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Interactive Effects of Climate Change and Pathogens on Plant Performance: A Global Meta-Analysis 气候变化和病原体对植物表现的交互影响:全球元分析
IF 10.8 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2024-10-14 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17535
Blanca Gallego-Tévar, Marta Gil-Martínez, Antonio Perea, Ignacio M. Pérez-Ramos, Lorena Gómez-Aparicio

Plant health is increasingly threatened by abiotic and biotic stressors linked to anthropogenic global change. These stressors are frequently studied in isolation. However, they might have non-additive (antagonistic or synergistic) interactive effects that affect plant communities in unexpected ways. We conducted a global meta-analysis to summarize existing evidence on the joint effects of climate change (drought and warming) and biotic attack (pathogens) on plant performance. We also investigated the effect of drought and warming on pathogen performance, as this information is crucial for a mechanistic interpretation of potential indirect effects of climate change on plant performance mediated by pathogens. The final databases included 1230 pairwise cases extracted from 117 recently published scientific articles (from 2006) on a global scale. We found that the combined negative effects of drought and pathogens on plant growth were lower than expected based on their main effects, supporting the existence of antagonistic interactions. Thus, the larger the magnitude of the drought, the lower the pathogen capacity to limit plant growth. On the other hand, the combination of warming and pathogens caused larger plant damage than expected, supporting the existence of synergistic interactions. Our results on the effects of drought and warming on pathogens revealed a limitation of their growth rates and abundance in vitro but an improvement under natural conditions, where multiple factors operate across the microbiome. Further research on the impact of climate change on traits explicitly defining the infective ability of pathogens would enhance the assessment of its indirect effects on plants. The evaluated plant and pathogen responses were conditioned by the intensity of drought or warming and by moderator categorical variables defining the pathosystems. Overall, our findings reveal the need to incorporate the joint effect of climatic and biotic components of global change into predictive models of plant performance to identify non-additive interactions.

植物健康正日益受到与全球人为变化有关的非生物和生物胁迫因素的威胁。人们经常孤立地研究这些胁迫因素。然而,它们可能会产生非加成(拮抗或协同)互动效应,以意想不到的方式影响植物群落。我们进行了一项全球荟萃分析,总结了气候变化(干旱和变暖)和生物侵袭(病原体)对植物表现共同影响的现有证据。我们还调查了干旱和变暖对病原体表现的影响,因为这些信息对于从机理上解释气候变化对病原体介导的植物表现的潜在间接影响至关重要。最终的数据库包括从全球范围内最近发表的 117 篇科学文章(从 2006 年开始)中提取的 1230 个配对案例。我们发现,干旱和病原体对植物生长的综合负面影响低于基于其主要影响的预期,这支持了拮抗相互作用的存在。因此,干旱程度越大,病原体限制植物生长的能力就越低。另一方面,气候变暖和病原体的共同作用对植物造成的损害比预期的要大,这证明了协同作用的存在。我们关于干旱和气候变暖对病原体影响的研究结果表明,病原体在体外的生长速度和数量受到了限制,但在自然条件下,病原体的生长速度和数量得到了改善,因为在自然条件下,微生物组中有多种因素在起作用。进一步研究气候变化对明确界定病原体感染能力的性状的影响,将有助于评估气候变化对植物的间接影响。所评估的植物和病原体反应受干旱或变暖强度以及定义病理系统的调节性分类变量的制约。总之,我们的研究结果表明,有必要将全球变化中气候和生物因素的共同影响纳入植物表现预测模型,以识别非加成的相互作用。
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引用次数: 0
Simple and Accurate Representation of Cumulative Nighttime Leaf Respiratory CO2 Efflux 简单而准确地表示夜间叶片呼吸二氧化碳累积排出量
IF 10.8 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2024-10-14 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17529
Dan Bruhn, Martijn Slot, Lina M. Mercado

Leaf respiratory carbon loss decreases independent of temperature as the night progresses. Detailed nighttime measurements needed to quantify cumulative respiratory carbon loss at night are challenging under both lab and field conditions. We provide a simple yet accurate approach to represent variation in nighttime temperature-independent leaf respiratory CO2 efflux in environments with both stable and fluctuating temperatures, which requires no detailed measurements throughout the night. We demonstrate that the inter- and intraspecific variation in the cumulative leaf respiratory CO2 efflux at constant temperature, at any length of night, scales linearly with the inter- and intraspecific variation in initial measurement of leaf respiratory CO2 efflux at the same temperature at the beginning of the night. This approach informs large-scale predictions of cumulative leaf respiratory CO2 efflux, which is needed to understand plant carbon economy in global change studies as well as in global modeling and eddy covariance monitoring of the land–atmosphere exchange of CO2.

随着夜晚的到来,叶片呼吸碳损失的减少与温度无关。在实验室和野外条件下,量化夜间累积呼吸碳损失所需的详细夜间测量都具有挑战性。我们提供了一种简单而准确的方法,用于表示在温度稳定和波动的环境中与温度无关的夜间叶片呼吸二氧化碳流出量的变化,这种方法不需要在整个夜间进行详细测量。我们的研究表明,在恒温条件下,无论夜长夜短,累积叶片呼吸二氧化碳排出量的种间和种内变化与夜初同一温度下叶片呼吸二氧化碳排出量初始测量值的种间和种内变化成线性比例。这种方法为大规模预测累积叶片呼吸二氧化碳排出量提供了信息,而在全球变化研究以及二氧化碳陆地-大气交换的全球建模和涡度协方差监测中,需要这种方法来了解植物的碳经济。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of land-use change and elevation on endemic shrub frogs in a biodiversity hotspot 土地使用变化和海拔高度对生物多样性热点地区特有灌木蛙的影响
IF 11.6 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2024-10-10 DOI: 10.1111/acv.12991
H. Lad, N. Gosavi, V. Jithin, R. Naniwadekar
Agroforestry, often promoted as a sustainable agriculture practice, is rapidly expanding, often at the cost of primary tropical forests. While agroforestry negatively impacts amphibian diversity, its effects on population demography, microhabitat, use and body condition are relatively understudied. This information is crucial for determining and promoting amphibian-friendly land-use practices. We compared habitats, population densities, microhabitat use and body condition of two endemic species of shrub frogs (Pseudophilautus amboli and Raorchestes bombayensis) across (1) elevations (low- and high-elevation forests) and (2) land-use categories (cashew, rubber and low-elevation forests) in the northern part of the Western Ghats Biodiversity Hotspot. Using distance sampling, we demonstrated that the abundances of the two shrub frog species differed across elevation categories, with P. amboli more common in low-elevation forests and R. bombayensis more prevalent in high-elevation forests. Both species of frogs exhibited extremely skewed, male-biased sex ratios, with three females for 100 males. P. amboli had lower densities and poor recruitment and exhibited altered microhabitat use in cashew plantations compared to low-elevation forests. Although adult male P. amboli densities in rubber were similar to those in low-elevation forests, they exhibited altered microhabitat use and smaller body sizes than in forests, indicating poor body condition. We demonstrate the differential impacts of agroforestry types on shrub frogs. We also demonstrate that distance sampling can be a useful tool for population monitoring of shrub frogs, which comprise almost 25% of the anuran diversity in the Western Ghats. There is a need to identify the drivers of extremely skewed sex ratios, which make these species vulnerable to population crashes. Given the recent downlisting of the two focal species to Least Concern, we advocate for their uplisting to at least Near Threatened status considering their patchy distribution, negative impacts of rapidly expanding agroforestry plantations and extremely skewed sex ratios.
农林业通常被作为一种可持续农业做法加以推广,目前正在迅速扩张,但往往以热带原始森林为代价。虽然农林业对两栖动物的多样性有负面影响,但其对种群数量、微生境、使用和身体状况的影响却相对研究不足。这些信息对于确定和推广对两栖动物友好的土地利用方式至关重要。我们比较了西高止山脉生物多样性热点地区北部(1)海拔(低海拔和高海拔森林)和(2)土地利用类别(腰果林、橡胶林和低海拔森林)的两种灌木蛙(Pseudophilautus amboli 和 Raorchestes bombayensis)的栖息地、种群密度、微生境利用和身体状况。通过距离取样,我们证明了两种灌木蛙的丰度在不同海拔类别中存在差异,P. amboli在低海拔森林中更为常见,而R. bombayensis在高海拔森林中更为普遍。这两种蛙的性别比例极不均衡,雄性偏多,100只雄蛙对应3只雌蛙。与低海拔森林相比,P. amboli在腰果种植园中的密度较低,繁殖能力较差,对微生境的利用也有所改变。虽然橡胶园中的成年雄性安波利蝇密度与低海拔森林中的密度相似,但它们对微生境的利用发生了改变,体型也比森林中的小,这表明它们的身体状况很差。我们证明了农林类型对灌木蛙的不同影响。我们还证明,距离取样是监测灌木蛙种群的有用工具,灌木蛙占西高止山脉无脊椎动物多样性的近 25%。有必要找出导致性别比例极度失衡的原因,因为性别比例失衡会使这些物种容易发生种群崩溃。鉴于这两个重点物种最近已被降级为 "极度关注"(Least Concern)物种,考虑到它们的零星分布、快速扩张的农林种植园带来的负面影响以及极度倾斜的性别比例,我们主张将它们至少上调至 "近危"(Near Threatened)物种。
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引用次数: 0
Navigating Research Challenges to Estimate Blue Carbon Benefits From Saltmarsh Restoration 应对研究挑战,估算盐碱地恢复带来的蓝碳效益
IF 10.8 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2024-10-10 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17526
Victoria G. Mason, Annette Burden, Graham Epstein, Lucy L. Jupe, Kevin A. Wood, Martin W. Skov
<p>Williamson et al. (<span>2024</span>) queried elements of our article in Global Change Biology (Mason et al. <span>2024</span>), where we used data from 431 articles to quantify global and regional carbon benefits from saltmarsh restoration.</p><p>The first query concerns the risk of double counting some carbon through including CO<sub>2</sub> flux within net flux calculations. Some carbon could be double counted with our approach (Figure 1a) when the major source of organic carbon to the sediment is autochthonous. Two other approaches proposed by Williamson et al. (<span>2024</span>) (Figure 1b,c) could be used, but, like ours, over- or underestimate net carbon accumulation, whether the measure is of autochthonous or both autochthonous and allochthonous C accumulation. One measure (Figure 1a) may be consistent with IPCC methodology (Kennedy et al. <span>2014</span>), although can be inappropriate for offsetting or carbon credit schemes where allochthonous inputs should be excluded (Needelman et al. <span>2018</span>). Net ecosystem exchange (NEE) in C flux incorporates only autochthonous carbon and can be measured by eddy covariance (EC) (Figure 1c), revealing saltmarshes to be a CO<sub>2</sub> source or sink (±N<sub>2</sub>O and CH<sub>4</sub>) over the timescale of instrument deployment (years). However, NEE-only estimates may not equate to total carbon accumulation over longer timescales (decades) (Figure 1b) (Lovett, Cole, and Pace <span>2006</span>), given longer term sediment processes such as remineralisation. Thus, NEE on its own (Figure 1c) can over/underestimate carbon storage. We agree that distinguishing between autochthonous and allochthonous carbon and accounting for carbon exchanged through lateral transport (see section 4.2) are critical next steps in the field of saltmarsh carbon. However, scarcity in published data restricted our ability to account for these processes.</p><p>Williamson et al. (<span>2024</span>) suggest basing NEE flux calculations on EC data and excluding chamber-based observations (Figure 1) as their time durations are restricted. We agree that EC is more temporally complete. Yet, EC is also spatially scant and regionally biased, precluding any global analysis. We used GHG flux observations from a range of methodologies including static (opaque or transparent) chambers and EC done on a short-term or seasonal basis. Shahan et al. (<span>2022</span>) showed combining EC and chamber methods improved estimates of net carbon fluxes. Mayen et al. (<span>2024</span>) found that the absence of observations during inundated periods did not influence annual flux rates.</p><p>We utilised a large dataset to calculate global carbon stock, identify environmental drivers of spatial variation, highlight current data gaps and discuss implications for policy. We welcome discussion concerning the net flux estimate we produced, but underline that this is just one component of a much larger analysis. In our global synthesis, w
Williamson 等人(2024 年)对我们在《全球变化生物学》(Global Change Biology)上发表的文章(Mason 等人,2024 年)中的一些内容提出了质疑,在这篇文章中,我们使用了来自 431 篇文章的数据来量化盐沼恢复带来的全球和区域碳效益。当沉积物中有机碳的主要来源是自生碳时,我们的方法(图 1a)可能会重复计算某些碳。Williamson 等人(2024 年)提出的另外两种方法(图 1b,c)也可以使用,但与我们的方法一样,无论测量的是自生碳积累还是自生和异生碳积累,都会高估或低估净碳积累。其中一种测量方法(图 1a)可能与 IPCC 方法一致(Kennedy 等人,2014 年),但可能不适合抵消或碳信用计划,因为在这些计划中应排除同源输入(Needelman 等人,2018 年)。碳通量中的净生态系统交换(NEE)仅包含自生碳,可通过涡度协方差(EC)测量(图 1c),揭示盐沼在仪器部署的时间尺度(年)内是二氧化碳源或吸收汇(±N2O 和 CH4)。然而,考虑到再矿化等较长期的沉积过程,仅对 NEE 的估计可能并不等同于较长 时间尺度(数十年)内的总碳积累(图 1b)(Lovett、Cole 和 Pace,2006 年)。因此,净排放系数本身(图 1c)可能会高估或低估碳储存。我们同意,区分自生碳和异生碳以及计算通过横向迁移交换的碳(见第 4.2 节)是盐沼碳领域下一步研究的关键。Williamson 等人(2024 年)建议以 EC 数据为基础计算 NEE 通量,但不包括室观测数据(图 1),因为它们的时间长度有限。我们同意,EC 在时间上更完整。然而,欧共体数据在空间上也很有限,而且存在区域偏差,因此无法进行全球分析。我们使用了一系列方法进行温室气体通量观测,包括静态(不透明或透明)室和短期或季节性欧共体观测。Shahan 等人(2022 年)的研究表明,将导电率法和室法结合起来可改进对净碳通量的估算。我们利用大型数据集计算了全球碳储量,确定了空间变化的环境驱动因素,强调了当前的数据缺口,并讨论了对政策的影响。我们欢迎就我们得出的净通量估算进行讨论,但强调这只是更大规模分析的一个组成部分。在我们的全球综合分析中,我们使用的是受地理和时间限制的不完美数据集。没有十全十美的数据集;因此,每种解释都会有不同的优势和局限性。维多利亚-梅森(Victoria G. Mason):概念化、形式分析、调查、方法论、可视化、写作-原稿、写作-审阅和编辑。Annette Burden:概念化、资金获取、方法论、可视化、写作--原稿、写作--审阅和编辑。Graham Epstein:构思、写作--审阅和编辑。Lucy L. Jupe:概念化、可视化、写作--审阅和编辑。Kevin A. Wood:概念化、写作--审阅和编辑。Martin W. Skov:概念化、方法学、监督、可视化、写作-原稿、写作-审阅和编辑。作者声明无利益冲突。本文是对威廉姆森等人的信件的回应,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.17525,该信件与梅森等人的论文有关,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16943。
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引用次数: 0
Soil carbon and nitrogen cycling at the atmosphere–soil interface: Quantifying the responses of biocrust–soil interactions to global change 大气-土壤界面的土壤碳氮循环:量化生物壳-土壤相互作用对全球变化的响应
IF 10.8 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17519
K. Witzgall, B. D. Hesse, N. L. Pacay-Barrientos, J. Jansa, O. Seguel, R. Oses, F. Buegger, J. Guigue, C. Rojas, K. Rousk, T. E. E. Grams, N. Pietrasiak, C. W. Mueller

In drylands, where water scarcity limits vascular plant growth, much of the primary production occurs at the soil surface. This is where complex macro- and microbial communities, in an intricate bond with soil particles, form biological soil crusts (biocrusts). Despite their critical role in regulating C and N cycling in dryland ecosystems, there is limited understanding of the fate of biologically fixed C and N from biocrusts into the mineral soil, or how climate change will affect C and N fluxes between the atmosphere, biocrusts, and subsurface soils. To address these gaps, we subjected biocrust–soil systems to experimental warming and drought under controlled laboratory conditions, monitored CO2 fluxes, and applied dual isotopic labeling pulses (13CO2 and 15N2). This allowed detailed quantification of elemental pathways into specific organic matter (OM) pools and microbial biomass via density fractionation and phospholipid fatty acid analyses. While biocrusts modulated CO2 fluxes regardless of the temperature regime, drought severely limited their photosynthetic C uptake to the extent that the systems no longer sustained net C uptake. Furthermore, the effect of biocrusts extended into the underlying 1 cm of mineral soil, where C and N accumulated as mineral-associated OM (MAOM<63μm). This was strongly associated with increased relative dominance of fungi, suggesting that fungal hyphae facilitate the downward C and N translocation and subsequent MAOM formation. Most strikingly, however, these pathways were disrupted in systems exposed to warming, where no effects of biocrusts on the elemental composition of the underlying soil nor on MAOM were determined. This was further associated with reduced net biological N fixation under combined warming and drought, highlighting how changing climatic conditions diminish some of the most fundamental ecosystem functions of biocrusts, with detrimental repercussions for C and N cycling and the persistence of soil organic matter pools in dryland ecosystems.

在干旱地区,缺水限制了维管植物的生长,大部分初级生产都发生在土壤表面。在这里,复杂的大型和微生物群落与土壤颗粒紧密结合,形成了生物土壤结壳(生物结壳)。尽管生物土壤结壳在调节旱地生态系统的碳和氮循环中发挥着关键作用,但人们对生物固定的碳和氮从生物土壤结壳进入矿质土壤的命运,以及气候变化将如何影响大气、生物土壤结壳和地表下土壤之间的碳和氮通量的了解却很有限。为了填补这些空白,我们在受控实验室条件下对生物簇-土壤系统进行了升温和干旱实验,监测了二氧化碳通量,并应用了双同位素标记脉冲(13CO2 和 15N2)。这样就可以通过密度分馏和磷脂脂肪酸分析,详细量化元素进入特定有机物(OM)池和微生物生物量的途径。虽然生物簇对二氧化碳通量的调节不受温度制度的影响,但干旱严重限制了生物簇光合作用对碳的吸收,以至于这些系统不再能维持对碳的净吸收。此外,生物簇的影响延伸到了下层 1 厘米的矿质土壤,在这里,C 和 N 以矿质相关 OM(MAOM<63μm)的形式积累。这与真菌相对优势的增加密切相关,表明真菌菌丝促进了C和N的向下转移以及随后MAOM的形成。然而,最引人注目的是,这些途径在受气候变暖影响的系统中被破坏了,在这些系统中,生物簇对下层土壤的元素组成和 MAOM 都没有影响。这与气候变暖和干旱共同作用下生物氮净固定的减少进一步相关,突出表明了不断变化的气候条件如何削弱生物覆盖层的一些最基本的生态系统功能,从而对碳和氮的循环以及旱地生态系统中土壤有机质库的持久性产生不利影响。
{"title":"Soil carbon and nitrogen cycling at the atmosphere–soil interface: Quantifying the responses of biocrust–soil interactions to global change","authors":"K. Witzgall,&nbsp;B. D. Hesse,&nbsp;N. L. Pacay-Barrientos,&nbsp;J. Jansa,&nbsp;O. Seguel,&nbsp;R. Oses,&nbsp;F. Buegger,&nbsp;J. Guigue,&nbsp;C. Rojas,&nbsp;K. Rousk,&nbsp;T. E. E. Grams,&nbsp;N. Pietrasiak,&nbsp;C. W. Mueller","doi":"10.1111/gcb.17519","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gcb.17519","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In drylands, where water scarcity limits vascular plant growth, much of the primary production occurs at the soil surface. This is where complex macro- and microbial communities, in an intricate bond with soil particles, form biological soil crusts (biocrusts). Despite their critical role in regulating C and N cycling in dryland ecosystems, there is limited understanding of the fate of biologically fixed C and N from biocrusts into the mineral soil, or how climate change will affect C and N fluxes between the atmosphere, biocrusts, and subsurface soils. To address these gaps, we subjected biocrust–soil systems to experimental warming and drought under controlled laboratory conditions, monitored CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes, and applied dual isotopic labeling pulses (<sup>13</sup>CO<sub>2</sub> and <sup>15</sup>N<sub>2</sub>). This allowed detailed quantification of elemental pathways into specific organic matter (OM) pools and microbial biomass via density fractionation and phospholipid fatty acid analyses. While biocrusts modulated CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes regardless of the temperature regime, drought severely limited their photosynthetic C uptake to the extent that the systems no longer sustained net C uptake. Furthermore, the effect of biocrusts extended into the underlying 1 cm of mineral soil, where C and N accumulated as mineral-associated OM (MAOM<sub>&lt;63μm</sub>). This was strongly associated with increased relative dominance of fungi, suggesting that fungal hyphae facilitate the downward C and N translocation and subsequent MAOM formation. Most strikingly, however, these pathways were disrupted in systems exposed to warming, where no effects of biocrusts on the elemental composition of the underlying soil nor on MAOM were determined. This was further associated with reduced net biological N fixation under combined warming and drought, highlighting how changing climatic conditions diminish some of the most fundamental ecosystem functions of biocrusts, with detrimental repercussions for C and N cycling and the persistence of soil organic matter pools in dryland ecosystems.</p>","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/gcb.17519","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142385699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Direct Evidence for Microbial Regulation of the Temperature Sensitivity of Soil Carbon Decomposition 微生物调节土壤碳分解温度敏感性的直接证据
IF 10.8 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2024-10-08 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17523
Junmin Pei, Changming Fang, Bo Li, Ming Nie, Jinquan Li

Soil physicochemical protection, substrates, and microorganisms are thought to modulate the temperature sensitivity of soil carbon decomposition (Q10), but their regulatory roles have yet to be distinguished because of the confounding effects of concurrent changes of them. Here, we sought to differentiate these effects through microorganism reciprocal transplant and aggregate disruption experiments using soils collected from seven sites along a 5000-km latitudinal transect encompassing a wide range of climatic conditions and from a 4-year laboratory incubation experiment. We found direct microbial regulation of Q10, with a higher Q10 being associated with greater fungal:bacterial ratios. However, no significant direct effects of physicochemical protection and substrate were observed on the variation in Q10 along the latitudinal transect or among different incubation time points. These findings highlight that we should move forward from physicochemical protection and substrate to microbial mechanisms regulating soil carbon decomposition temperature sensitivity to understand and better predict soil carbon–climate feedback.

土壤理化保护、基质和微生物被认为可以调节土壤碳分解(Q10)的温度敏感性,但由于它们同时发生变化会产生混杂效应,因此它们的调节作用尚未被区分开来。在这里,我们试图通过微生物相互移植和聚合体破坏实验来区分这些影响,实验使用的土壤采集自沿 5000 公里纬度横断面的七个地点,涵盖了广泛的气候条件和为期 4 年的实验室培养实验。我们发现微生物对 Q10 有直接调节作用,Q10 越高,真菌与细菌的比例越大。然而,我们没有观察到物理化学保护和基质对 Q10 沿纬度横断面或不同培养时间点的变化有明显的直接影响。这些发现突出表明,我们应该从物理化学保护和基质转向调节土壤碳分解温度敏感性的微生物机制,以了解和更好地预测土壤碳-气候反馈。
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引用次数: 0
Body size and early marine conditions drive changes in Chinook salmon productivity across northern latitude ecosystems 体型和早期海洋条件促使大鳞大麻哈鱼的生产力在整个北纬生态系统中发生变化
IF 10.8 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2024-10-08 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17508
Megan L. Feddern, Rebecca Shaftel, Erik R. Schoen, Curry J. Cunningham, Brendan M. Connors, Benjamin A. Staton, Al von Finster, Zachary Liller, Vanessa R. von Biela, Katherine G. Howard

Disentangling the influences of climate change from other stressors affecting the population dynamics of aquatic species is particularly pressing for northern latitude ecosystems, where climate-driven warming is occurring faster than the global average. Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in the Yukon-Kuskokwim (YK) region occupy the northern extent of their species' range and are experiencing prolonged declines in abundance resulting in fisheries closures and impacts to the well-being of Indigenous people and local communities. These declines have been associated with physical (e.g., temperature, streamflow) and biological (e.g., body size, competition) conditions, but uncertainty remains about the relative influence of these drivers on productivity across populations and how salmon–environment relationships vary across watersheds. To fill these knowledge gaps, we estimated the effects of marine and freshwater environmental indicators, body size, and indices of competition, on the productivity (adult returns-per-spawner) of 26 Chinook salmon populations in the YK region using a Bayesian hierarchical stock-recruitment model. Across most populations, productivity declined with smaller spawner body size and sea surface temperatures that were colder in the winter and warmer in the summer during the first year at sea. Decreased productivity was also associated with above average fall maximum daily streamflow, increased sea ice cover prior to juvenile outmigration, and abundance of marine competitors, but the strength of these effects varied among populations. Maximum daily stream temperature during spawning migration had a nonlinear relationship with productivity, with reduced productivity in years when temperatures exceeded thresholds in main stem rivers. These results demonstrate for the first time that well-documented declines in body size of YK Chinook salmon were associated with declining population productivity, while taking climate into account.

对于北纬生态系统来说,将气候变化的影响与影响水生物种种群动态的其他压力因素区分开来尤为迫切,因为在北纬地区,气候变暖的速度快于全球平均水平。育空-库斯科克维姆(YK)地区的大鳞大麻哈鱼(Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)位于其物种分布范围的北部,其数量正在经历长期下降,导致渔业关闭,并对土著居民和当地社区的福祉造成影响。这些衰退与物理(如温度、溪流)和生物(如体型、竞争)条件有关,但这些驱动因素对不同种群生产力的相对影响以及鲑鱼与环境的关系在不同流域之间的差异仍存在不确定性。为了填补这些知识空白,我们使用贝叶斯分层种群-招募模型估算了海洋和淡水环境指标、体型和竞争指数对长江流域 26 个大鳞大麻哈鱼种群生产力(每产卵者的成鱼回归量)的影响。在大多数种群中,生产率随着产卵者体型变小以及第一年出海时海面温度冬冷夏热而下降。生产力下降还与秋季最大日溪流高于平均水平、幼鱼外迁前海冰覆盖面积增加以及海洋竞争者数量增多有关,但这些影响的强度在不同种群之间存在差异。产卵洄游期间的最高日溪流温度与生产力呈非线性关系,在主干河流温度超过阈值的年份,生产力下降。这些结果首次证明,在将气候因素考虑在内的情况下,有据可查的YK大鳞大麻哈鱼体型下降与种群生产力下降有关。
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引用次数: 0
Regeneration of secondary forest following anthropogenic disturbance from 1985 to 2021 for Amazonas, Brazil 1985 年至 2021 年巴西亚马孙地区人为干扰后次生林的再生情况。
IF 10.8 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2024-10-06 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17514
Scot T. Martin

Following old-growth forest loss and subsequent land abandonment, secondary forest grows throughout the Amazon biome. For Amazonas, agricultural colonization was unsuccessful in many regions, leading to the regeneration of secondary forest and carbon storage under favorable climate conditions. Herein, the extent of regeneration in Amazonas and its timescale are investigated, including a granular analysis of its 62 municipalities, based on the MapBiomas dataset from 1985 to 2021. By 2021, 10,495 km2 of secondary forest had grown, corresponding to 28% of the lost old-growth forest. After normalization for algorithmic differences, this estimate was 17%–38% lower than prior studies for Amazonas that used earlier versions of the MapBiomas dataset, indicating increased accuracy in landcover assignments for more current versions of the dataset. For the northeastern microregion, representing the 15 municipalities of economic and population dominance in Amazonas, the growth of secondary forest varied from 3.0% to 9.8% of the total land area. For the southern microregion, constituting seven municipalities adjacent to large-scale deforestation of Mato Grosso and Rondônia, regeneration of secondary forest constituted 0.4%–1.2% of the land area. For the remaining interior municipalities, the regeneration was 0.0%–1.9%. Among the municipalities, the median regeneration interval, corresponding to the duration between the loss of old-growth forest and the appearance of secondary forest, ranged from 2 to 7 years. The median regeneration intervals of the interior, northeastern, and southern microregions were 3, 4, and 5 years, respectively. Even as the secular trend of deforestation continues in the Amazon biome and encroaches into the southern border of Amazonas state, the results herein indicate a possible resiliency toward secondary forest for undisturbed land on a timescale of several years, at least for mixed pasture-forest landscapes of kilometer-scale heterogeneity and assuming that a favorable climate persists for regeneration even as global change occurs.

随着原始森林的消失和随后土地的荒芜,次生林在整个亚马逊生物群落中生长。就亚马孙地区而言,许多地区的农业殖民并不成功,导致次生林再生,并在有利的气候条件下进行碳储存。本文基于 1985 年至 2021 年的 MapBiomas 数据集,对亚马孙地区的再生范围及其时间尺度进行了研究,包括对其 62 个市镇的粒度分析。到 2021 年,次生林面积达到 10,495 平方公里,相当于失去的原始森林面积的 28%。在对算法差异进行归一化处理后,这一估计值比之前使用早期版本 MapBiomas 数据集对亚马孙地区进行的研究低 17%-38%,这表明最新版本的数据集在土地覆盖分配方面的准确性有所提高。东北部微区代表了亚马孙地区经济和人口占主导地位的 15 个城市,其次生林的增长占土地总面积的比例从 3.0% 到 9.8% 不等。在南部微型区域,即毗邻马托格罗索州和朗多尼亚州大规模砍伐森林的 7 个城市,次生林的再生占土地面积的 0.4%-1.2%。其余内陆城市的再生率为 0.0%-1.9%。在各市中,再生间隔的中位数(即从原始森林消失到次生林出现之间的时间)从 2 年到 7 年不等。内陆、东北和南部微型区域的再生间隔中位数分别为 3 年、4 年和 5 年。即使在亚马逊生物群落中砍伐森林的长期趋势仍在继续,并向亚马孙州南部边界侵袭,本文的研究结果表明,未受干扰的土地可能在数年的时间尺度上恢复到次生林的状态,至少对于具有千米级异质性的牧场-森林混合景观来说是如此,并且假设即使全球发生变化,有利于再生的气候依然存在。
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引用次数: 0
Warming reduces trophic diversity in high-latitude food webs 气候变暖降低了高纬度食物网的营养多样性。
IF 10.8 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2024-10-04 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17518
Michelle C. Jackson, Eoin J. O'Gorman, Bruno Gallo, Sarah F. Harpenslager, Kate Randall, Danielle N. Harris, Hannah Prentice, Mark Trimmer, Ian Sanders, Alex J. Dumbrell, Tom C. Cameron, Katrin Layer-Dobra, Yulia Bespalaya, Olga Aksenova, Nikolai Friberg, Luis Moliner Cachazo, Stephen J. Brooks, Guy Woodward

The physical effects of climate warming have been well documented, but the biological responses are far less well known, especially at the ecosystem level and at large (intercontinental) scales. Global warming over the next century is generally predicted to reduce food web complexity, but this is rarely tested empirically due to the dearth of studies isolating the effects of temperature on complex natural food webs. To overcome this obstacle, we used ‘natural experiments’ across 14 streams in Iceland and Russia, with natural warming of up to 20°C above the coldest stream in each high-latitude region, where anthropogenic warming is predicted to be especially rapid. Using biomass-weighted stable isotope data, we found that community isotopic divergence (a universal, taxon-free measure of trophic diversity) was consistently lower in warmer streams. We also found a clear shift towards greater assimilation of autochthonous carbon, which was driven by increasing dominance of herbivores but without a concomitant increase in algal stocks. Overall, our results support the prediction that higher temperatures will simplify high-latitude freshwater ecosystems and provide the first mechanistic glimpses of how warming alters energy transfer through food webs at intercontinental scales.

气候变暖的物理效应已被充分记录在案,但生物效应却鲜为人知,尤其是在生态系统层面和大(洲际)尺度上。据普遍预测,下个世纪全球变暖将降低食物网的复杂性,但由于很少有研究能单独证明温度对复杂的自然食物网的影响,因此这一点很少得到实证检验。为了克服这一障碍,我们在冰岛和俄罗斯的 14 条溪流中进行了 "自然实验",在每个高纬度地区的最冷溪流中,自然升温最高可达 20°C,而在这些地区,预计人为变暖的速度尤其快。通过使用生物量加权稳定同位素数据,我们发现群落同位素差异(一种衡量营养多样性的通用、不含分类群的方法)在较暖的溪流中一直较低。我们还发现,草食动物的优势在不断增强,但藻类种群却没有随之增加,这显然是向同化更多自生碳的方向转变。总之,我们的研究结果支持气温升高将简化高纬度淡水生态系统的预测,并首次从机理上揭示了气候变暖如何在洲际尺度上改变食物网的能量传递。
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引用次数: 0
Recovery of Soil Microbial Metabolism After Rewetting Depends on Interacting Environmental Conditions and Changes in Functional Groups and Life History Strategies 复湿后土壤微生物新陈代谢的恢复取决于相互作用的环境条件以及功能群和生活史策略的变化。
IF 10.8 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2024-10-03 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17522
Xiankun Li, Ainara Leizeaga, Johannes Rousk, Siyuan Zhou, Gustaf Hugelius, Stefano Manzoni

Climate change is causing an intensification of soil drying and rewetting events, altering microbial functioning and potentially destabilizing soil organic carbon. After rewetting, changes in microbial community carbon use efficiency (CUE), investment in life history strategies, and fungal to bacterial dominance co-occur. Still, we have yet to generalize what drives these dynamic responses. Here, we collated 123 time series of microbial community growth (G, sum of fungal and bacterial growth, evaluated by leucine and acetate incorporation, respectively) and respiration (R) after rewetting and calculated CUE = G/(G + R). First, we characterized CUE recovery by two metrics: maximum CUE and time to maximum CUE. Second, we translated microbial growth and respiration data into microbial investments in life history strategies (high yield (Y), resource acquisition (A), and stress tolerance (S)). Third, we characterized the temporal change in fungal to bacterial dominance. Finally, the metrics describing the CUE recovery, investment in life history strategies, and fungal to bacterial dominance after rewetting were explained by environmental factors and microbial properties. CUE increased after rewetting as fungal dominance declined, but the maximum CUE was explained by the CUE under moist conditions, rather than specific environmental factors. In contrast, higher soil pH and carbon availability accelerated the decline of microbial investment in stress tolerance and fungal dominance. We conclude that microbial CUE recovery is mostly driven by the shifting microbial community composition and the metabolic capacity of the community, whereas changes in microbial investment in life history strategies and fungal versus bacterial dominance depend on soil pH and carbon availability.

气候变化导致土壤干燥和复湿现象加剧,改变了微生物的功能,并可能破坏土壤有机碳的稳定性。复湿后,微生物群落的碳利用效率(CUE)、生活史策略投资以及真菌对细菌的主导地位都会发生变化。然而,我们还没有归纳出是什么驱动了这些动态反应。在此,我们整理了再湿润后微生物群落生长(G,真菌和细菌生长的总和,分别用亮氨酸和醋酸盐掺入量评估)和呼吸(R)的 123 个时间序列,并计算出 CUE = G/(G + R)。首先,我们用两个指标来描述 CUE 恢复的特征:最大 CUE 和达到最大 CUE 的时间。其次,我们将微生物的生长和呼吸数据转化为微生物对生活史策略(高产(Y)、资源获取(A)和压力耐受(S))的投资。第三,我们描述了从真菌主导到细菌主导的时间变化。最后,我们用环境因素和微生物特性解释了复湿后 CUE 恢复、生活史策略投资和真菌对细菌优势的度量。随着真菌优势地位的下降,CUE 在复湿后有所增加,但最大 CUE 是由潮湿条件下的 CUE 而不是特定环境因素解释的。相反,较高的土壤 pH 值和碳供应量加速了微生物对胁迫耐受性和真菌优势的投资下降。我们的结论是,微生物 CUE 的恢复主要是由微生物群落组成的变化和群落的代谢能力驱动的,而微生物对生活史策略的投资以及真菌优势与细菌优势的变化则取决于土壤 pH 值和碳的可用性。
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引用次数: 0
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