Pub Date : 2015-05-13DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000203
P. Das, S. Goswami, Priya Banerjee, S. Datta
The present study investigates the potential of soil and soil composites for removal of phenol from solution on a comparative scale. Different experimental parameters were optimized with a novel approach of response surface methodology (RSM) and a central composite design (CCD) for achieving maximum efficiency. Maximum adsorption efficiency (1.44 mg g-1) was obtained at initial pH 5.5, an adsorbent dosage of 7.5 g L-1 and a treatment time of 32.5 mins at a temperature of 313 K as predicted by the RSM design. The phenomenon best fitted the Temkin isotherm at different temperatures. The process was guided by the pseudo-secondorder kinetic model and was analyzed to be spontaneous, endothermic and chemisorption in nature. Characterization of soil particles using Scanning Electron Microscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy showed the changes in its structure and surface morphology both before and after use and explained it’s prospective as a good and environmentally benign adsorbent in very low quantities. Hence, this adsorbent can be implemented as an efficient liner material for the removal of phenol and phenolic compounds from wastewater.
本研究在比较规模上研究了土壤和土壤复合材料去除溶液中苯酚的潜力。采用响应面法(RSM)和中心复合设计(CCD)对不同的实验参数进行优化，以实现实验效率最大化。在初始pH为5.5、吸附剂投加量为7.5 g L-1、处理时间为32.5 min、温度为313 K的条件下，吸附效率最高(1.44 mg g-1)。该现象最符合不同温度下的Temkin等温线。该过程以准二级动力学模型为指导，分析为自发、吸热和化学吸附。利用扫描电镜和傅里叶变换红外光谱对土壤颗粒进行了表征，显示了其使用前后结构和表面形态的变化，并说明了它在极少量的情况下作为一种良好的环保吸附剂的前景。因此，该吸附剂可作为去除废水中酚和酚类化合物的有效衬材。
{"title":"Phenol Adsorption onto Various Soil Composite Membranes: Insight into Process Kinetics, Modelling and Optimisation Using Response Surface Methodology","authors":"P. Das, S. Goswami, Priya Banerjee, S. Datta","doi":"10.4172/2157-7587.1000203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000203","url":null,"abstract":"The present study investigates the potential of soil and soil composites for removal of phenol from solution on a comparative scale. Different experimental parameters were optimized with a novel approach of response surface methodology (RSM) and a central composite design (CCD) for achieving maximum efficiency. Maximum adsorption efficiency (1.44 mg g-1) was obtained at initial pH 5.5, an adsorbent dosage of 7.5 g L-1 and a treatment time of 32.5 mins at a temperature of 313 K as predicted by the RSM design. The phenomenon best fitted the Temkin isotherm at different temperatures. The process was guided by the pseudo-secondorder kinetic model and was analyzed to be spontaneous, endothermic and chemisorption in nature. Characterization of soil particles using Scanning Electron Microscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy showed the changes in its structure and surface morphology both before and after use and explained it’s prospective as a good and environmentally benign adsorbent in very low quantities. Hence, this adsorbent can be implemented as an efficient liner material for the removal of phenol and phenolic compounds from wastewater.","PeriodicalId":17605,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Waste Water Treatment and Analysis","volume":"18 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87872209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-05-08DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000204
G. Ks, D. Tanaya, S. Anwesha, C. Sharanya, C. Meenakshi
Sundarbans Estuarine System (SES, 21.25°-22.5° N and 88.25°-89.5° E), comprising the southernmost part of the Indian portion of the Ganga-Bramhaputra delta bordering the Bay of Bengal, is India’s largest monsoonal, macrotidal delta front system. Sundarbans Estuarine Programme (SEP), the first comprehensive observational programme to study tidal as well as salinity features was conducted during 18-21 March, 2011 (Equinoctial spring phase). The main objective of this program was to monitor tides and salinity characteristics within the SES. Out of 30 observation stations, spread over more than 3,600 sq km covering seven inner estuaries, we have chosen river Jagaddal, which is connected with Saptamukhi East Gulley (SEG) in the West and river Thakuran in the East, due to the fact that the station Indrapur situated on this river at location very close to Bay of Bengal represents the condition at the mouth of all seven estuaries. Tidal elevation, salinity, bathymetry and vertical profile of salinity using CTD were measured during the observation period. Observed current data collected from different sources have been used for comparison with computed tidal current. Finally, the estuarine current, bottom drag coefficient and gradient Richardson number have also been computed. Computed values of these parameters have analyzed for interpreting variations for tidal, current and mixing feature prevailing in the estuary.
孙德尔本斯河口系统(SES，北纬21.25°-22.5°和东经88.25°-89.5°)，包括恒河-布拉姆布特拉河三角洲印度部分的最南端，与孟加拉湾接壤，是印度最大的季风、大潮汐三角洲前缘系统。2011年3月18日至21日(春分期)进行了孙德尔本斯河口项目(SEP)，这是第一个研究潮汐和盐度特征的综合观测项目。该计划的主要目的是监测SES内的潮汐和盐度特征。在30个观测站中，分布超过3600平方公里，覆盖了7个内河口，我们选择了Jagaddal河，它与西部的Saptamukhi East Gulley (SEG)和东部的Thakuran河相连，因为Indrapur站位于这条河上，非常靠近孟加拉湾，代表了所有7个河口的情况。观测期间利用CTD测量了潮高程、盐度、水深和盐度垂直剖面。从不同来源收集的观测到的水流数据已被用来与计算得到的潮流进行比较。最后，计算了河口流、底阻系数和梯度理查德森数。对这些参数的计算值进行了分析，以解释河口潮、流和混合特征的变化。
{"title":"Tide and Mixing Characteristics in Sundarbans Estuarine River System","authors":"G. Ks, D. Tanaya, S. Anwesha, C. Sharanya, C. Meenakshi","doi":"10.4172/2157-7587.1000204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000204","url":null,"abstract":"Sundarbans Estuarine System (SES, 21.25°-22.5° N and 88.25°-89.5° E), comprising the southernmost part of the Indian portion of the Ganga-Bramhaputra delta bordering the Bay of Bengal, is India’s largest monsoonal, macrotidal delta front system. Sundarbans Estuarine Programme (SEP), the first comprehensive observational programme to study tidal as well as salinity features was conducted during 18-21 March, 2011 (Equinoctial spring phase). The main objective of this program was to monitor tides and salinity characteristics within the SES. Out of 30 observation stations, spread over more than 3,600 sq km covering seven inner estuaries, we have chosen river Jagaddal, which is connected with Saptamukhi East Gulley (SEG) in the West and river Thakuran in the East, due to the fact that the station Indrapur situated on this river at location very close to Bay of Bengal represents the condition at the mouth of all seven estuaries. Tidal elevation, salinity, bathymetry and vertical profile of salinity using CTD were measured during the observation period. Observed current data collected from different sources have been used for comparison with computed tidal current. Finally, the estuarine current, bottom drag coefficient and gradient Richardson number have also been computed. Computed values of these parameters have analyzed for interpreting variations for tidal, current and mixing feature prevailing in the estuary.","PeriodicalId":17605,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Waste Water Treatment and Analysis","volume":"73 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84337103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-03-27DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000197
M. Elhag
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) were used to establish an information data base to characterize a watershed in Northern Greece, analyze the distribution of the drainage network according to the different characteristics of the watershed using a drainage density index based on GIS. The drainage network was delineated from ASTER GDEM and Landsat-8 OLI data. Digital image processing was based on enhancement techniques. GIS characterized the watershed easily and efficiently. The drainage density index, based on the number of pixels, was appropriate for analyzing the distribution of the drainage network in relation to other characteristics of the watershed. The possibility of using GIS to generate buffer zones around linear and area features helped to quantify sensitive areas close to streams. The problem of cell resolution was overcome by reference to the mapping scale and other factors. Landsat-8 OLI data gave promising results, closely accurate to those from a 1:50,000 topographic maps. The number of streams and total stream lengths of all orders from ASTER GDEM data were higher than from the other sources. Geometric characteristics of the watershed derived from ASTER GDEM data were almost the same as from the 1:50,000 topographic maps. Best results were from a new band index based on Bands 2 and 5. Both techniques, GIS and Remote Sensing, are suitable for application to watershed management in the Mediterranean region.
{"title":"Characterization of a Typical Mediterranean Watershed Using Remote Sensing Techniques and GIS Tools","authors":"M. Elhag","doi":"10.4172/2157-7587.1000197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000197","url":null,"abstract":"Geographic Information Systems (GIS) were used to establish an information data base to characterize a watershed in Northern Greece, analyze the distribution of the drainage network according to the different characteristics of the watershed using a drainage density index based on GIS. The drainage network was delineated from ASTER GDEM and Landsat-8 OLI data. Digital image processing was based on enhancement techniques. GIS characterized the watershed easily and efficiently. The drainage density index, based on the number of pixels, was appropriate for analyzing the distribution of the drainage network in relation to other characteristics of the watershed. The possibility of using GIS to generate buffer zones around linear and area features helped to quantify sensitive areas close to streams. The problem of cell resolution was overcome by reference to the mapping scale and other factors. Landsat-8 OLI data gave promising results, closely accurate to those from a 1:50,000 topographic maps. The number of streams and total stream lengths of all orders from ASTER GDEM data were higher than from the other sources. Geometric characteristics of the watershed derived from ASTER GDEM data were almost the same as from the 1:50,000 topographic maps. Best results were from a new band index based on Bands 2 and 5. Both techniques, GIS and Remote Sensing, are suitable for application to watershed management in the Mediterranean region.","PeriodicalId":17605,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Waste Water Treatment and Analysis","volume":"22 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83301191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-02-19DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000193
El-Demerdash Fm, A. Am, I. Da
High chlorine dosages are used in some drinking water plants to overcome the deficiencies in the treatment to at least ensure a supply of microbiologically safe water to the population. This fact and the increment of natural organic matter (NOM) in the aquatic resources due to rainfall increases and anthropogenic activities are becoming a critical concern, due to the formation of chlorination by-products such as trihalomethanes (THM), which are carcinogenic substances. Egypt drinking water system using new treatments is essential to meet the quality guidelines. Trihalomethanes are carcinogenic by-products of disinfection that are present in drinking water. In the present research, adsorption was employed for the removal of THMs found in water supply systems. The effects of pH, contact time, adsorbents and adsorbate concentration on the adsorption system were investigated. The Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models were used to analyse the resulting adsorption data. The kinetics of THM removal was found to follow the pseudo-second-order model rather than the Langmuir–Hinshelwood pseudo-first-order model.
{"title":"Removal of Trihalo Methanes Using Activated Carbon Prepared from Agricultural Solid Wastes","authors":"El-Demerdash Fm, A. Am, I. Da","doi":"10.4172/2157-7587.1000193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000193","url":null,"abstract":"High chlorine dosages are used in some drinking water plants to overcome the deficiencies in the treatment to at least ensure a supply of microbiologically safe water to the population. This fact and the increment of natural organic matter (NOM) in the aquatic resources due to rainfall increases and anthropogenic activities are becoming a critical concern, due to the formation of chlorination by-products such as trihalomethanes (THM), which are carcinogenic substances. Egypt drinking water system using new treatments is essential to meet the quality guidelines. Trihalomethanes are carcinogenic by-products of disinfection that are present in drinking water. In the present research, adsorption was employed for the removal of THMs found in water supply systems. The effects of pH, contact time, adsorbents and adsorbate concentration on the adsorption system were investigated. The Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models were used to analyse the resulting adsorption data. The kinetics of THM removal was found to follow the pseudo-second-order model rather than the Langmuir–Hinshelwood pseudo-first-order model.","PeriodicalId":17605,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Waste Water Treatment and Analysis","volume":"54 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76129980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-02-19DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000192
J. Muhammad, G. Khan
Calibrated Win TR-20 model was validated and simulated to predict the peak runoff rates for 2, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 years for a small watershed area of 72 km2 in the southern region of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa of Pakistan. The catchment has a gauged spillway outlet at the downstream. The model was initially calibrated on the available known parameters from the grid survey and its derivatives, watershed physical features and other scales endorsed into the reservoir for monitoring. The calibrated model was tested and validated on physical data collected for duration of three months with a coefficient of determination of 98% among the observed and estimated runoff depths and peak runoff. After confirmation log-Pearson type III distribution was fitted to annual one day maximum rainfall upon which one day maximum rainfalls for 2, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 years return periods were simulated as 50, 80, 105, 144, 180 and 223 mm respectively. Run off depths for the same one day maximum rainfall of given returns period were further simulated as 10.34, 21.15, 30.3, 39.78, and 84.03 and 53.14 mm. Moreover the peak runoff rates for the return periods of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 years were predicted as 11.3, 39.9, 77.7, 147.5, 221.9, and 320 m3s-1. Hence it was concluded that Win TR-20 provided satisfactory simulation of rainfall and their resultant runoffs and peak runoff rates which can be confidently recommended for use in small watersheds in the specific region of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
{"title":"Win TR-20 Application Using Statistical Approaches for Long Term Prediction of Peak Runoff Rates in Smaller Watersheds of Pakistan","authors":"J. Muhammad, G. Khan","doi":"10.4172/2157-7587.1000192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000192","url":null,"abstract":"Calibrated Win TR-20 model was validated and simulated to predict the peak runoff rates for 2, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 years for a small watershed area of 72 km2 in the southern region of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa of Pakistan. The catchment has a gauged spillway outlet at the downstream. The model was initially calibrated on the available known parameters from the grid survey and its derivatives, watershed physical features and other scales endorsed into the reservoir for monitoring. The calibrated model was tested and validated on physical data collected for duration of three months with a coefficient of determination of 98% among the observed and estimated runoff depths and peak runoff. After confirmation log-Pearson type III distribution was fitted to annual one day maximum rainfall upon which one day maximum rainfalls for 2, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 years return periods were simulated as 50, 80, 105, 144, 180 and 223 mm respectively. Run off depths for the same one day maximum rainfall of given returns period were further simulated as 10.34, 21.15, 30.3, 39.78, and 84.03 and 53.14 mm. Moreover the peak runoff rates for the return periods of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 years were predicted as 11.3, 39.9, 77.7, 147.5, 221.9, and 320 m3s-1. Hence it was concluded that Win TR-20 provided satisfactory simulation of rainfall and their resultant runoffs and peak runoff rates which can be confidently recommended for use in small watersheds in the specific region of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.","PeriodicalId":17605,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Waste Water Treatment and Analysis","volume":"30 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81628522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-02-19DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000195
Sudhakar Bs, Anupam Ks, Akshay Oj
In the flood prone catchments, it is needful to estimate the discharge, standard lag time, time of peak, and flood response of each watershed in the basin. The SUH method offers considerable advantage over others, and thus, has been chosen for estimation of flood response, contribution of flooding potential, percentage of flood volume for 25 sub-watersheds. The discretion of sub-watershed for estimation of peak discharge, time of peak, alternate lag time, and width of SUH at 50% and 75% of peak found to offer advantages over other methods. This paper considers Snyder Unit Hydrograph (SUH) with GIS based spatial database for calculating discharge at Lower Tapi Basin (LTB). The hydrological parameters of each sub-watershed such as river length, length of centroid, spatial area, land use, lateral slope, and terrain and soil factors have been extracted from GIS database. The geo-data has been combined with topographical maps to produce a digital elevation model (DEM) of 50 m cell size. The analysis for all 25 subwatersheds exhibit that 35.07 m3/s and 4.55 m3/s and 13.23 hours and 4.33 hours have been highest and lowest peak flow and time of peak respectively. The SUH model has been validated for peak discharge at a gauge site Amli (E73023' N21023') where discharge data were collected during 2010 and 2011 monsoon. A comparison between measured and SUH modelled discharge shows good fit within a mean variability range of 5-7%. The SUH methods ability to estimate hydrological parameters including peak flow discharge shows wider replication for un-gauged catchments.
{"title":"Snyder Unit Hydrograph and GIS for Estimation of Flood for Un-Gauged Catchments in Lower Tapi Basin,India","authors":"Sudhakar Bs, Anupam Ks, Akshay Oj","doi":"10.4172/2157-7587.1000195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000195","url":null,"abstract":"In the flood prone catchments, it is needful to estimate the discharge, standard lag time, time of peak, and flood response of each watershed in the basin. The SUH method offers considerable advantage over others, and thus, has been chosen for estimation of flood response, contribution of flooding potential, percentage of flood volume for 25 sub-watersheds. The discretion of sub-watershed for estimation of peak discharge, time of peak, alternate lag time, and width of SUH at 50% and 75% of peak found to offer advantages over other methods. This paper considers Snyder Unit Hydrograph (SUH) with GIS based spatial database for calculating discharge at Lower Tapi Basin (LTB). The hydrological parameters of each sub-watershed such as river length, length of centroid, spatial area, land use, lateral slope, and terrain and soil factors have been extracted from GIS database. The geo-data has been combined with topographical maps to produce a digital elevation model (DEM) of 50 m cell size. The analysis for all 25 subwatersheds exhibit that 35.07 m3/s and 4.55 m3/s and 13.23 hours and 4.33 hours have been highest and lowest peak flow and time of peak respectively. The SUH model has been validated for peak discharge at a gauge site Amli (E73023' N21023') where discharge data were collected during 2010 and 2011 monsoon. A comparison between measured and SUH modelled discharge shows good fit within a mean variability range of 5-7%. The SUH methods ability to estimate hydrological parameters including peak flow discharge shows wider replication for un-gauged catchments.","PeriodicalId":17605,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Waste Water Treatment and Analysis","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76153502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-24DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000190
Yeh Ty
Taiwan spent too much expenditure to remove not very toxic metals Cu and Zn. The biosorption mechanism of metal removal (copper, Cu and zinc, Zn) by four phytoremediation macrophytes biomasses including sunflower (Helianthus annuus), Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris), cattail (Typha latifolia), and reed (Phragmites communis) was investigated in this study. The primary objectives were exploring the potential of reusing these bio-wastes after harvesting from phytoremediation operations. Based on the surface area, zeta potential, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) investigations, Chinese cabbage biomass presented the highest metal adsorption property while both cattail and reed revealed a lower adsorption capability for both metals tested. The equilibrium adsorption rate between biomass and metal occurred very fast during the first 10 min. The metal adsorption data were fitted with the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms and presented that the Langmuir isotherm was the best fitted model for all biomass tested. All tested biomasses are fast growing plants with fairly high biomass production that are able to accumulate metals. The Langmuir model was used to calculate maximum adsorption capacity and related adsorption parameters in this study. The results revealed that the maximum metal adsorption capacity Qmax was in the order of Chinese cabbage (Cu: 2000; Zn: 1111 mg/kg)> sunflower (Cu: 1482; Zn:769 mg/kg)> reed (Cu: 238; Zn: 161 mg/kg)> cattail (Cu: 200; Zn: 133 mg/kg). The harvested sunflower, Chinese cabbage, cattail, and reed biomass possess the potential to be employed as biosorbents to remove Cu and Zn from aqueous solutions. Adsorption isotherms derived in this study might be crucial information for practical design and operation of adsorption engineering processes and prediction of relation between reused macrophyte biosorbents and heavy metal adsorbates.
{"title":"Biostimulator and Biodegradable Chelator to Pytoextract not Very Toxic Cu and Zn","authors":"Yeh Ty","doi":"10.4172/2157-7587.1000190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000190","url":null,"abstract":"Taiwan spent too much expenditure to remove not very toxic metals Cu and Zn. The biosorption mechanism of metal removal (copper, Cu and zinc, Zn) by four phytoremediation macrophytes biomasses including sunflower (Helianthus annuus), Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris), cattail (Typha latifolia), and reed (Phragmites communis) was investigated in this study. The primary objectives were exploring the potential of reusing these bio-wastes after harvesting from phytoremediation operations. Based on the surface area, zeta potential, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) investigations, Chinese cabbage biomass presented the highest metal adsorption property while both cattail and reed revealed a lower adsorption capability for both metals tested. The equilibrium adsorption rate between biomass and metal occurred very fast during the first 10 min. The metal adsorption data were fitted with the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms and presented that the Langmuir isotherm was the best fitted model for all biomass tested. All tested biomasses are fast growing plants with fairly high biomass production that are able to accumulate metals. The Langmuir model was used to calculate maximum adsorption capacity and related adsorption parameters in this study. The results revealed that the maximum metal adsorption capacity Qmax was in the order of Chinese cabbage (Cu: 2000; Zn: 1111 mg/kg)> sunflower (Cu: 1482; Zn:769 mg/kg)> reed (Cu: 238; Zn: 161 mg/kg)> cattail (Cu: 200; Zn: 133 mg/kg). The harvested sunflower, Chinese cabbage, cattail, and reed biomass possess the potential to be employed as biosorbents to remove Cu and Zn from aqueous solutions. Adsorption isotherms derived in this study might be crucial information for practical design and operation of adsorption engineering processes and prediction of relation between reused macrophyte biosorbents and heavy metal adsorbates.","PeriodicalId":17605,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Waste Water Treatment and Analysis","volume":"66 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78644326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-24DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000189
E. Abushandi, S. Alatawi
Constructing dams around the city of Tabuk is an important solution to controlling flood events, as well as increasing surface water budget and creating ground water recharge spots. The success of this effort is mainly based on locating the best site for a dam in the area. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the use of remote sensing, and geographic information system in dam site selection within the context of a catchment scale. Digital Elevation Model was used from the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER 30m) to characterise the catchment area. Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus images (ETM+) from LandSat 7 were used to classify the land cover in the study area. Several software packages such as ERDAS 11, Global Mapper 15.2 and ArcGIS 10.1 were used to construct and process the basic database. In addition, model builder from ArcGIS 10.1 was employed to construct a simplified model and integratesraster and vector datasets. The parameters of this model were: catchment slope (less 3%), delineation network order more than or equal to 7 and Runoff Coefficient (0.4). Six suitable locations were chosen: Wadi Dam in connection with Wadi Al Baqqr, Wadi Na’am, Wadi Atanah, Wadi Abu Nishayfah A, Wadi Abu Nishayfah B and Qa’a Sharawra.
在塔布克市周围修建水坝是控制洪水事件、增加地表水预算和创造地下水补给点的重要解决方案。这项工作的成功主要取决于在该地区找到最佳的水坝地点。本研究的目的是在流域范围内展示遥感和地理信息系统在水坝选址中的应用。使用先进星载热发射和反射辐射计(ASTER 30m)的数字高程模型来描述集水区的特征。利用LandSat 7的Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus图像(ETM+)对研究区土地覆盖进行分类。使用ERDAS 11、Global Mapper 15.2、ArcGIS 10.1等软件构建和处理基础数据库。此外，利用ArcGIS 10.1中的模型生成器构建简化模型，并整合栅格和矢量数据集。模型参数为:集水区坡度小于3%，圈定网序大于等于7，径流系数0.4。选定了六个合适的地点:与Wadi Al Baqqr相连的Wadi大坝、Wadi Na 'am、Wadi Atanah、Wadi Abu Nishayfah A、Wadi Abu Nishayfah B和Qa 'a Sharawra。
{"title":"Dam site selection using remote sensing techniques and geographical information system to control flood events in Tabuk city.","authors":"E. Abushandi, S. Alatawi","doi":"10.4172/2157-7587.1000189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000189","url":null,"abstract":"Constructing dams around the city of Tabuk is an important solution to controlling flood events, as well as increasing surface water budget and creating ground water recharge spots. The success of this effort is mainly based on locating the best site for a dam in the area. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the use of remote sensing, and geographic information system in dam site selection within the context of a catchment scale. Digital Elevation Model was used from the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER 30m) to characterise the catchment area. Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus images (ETM+) from LandSat 7 were used to classify the land cover in the study area. Several software packages such as ERDAS 11, Global Mapper 15.2 and ArcGIS 10.1 were used to construct and process the basic database. In addition, model builder from ArcGIS 10.1 was employed to construct a simplified model and integratesraster and vector datasets. The parameters of this model were: catchment slope (less 3%), delineation network order more than or equal to 7 and Runoff Coefficient (0.4). Six suitable locations were chosen: Wadi Dam in connection with Wadi Al Baqqr, Wadi Na’am, Wadi Atanah, Wadi Abu Nishayfah A, Wadi Abu Nishayfah B and Qa’a Sharawra.","PeriodicalId":17605,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Waste Water Treatment and Analysis","volume":"55 1","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85612434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-24DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000186
A. Dwivedi, S. Srivastava, S. Dwivedi, V. Tripathi
The present short review is an attempt to explain the importance and uses of arsenic. It also explains different researches which have been conducted for treatment of arsenic contamination; particularly the botanical tools or the plants. The paper also deals with the future prospects of the topic, guiding the future aspects.
{"title":"Natural Bio-Remediation of Arsenic Contamination: A Short Review","authors":"A. Dwivedi, S. Srivastava, S. Dwivedi, V. Tripathi","doi":"10.4172/2157-7587.1000186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000186","url":null,"abstract":"The present short review is an attempt to explain the importance and uses of arsenic. It also explains different researches which have been conducted for treatment of arsenic contamination; particularly the botanical tools or the plants. The paper also deals with the future prospects of the topic, guiding the future aspects.","PeriodicalId":17605,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Waste Water Treatment and Analysis","volume":"68 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81549494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-14DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000187
Darwis, N. Rakhim, Muhammad Ardi, Lahming, M. Arsyad
This study is an initial stage in an effort to conserve groundwater by employing skills and self-reliance of groundwater user farmers where the groundwater is utilized to irrigate farm. Before carrying out community empowerment, specifically for marginal community, the researcher shall be able to recognize some factors that affect target's empowerment. Accordingly, empowerment model formulation which can be made representatively shall in conformity with reality to empowered target community. To examine level of influence of every observed factor in this study, it applies instrument through Gutmann scale. Scales of applied instrument in the study is answers of YES or NO. The instrument is adapted by vary educational background of the farmers. For all identified factors in the study, there are 6 factors that affect significantly groundwater user farmer empowerment level in their effort to conserve groundwater independently and collectively. Factors indicating significant influence are: (1) agricultural input, (2) environmental potential, (3) technical aid, (4) farmer organization, (5) farmers' rights and (6) democratization of farmers.
{"title":"Shallow Groundwater Conservation Based Empowerment and its Influence Factors by Groundwater User Farmers in Takalar Regency","authors":"Darwis, N. Rakhim, Muhammad Ardi, Lahming, M. Arsyad","doi":"10.4172/2157-7587.1000187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000187","url":null,"abstract":"This study is an initial stage in an effort to conserve groundwater by employing skills and self-reliance of groundwater user farmers where the groundwater is utilized to irrigate farm. Before carrying out community empowerment, specifically for marginal community, the researcher shall be able to recognize some factors that affect target's empowerment. Accordingly, empowerment model formulation which can be made representatively shall in conformity with reality to empowered target community. To examine level of influence of every observed factor in this study, it applies instrument through Gutmann scale. Scales of applied instrument in the study is answers of YES or NO. The instrument is adapted by vary educational background of the farmers. For all identified factors in the study, there are 6 factors that affect significantly groundwater user farmer empowerment level in their effort to conserve groundwater independently and collectively. Factors indicating significant influence are: (1) agricultural input, (2) environmental potential, (3) technical aid, (4) farmer organization, (5) farmers' rights and (6) democratization of farmers.","PeriodicalId":17605,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Waste Water Treatment and Analysis","volume":"4 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90107850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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