboli</i> densities in rubber were similar to those in low-elevation forests, they exhibited altered microhabitat use and smaller body sizes than in forests, indicating poor body condition. We demonstrate the differential impacts of agroforestry types on shrub frogs. We also demonstrate that distance sampling can be a useful tool for population monitoring of shrub frogs, which comprise almost 25% of the anuran diversity in the Western Ghats. There is a need to identify the drivers of extremely skewed sex ratios, which make these species vulnerable to population crashes. Given the recent downlisting of the two focal species to Least Concern, we advocate for their uplisting to at least Near Threatened status considering their patchy distribution, negative impacts of rapidly expanding agroforestry plantations and extremely skewed sex ratios.","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142405077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Victoria G. Mason, Annette Burden, Graham Epstein, Lucy L. Jupe, Kevin A. Wood, Martin W. Skov
<p>Williamson et al. (<span>2024</span>) queried elements of our article in Global Change Biology (Mason et al. <span>2024</span>), where we used data from 431 articles to quantify global and regional carbon benefits from saltmarsh restoration.</p><p>The first query concerns the risk of double counting some carbon through including CO<sub>2</sub> flux within net flux calculations. Some carbon could be double counted with our approach (Figure 1a) when the major source of organic carbon to the sediment is autochthonous. Two other approaches proposed by Williamson et al. (<span>2024</span>) (Figure 1b,c) could be used, but, like ours, over- or underestimate net carbon accumulation, whether the measure is of autochthonous or both autochthonous and allochthonous C accumulation. One measure (Figure 1a) may be consistent with IPCC methodology (Kennedy et al. <span>2014</span>), although can be inappropriate for offsetting or carbon credit schemes where allochthonous inputs should be excluded (Needelman et al. <span>2018</span>). Net ecosystem exchange (NEE) in C flux incorporates only autochthonous carbon and can be measured by eddy covariance (EC) (Figure 1c), revealing saltmarshes to be a CO<sub>2</sub> source or sink (±N<sub>2</sub>O and CH<sub>4</sub>) over the timescale of instrument deployment (years). However, NEE-only estimates may not equate to total carbon accumulation over longer timescales (decades) (Figure 1b) (Lovett, Cole, and Pace <span>2006</span>), given longer term sediment processes such as remineralisation. Thus, NEE on its own (Figure 1c) can over/underestimate carbon storage. We agree that distinguishing between autochthonous and allochthonous carbon and accounting for carbon exchanged through lateral transport (see section 4.2) are critical next steps in the field of saltmarsh carbon. However, scarcity in published data restricted our ability to account for these processes.</p><p>Williamson et al. (<span>2024</span>) suggest basing NEE flux calculations on EC data and excluding chamber-based observations (Figure 1) as their time durations are restricted. We agree that EC is more temporally complete. Yet, EC is also spatially scant and regionally biased, precluding any global analysis. We used GHG flux observations from a range of methodologies including static (opaque or transparent) chambers and EC done on a short-term or seasonal basis. Shahan et al. (<span>2022</span>) showed combining EC and chamber methods improved estimates of net carbon fluxes. Mayen et al. (<span>2024</span>) found that the absence of observations during inundated periods did not influence annual flux rates.</p><p>We utilised a large dataset to calculate global carbon stock, identify environmental drivers of spatial variation, highlight current data gaps and discuss implications for policy. We welcome discussion concerning the net flux estimate we produced, but underline that this is just one component of a much larger analysis. In our global synthesis, w
{"title":"Navigating Research Challenges to Estimate Blue Carbon Benefits From Saltmarsh Restoration","authors":"Victoria G. Mason, Annette Burden, Graham Epstein, Lucy L. Jupe, Kevin A. Wood, Martin W. Skov","doi":"10.1111/gcb.17526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.17526","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Williamson et al. (<span>2024</span>) queried elements of our article in Global Change Biology (Mason et al. <span>2024</span>), where we used data from 431 articles to quantify global and regional carbon benefits from saltmarsh restoration.</p><p>The first query concerns the risk of double counting some carbon through including CO<sub>2</sub> flux within net flux calculations. Some carbon could be double counted with our approach (Figure 1a) when the major source of organic carbon to the sediment is autochthonous. Two other approaches proposed by Williamson et al. (<span>2024</span>) (Figure 1b,c) could be used, but, like ours, over- or underestimate net carbon accumulation, whether the measure is of autochthonous or both autochthonous and allochthonous C accumulation. One measure (Figure 1a) may be consistent with IPCC methodology (Kennedy et al. <span>2014</span>), although can be inappropriate for offsetting or carbon credit schemes where allochthonous inputs should be excluded (Needelman et al. <span>2018</span>). Net ecosystem exchange (NEE) in C flux incorporates only autochthonous carbon and can be measured by eddy covariance (EC) (Figure 1c), revealing saltmarshes to be a CO<sub>2</sub> source or sink (±N<sub>2</sub>O and CH<sub>4</sub>) over the timescale of instrument deployment (years). However, NEE-only estimates may not equate to total carbon accumulation over longer timescales (decades) (Figure 1b) (Lovett, Cole, and Pace <span>2006</span>), given longer term sediment processes such as remineralisation. Thus, NEE on its own (Figure 1c) can over/underestimate carbon storage. We agree that distinguishing between autochthonous and allochthonous carbon and accounting for carbon exchanged through lateral transport (see section 4.2) are critical next steps in the field of saltmarsh carbon. However, scarcity in published data restricted our ability to account for these processes.</p><p>Williamson et al. (<span>2024</span>) suggest basing NEE flux calculations on EC data and excluding chamber-based observations (Figure 1) as their time durations are restricted. We agree that EC is more temporally complete. Yet, EC is also spatially scant and regionally biased, precluding any global analysis. We used GHG flux observations from a range of methodologies including static (opaque or transparent) chambers and EC done on a short-term or seasonal basis. Shahan et al. (<span>2022</span>) showed combining EC and chamber methods improved estimates of net carbon fluxes. Mayen et al. (<span>2024</span>) found that the absence of observations during inundated periods did not influence annual flux rates.</p><p>We utilised a large dataset to calculate global carbon stock, identify environmental drivers of spatial variation, highlight current data gaps and discuss implications for policy. We welcome discussion concerning the net flux estimate we produced, but underline that this is just one component of a much larger analysis. In our global synthesis, w","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/gcb.17526","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142404563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Witzgall, B. D. Hesse, N. L. Pacay-Barrientos, J. Jansa, O. Seguel, R. Oses, F. Buegger, J. Guigue, C. Rojas, K. Rousk, T. E. E. Grams, N. Pietrasiak, C. W. Mueller
In drylands, where water scarcity limits vascular plant growth, much of the primary production occurs at the soil surface. This is where complex macro- and microbial communities, in an intricate bond with soil particles, form biological soil crusts (biocrusts). Despite their critical role in regulating C and N cycling in dryland ecosystems, there is limited understanding of the fate of biologically fixed C and N from biocrusts into the mineral soil, or how climate change will affect C and N fluxes between the atmosphere, biocrusts, and subsurface soils. To address these gaps, we subjected biocrust–soil systems to experimental warming and drought under controlled laboratory conditions, monitored CO2 fluxes, and applied dual isotopic labeling pulses (13CO2 and 15N2). This allowed detailed quantification of elemental pathways into specific organic matter (OM) pools and microbial biomass via density fractionation and phospholipid fatty acid analyses. While biocrusts modulated CO2 fluxes regardless of the temperature regime, drought severely limited their photosynthetic C uptake to the extent that the systems no longer sustained net C uptake. Furthermore, the effect of biocrusts extended into the underlying 1 cm of mineral soil, where C and N accumulated as mineral-associated OM (MAOM<63μm). This was strongly associated with increased relative dominance of fungi, suggesting that fungal hyphae facilitate the downward C and N translocation and subsequent MAOM formation. Most strikingly, however, these pathways were disrupted in systems exposed to warming, where no effects of biocrusts on the elemental composition of the underlying soil nor on MAOM were determined. This was further associated with reduced net biological N fixation under combined warming and drought, highlighting how changing climatic conditions diminish some of the most fundamental ecosystem functions of biocrusts, with detrimental repercussions for C and N cycling and the persistence of soil organic matter pools in dryland ecosystems.
{"title":"Soil carbon and nitrogen cycling at the atmosphere–soil interface: Quantifying the responses of biocrust–soil interactions to global change","authors":"K. Witzgall, B. D. Hesse, N. L. Pacay-Barrientos, J. Jansa, O. Seguel, R. Oses, F. Buegger, J. Guigue, C. Rojas, K. Rousk, T. E. E. Grams, N. Pietrasiak, C. W. Mueller","doi":"10.1111/gcb.17519","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gcb.17519","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In drylands, where water scarcity limits vascular plant growth, much of the primary production occurs at the soil surface. This is where complex macro- and microbial communities, in an intricate bond with soil particles, form biological soil crusts (biocrusts). Despite their critical role in regulating C and N cycling in dryland ecosystems, there is limited understanding of the fate of biologically fixed C and N from biocrusts into the mineral soil, or how climate change will affect C and N fluxes between the atmosphere, biocrusts, and subsurface soils. To address these gaps, we subjected biocrust–soil systems to experimental warming and drought under controlled laboratory conditions, monitored CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes, and applied dual isotopic labeling pulses (<sup>13</sup>CO<sub>2</sub> and <sup>15</sup>N<sub>2</sub>). This allowed detailed quantification of elemental pathways into specific organic matter (OM) pools and microbial biomass via density fractionation and phospholipid fatty acid analyses. While biocrusts modulated CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes regardless of the temperature regime, drought severely limited their photosynthetic C uptake to the extent that the systems no longer sustained net C uptake. Furthermore, the effect of biocrusts extended into the underlying 1 cm of mineral soil, where C and N accumulated as mineral-associated OM (MAOM<sub><63μm</sub>). This was strongly associated with increased relative dominance of fungi, suggesting that fungal hyphae facilitate the downward C and N translocation and subsequent MAOM formation. Most strikingly, however, these pathways were disrupted in systems exposed to warming, where no effects of biocrusts on the elemental composition of the underlying soil nor on MAOM were determined. This was further associated with reduced net biological N fixation under combined warming and drought, highlighting how changing climatic conditions diminish some of the most fundamental ecosystem functions of biocrusts, with detrimental repercussions for C and N cycling and the persistence of soil organic matter pools in dryland ecosystems.</p>","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/gcb.17519","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142385699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}