Pub Date : 2015-10-16DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000211
Jian Zhao, G. Fu, K. Lei
This paper analyzed the spatial-temporal variations of surface water quality along the middle and lower reaches of the Min Jiang between 2003 and 2012 and investigated its pollution sources by analyzing the data from 4 water quality monitoring stations. The results showed that surface water quality was higher polluted in the middle reaches of the Min Jiang than that in the lower reaches and its tributary. Seasonal and spatial differences were found for DO, CODmn and NH3-N, whereas for TP the differences were mainly due to the water quality station. The level of organics (CODmn) was higher in summer (high flow period), and the level of NH3-N was higher in winter (low flow period). In the middle reaches of the Min Jiang, point sources (from wastewater treatment plants and industrial effluents) were found to be the dominant inputs of organics (CODmn) and nutrients (NH3-N and TP) to river. In the lower reaches of the Min Jiang, diffuse sources (from agricultural fertilizer, soil erosion, etc.) were the dominant contributor of organics and TP to river, while point sources were the dominant input of NH3-N. In tributary, diffuse sources were the dominant organics and TP input, both point and diffuse sources were dominant NH3-N inputs. Overall, these results reinforced the notion that pollution control by periods and regions was important for effective water quality management, and it is necessary to enhance the treatment of industrial effluent, to strictly carry out the discharge standard for water pollutants and the total amount control system, to incorporate NH3-N in the total amount control system in the Min Jiang.
{"title":"Water Quality Assessment and Apportionment of Pollution Sources of Selected Pollutants in the Min Jiang, a Headwater Tributary of The Yangtze River","authors":"Jian Zhao, G. Fu, K. Lei","doi":"10.4172/2157-7587.1000211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000211","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyzed the spatial-temporal variations of surface water quality along the middle and lower reaches of the Min Jiang between 2003 and 2012 and investigated its pollution sources by analyzing the data from 4 water quality monitoring stations. The results showed that surface water quality was higher polluted in the middle reaches of the Min Jiang than that in the lower reaches and its tributary. Seasonal and spatial differences were found for DO, CODmn and NH3-N, whereas for TP the differences were mainly due to the water quality station. The level of organics (CODmn) was higher in summer (high flow period), and the level of NH3-N was higher in winter (low flow period). In the middle reaches of the Min Jiang, point sources (from wastewater treatment plants and industrial effluents) were found to be the dominant inputs of organics (CODmn) and nutrients (NH3-N and TP) to river. In the lower reaches of the Min Jiang, diffuse sources (from agricultural fertilizer, soil erosion, etc.) were the dominant contributor of organics and TP to river, while point sources were the dominant input of NH3-N. In tributary, diffuse sources were the dominant organics and TP input, both point and diffuse sources were dominant NH3-N inputs. Overall, these results reinforced the notion that pollution control by periods and regions was important for effective water quality management, and it is necessary to enhance the treatment of industrial effluent, to strictly carry out the discharge standard for water pollutants and the total amount control system, to incorporate NH3-N in the total amount control system in the Min Jiang.","PeriodicalId":17605,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Waste Water Treatment and Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77144964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-10-15DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000E120
J. Yeh, T. Yeh, Y. Peng
Piggery waste is one the tree major water pollution sources in Taiwan. Piggery waste should be viewed as resource and not waste. Conventionally, three stage wastewater treatments are too costly and hard to operate. Direct application to soil can be a remedy if the application rate is careful managed. Taiwan EPA ambitiously launches piggery manure direct apply to soil policy. It might the panacea to water pollution control.
{"title":"Unpresendant Piggery Waste Resource and Resurvive Approach","authors":"J. Yeh, T. Yeh, Y. Peng","doi":"10.4172/2157-7587.1000E120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000E120","url":null,"abstract":"Piggery waste is one the tree major water pollution sources in Taiwan. Piggery waste should be viewed as resource and not waste. Conventionally, three stage wastewater treatments are too costly and hard to operate. Direct application to soil can be a remedy if the application rate is careful managed. Taiwan EPA ambitiously launches piggery manure direct apply to soil policy. It might the panacea to water pollution control.","PeriodicalId":17605,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Waste Water Treatment and Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75661685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-09-27DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000212
S. MahasaPululu, G. PalamuleniLobina, M. RuhiigaTabukeli
The major problem in the study area is the unlawful water abstractions for irrigation use. In South Africa, indications show that about 240 million m3/a of illegal water use is due to unauthorised withdrawals or violations of water use licenses. The status of water use for irrigation in the Orange-Senqu Basin also shows that insufficient information exists such that work needs to be done to understand the potential for increased efficiency of water use, taking into account issues pertaining to crop type, soil type and technological options. Studies like this one could also shed light on the potential impact of climate change on water use in the basin as this area may well experience significant impacts from rising temperatures and changing rainfall patterns. The processes of validation and verification will determine the extent of existing lawful water use. The use of remote sensing techniques (satellite, aerial photographs, etc.) could be employed to determine if the volume of water use registered by irrigators is accurate, i.e. valid and that the volume of water use registered is lawful (verification). Currently, ecological requirements for the river mouth are met through releases from Vanderkloof Dam and amount to just 290 million m3/a. However several recent studies including the Gesellschaft fur International Zusammenarbeit - Integrated Water Resources Management (GIZ – IWRM) study highlight that this is based on a fairly outdated methodology. The more recent Lower Orange Management study found a high level estimate of ecological requirements to be in order of 1 062 million m3/a.
{"title":"The Upper Orange River Water Resources Affected by Human Interventions and Climate Change","authors":"S. MahasaPululu, G. PalamuleniLobina, M. RuhiigaTabukeli","doi":"10.4172/2157-7587.1000212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000212","url":null,"abstract":"The major problem in the study area is the unlawful water abstractions for irrigation use. In South Africa, indications show that about 240 million m3/a of illegal water use is due to unauthorised withdrawals or violations of water use licenses. The status of water use for irrigation in the Orange-Senqu Basin also shows that insufficient information exists such that work needs to be done to understand the potential for increased efficiency of water use, taking into account issues pertaining to crop type, soil type and technological options. Studies like this one could also shed light on the potential impact of climate change on water use in the basin as this area may well experience significant impacts from rising temperatures and changing rainfall patterns. The processes of validation and verification will determine the extent of existing lawful water use. The use of remote sensing techniques (satellite, aerial photographs, etc.) could be employed to determine if the volume of water use registered by irrigators is accurate, i.e. valid and that the volume of water use registered is lawful (verification). Currently, ecological requirements for the river mouth are met through releases from Vanderkloof Dam and amount to just 290 million m3/a. However several recent studies including the Gesellschaft fur International Zusammenarbeit - Integrated Water Resources Management (GIZ – IWRM) study highlight that this is based on a fairly outdated methodology. The more recent Lower Orange Management study found a high level estimate of ecological requirements to be in order of 1 062 million m3/a.","PeriodicalId":17605,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Waste Water Treatment and Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83951552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-08-17DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000210
Yitea Seneshaw Getahun, Van Lanen Haj
The growth of population and its effect on the land use-cover change have been influencing the hydrology of the sub basin by changing the magnitude of stream flow and groundwater flow. In this paper, the likely land use-cover change impacts on hydrology of the Melka Kuntrie sub basin in the Upper Awash River Basin have been evaluated using the semi-distributed HBV hydrological model and Landsat imageries for two different periods. ArcGIS was used to generate the land use-cover maps from Landsat 5 TM and 7 ETM+ acquired, in the year 1986 and 2003, respectively. The land use-cover maps were generated using the Maximum Likelihood Algorithm of Supervised Classification. The accuracy of the classified maps was assessed using contingency matrix. The result of this analysis showed that the cultivated land has expanded from 1986 to 2003. The land use in 2003, which was mostly converted to agriculture land from forest, grass, or shrub land, showed an increased stream flow in the main rainy season, while the stream flow in dry or small rainy season indicted inconsistency from month to month. In the same time, there was a decrease in evapotranspiration in 2003 land use. The stream flow increased by the 2003 land use was 25% in June, 4% in July, 6% in August and 9% in September that corresponded to 0.065 mm/day in June, 0.077 mm/day in July, 0.07 mm/day in August and 0.039 mm/day in September for the main rainy season as compared to the 1986 land use. The model calibration was carried out using observed hydrometeorological data from 1991 to 2004 and the validation period was from 2005 to 2008. The performance of the HBV model for both calibration and validation was reasonable well and the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency was 0.86 and 0.78 for calibration and validation, respectively.
{"title":"Assessing the Impacts of Land Use-Cover Change on Hydrology of Melka Kuntrie Subbasin in Ethiopia, Using a Conceptual Hydrological Model","authors":"Yitea Seneshaw Getahun, Van Lanen Haj","doi":"10.4172/2157-7587.1000210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000210","url":null,"abstract":"The growth of population and its effect on the land use-cover change have been influencing the hydrology of the sub basin by changing the magnitude of stream flow and groundwater flow. In this paper, the likely land use-cover change impacts on hydrology of the Melka Kuntrie sub basin in the Upper Awash River Basin have been evaluated using the semi-distributed HBV hydrological model and Landsat imageries for two different periods. ArcGIS was used to generate the land use-cover maps from Landsat 5 TM and 7 ETM+ acquired, in the year 1986 and 2003, respectively. The land use-cover maps were generated using the Maximum Likelihood Algorithm of Supervised Classification. The accuracy of the classified maps was assessed using contingency matrix. The result of this analysis showed that the cultivated land has expanded from 1986 to 2003. The land use in 2003, which was mostly converted to agriculture land from forest, grass, or shrub land, showed an increased stream flow in the main rainy season, while the stream flow in dry or small rainy season indicted inconsistency from month to month. In the same time, there was a decrease in evapotranspiration in 2003 land use. The stream flow increased by the 2003 land use was 25% in June, 4% in July, 6% in August and 9% in September that corresponded to 0.065 mm/day in June, 0.077 mm/day in July, 0.07 mm/day in August and 0.039 mm/day in September for the main rainy season as compared to the 1986 land use. The model calibration was carried out using observed hydrometeorological data from 1991 to 2004 and the validation period was from 2005 to 2008. The performance of the HBV model for both calibration and validation was reasonable well and the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency was 0.86 and 0.78 for calibration and validation, respectively.","PeriodicalId":17605,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Waste Water Treatment and Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80770077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-07-30DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000214
Y. Adela, C. Behn, M. Janssen, B. Lennartz
Phosphorus (P) is a vital nutrient for plants, however its excess loss from agricultural lands cause eutrophication on aquatic environment. The Gilgel gibe reservoir located in the southwest part of Ethiopia is exposed to this phenomenon whereby the water quality has been classified as mesotrophic with P concentration of 0.86 mg/l. The objectives of this study were to identify the operating P loss mechanisms from agricultural lands, quantify the amount of P exported and evaluate the factors for P loss using the best management practices (BMPs) concepts. Therefore, experimental data and the annual phosphorus loss estimation (APLE) model were used to study the underlying processes. Catenas surrounding the reservoir, used as arable and pastureland, were investigated. Topsoil samples were taken and analyzed at three slope positions. The soils are mainly nitisol and a smaller portion of vertisol where the parent materials are basalt and rhyolite. The APLE model was set using soil data from the arable lands with nitisol soil and hydrologic records. The phosphorus loss was simulated from 2001 to 2010. Besides, the experimental P sorption data were used to check the logical consistency of the model output. On average 12.66 ± 0.7 kg P ha-1 yr-1 is lost in the form of particulate and total dissolved P. Generally, 56% of P is lost in the form of particulate P due to erosion, and 44% as soils dissolved and direct fertilizer runoff P. A significant variation observed between the sediment and soil dissolved P loss (p-value= 0.000) which is attributed to the soil chemical and physical properties that control the phosphorus dynamics. Obviously the dominant P transfer from agricultural lands into the Gilgel Gibe River and reservoir is particulate P loss. An evaluation of causing factors using BMPs indicated that a reduction of sediment by 5-20% resulted to retain P from 2-9%. Similarly, a reduction of soil P content reduces the P loss from 2-8.5%. However, a reduction of fertilizer quantity applied on the fields within the same percent range is hardly reducing P loss relative to the earlier factors. Therefore, attention should be given to the application of precision agriculture to avoid such problems.
{"title":"Modelling Phosphorus Losses from Tropical Agricultural Soils in Gilgel Gibe Watershed, Ethiopia","authors":"Y. Adela, C. Behn, M. Janssen, B. Lennartz","doi":"10.4172/2157-7587.1000214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000214","url":null,"abstract":"Phosphorus (P) is a vital nutrient for plants, however its excess loss from agricultural lands cause eutrophication on aquatic environment. The Gilgel gibe reservoir located in the southwest part of Ethiopia is exposed to this phenomenon whereby the water quality has been classified as mesotrophic with P concentration of 0.86 mg/l. The objectives of this study were to identify the operating P loss mechanisms from agricultural lands, quantify the amount of P exported and evaluate the factors for P loss using the best management practices (BMPs) concepts. Therefore, experimental data and the annual phosphorus loss estimation (APLE) model were used to study the underlying processes. Catenas surrounding the reservoir, used as arable and pastureland, were investigated. Topsoil samples were taken and analyzed at three slope positions. The soils are mainly nitisol and a smaller portion of vertisol where the parent materials are basalt and rhyolite. The APLE model was set using soil data from the arable lands with nitisol soil and hydrologic records. The phosphorus loss was simulated from 2001 to 2010. Besides, the experimental P sorption data were used to check the logical consistency of the model output. On average 12.66 ± 0.7 kg P ha-1 yr-1 is lost in the form of particulate and total dissolved P. Generally, 56% of P is lost in the form of particulate P due to erosion, and 44% as soils dissolved and direct fertilizer runoff P. A significant variation observed between the sediment and soil dissolved P loss (p-value= 0.000) which is attributed to the soil chemical and physical properties that control the phosphorus dynamics. Obviously the dominant P transfer from agricultural lands into the Gilgel Gibe River and reservoir is particulate P loss. An evaluation of causing factors using BMPs indicated that a reduction of sediment by 5-20% resulted to retain P from 2-9%. Similarly, a reduction of soil P content reduces the P loss from 2-8.5%. However, a reduction of fertilizer quantity applied on the fields within the same percent range is hardly reducing P loss relative to the earlier factors. Therefore, attention should be given to the application of precision agriculture to avoid such problems.","PeriodicalId":17605,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Waste Water Treatment and Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82476621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-07-03DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000208
M. O. Dis, E. Anagnostou, Flamig Zac, H. Vergara, Y. Hong
This case study evaluates a computationally efficient distributed hydrological model, named Coupled Routing and Excess Storage (CREST), for flood modeling of basins in the Connecticut River Basin (CRB). Simulation of discharges is performed by forcing CREST with a long record (eight years) of high resolution radar-rainfall data and potential evapotranspiration maps derived from the North American Regional Reanalysis. The model performance is evaluated against observed streamflows obtained from United States Geological Survey gauging stations at outlet and interior points of various CRB sub-basins. CREST parameters were calibrated based on a three year record (2005-2007) and validated for the remaining data period (2003-2004 and 2008-2009). The model performance evaluation is based on different metrics, including the Nash-Sutchliffe Coefficient of Efficiency (NSCE), Mean Relative Error (MRE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), and Pearson Correlation Coefficient (PCC). The analysis shows that CREST slightly underestimated the peak flows, but exhibited a generally good capability in simulating the stream flow variability for the CRB basins. Specifically, NSCE, MRE, RMSE, and PCC values of hourly flow simulations varied from 0.31 to 0.58, -0.06 to 0.13, 61 to 121 (mm) and 0.60 to 0.83, respectively. At daily time scale the performance metrics exhibited improved values indicating that CREST has sufficient accuracy for long term multi-scale hydrologic simulations.
{"title":"Evaluating Multi-Scale Flow Predictions for the Connecticut River Basin","authors":"M. O. Dis, E. Anagnostou, Flamig Zac, H. Vergara, Y. Hong","doi":"10.4172/2157-7587.1000208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000208","url":null,"abstract":"This case study evaluates a computationally efficient distributed hydrological model, named Coupled Routing and Excess Storage (CREST), for flood modeling of basins in the Connecticut River Basin (CRB). Simulation of discharges is performed by forcing CREST with a long record (eight years) of high resolution radar-rainfall data and potential evapotranspiration maps derived from the North American Regional Reanalysis. The model performance is evaluated against observed streamflows obtained from United States Geological Survey gauging stations at outlet and interior points of various CRB sub-basins. CREST parameters were calibrated based on a three year record (2005-2007) and validated for the remaining data period (2003-2004 and 2008-2009). The model performance evaluation is based on different metrics, including the Nash-Sutchliffe Coefficient of Efficiency (NSCE), Mean Relative Error (MRE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), and Pearson Correlation Coefficient (PCC). The analysis shows that CREST slightly underestimated the peak flows, but exhibited a generally good capability in simulating the stream flow variability for the CRB basins. Specifically, NSCE, MRE, RMSE, and PCC values of hourly flow simulations varied from 0.31 to 0.58, -0.06 to 0.13, 61 to 121 (mm) and 0.60 to 0.83, respectively. At daily time scale the performance metrics exhibited improved values indicating that CREST has sufficient accuracy for long term multi-scale hydrologic simulations.","PeriodicalId":17605,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Waste Water Treatment and Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79708307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-22DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000207
M. Barseem, T. A. Lateef, Hosny Mahomud Ezz El Deen, Abdul Rahman
This research paper is dealing with Geoelectrical Exploration as a Geophysical method used, Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) and 2D profile imaging to find a solution of the problems affecting the research station in South of Qantara Skark. This research station is one of the desert research center stations used to develop the desert for agriculture. The area of study is suffering from the shortage of irrigation water whereas, it depends on the water flow of the tributary of Salam Canal which being not available all the time. The appropriate solutions of these problems have been delineated by the results of 1D and 2D geoelectrical measurements. It exhibits the subsurface sedimentary sequences and extension of subsurface layers in horizontal and vertical directions especially in the groundwater aquifer. Moreover, the most suitable locations of drilling water wells could be detected. The surface and subsurface layers of the quaternary deposits consists of sand, sandy clay and clay facies. Nineteen Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) are arranged as a grid to cover the study area and two 2D geoelectrical imaging profiles are acquired. The results are represented through different contour maps and cross sections that exhibit the horizontal distribution of successive layers which reflect the lithology and changes in all directions. The water bearing layers consisted of two zones. The upper one was less salty than the lower one. The thickness of the upper zone ranges from 5 to 7 meters, but the lower zone ranges between 15 and 30 meters. The last detected layer is clay that decreases in depth towards the Southwest of the study area, causing the phenomenon of water logging. The thickness of the upper zone of the water bearing layer is inadequate for irrigation. Recommended basins to be constructed and filled through nearby drilled wells to overcome this problem. The most suitable location to dig a channel for water drainage is in the Southwest, where there is a less depth to the clay layer and all the layers are dipping toward this side
{"title":"Geoelectrical Exploration in South Qantara Shark Area for Supplementary Irrigation Purpose-Sinai-Egypt","authors":"M. Barseem, T. A. Lateef, Hosny Mahomud Ezz El Deen, Abdul Rahman","doi":"10.4172/2157-7587.1000207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000207","url":null,"abstract":"This research paper is dealing with Geoelectrical Exploration as a Geophysical method used, Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) and 2D profile imaging to find a solution of the problems affecting the research station in South of Qantara Skark. This research station is one of the desert research center stations used to develop the desert for agriculture. The area of study is suffering from the shortage of irrigation water whereas, it depends on the water flow of the tributary of Salam Canal which being not available all the time. The appropriate solutions of these problems have been delineated by the results of 1D and 2D geoelectrical measurements. It exhibits the subsurface sedimentary sequences and extension of subsurface layers in horizontal and vertical directions especially in the groundwater aquifer. Moreover, the most suitable locations of drilling water wells could be detected. The surface and subsurface layers of the quaternary deposits consists of sand, sandy clay and clay facies. Nineteen Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) are arranged as a grid to cover the study area and two 2D geoelectrical imaging profiles are acquired. The results are represented through different contour maps and cross sections that exhibit the horizontal distribution of successive layers which reflect the lithology and changes in all directions. The water bearing layers consisted of two zones. The upper one was less salty than the lower one. The thickness of the upper zone ranges from 5 to 7 meters, but the lower zone ranges between 15 and 30 meters. The last detected layer is clay that decreases in depth towards the Southwest of the study area, causing the phenomenon of water logging. The thickness of the upper zone of the water bearing layer is inadequate for irrigation. Recommended basins to be constructed and filled through nearby drilled wells to overcome this problem. The most suitable location to dig a channel for water drainage is in the Southwest, where there is a less depth to the clay layer and all the layers are dipping toward this side","PeriodicalId":17605,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Waste Water Treatment and Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75279666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-22DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000209
G. Kitila, Gizachew Kabite, T. Alamirew
Waterlogging is becoming the major threat to the sustainability of irrigated agricultural lands in Fincha’a Valley Sugar Estate (FVSE). In the present study timely and accurate detection of waterlogged areas through piezometer monitoring and remote sensing indicators, along with their characterization and severity classification has been made. Accordingly, spatial maps of groundwater table (GWT) depth were produced in a Geographic information system (GIS) (ArcGIS 10.2) environment from 40 groundwater monitoring piezometer data. Results of the study revealed that FVSE, after nearly 20-25 years of irrigation, is experiencing a serious waterlogging problem. About 324.4 km2 (75.5%) of the delineated plantation fields are severely waterlogged and 105 km2 (24.5%) are critically waterlogged. The study also revealed that the GWT depth for all selected irrigation fields is very shallow in winter compared to spring, autumn and summer seasons. The seasonal fluctuation and spatial variability of groundwater table in the irrigated fields is owing to excess irrigation water application, nature of the soil, topography and high seepage from water bodies and poor drainage system; hence are the main causes for waterlogging (GWT rise) problem in the study area. The groundwater depth is extremely shallow (<1 m below ground) in most of the piezometer sites (about 94.7% of the study area) throughout the entire season and showed great spatio-seasonal variability. The rate of annual increment of groundwater rise, coupled with seasonal fluctuation, has obvious repercussions and grave consequences for the sustainability of Fincha’a Valley Sugar Estate. The serious problem of the rising groundwater table can be tackled by adopting improved irrigation water management practices, designing drainage system and further geological investigations. Therefore, it is highly suggested to critically study the causes, consequences and solutions of the waterlogging problem (GWT rise) in a concerted and integrated manner to get out of this vicious problem.
内涝正在成为Fincha 'a Valley Sugar Estate (FVSE)灌溉农田可持续性的主要威胁。本研究通过地压监测和遥感指标对涝渍区进行了及时准确的探测，并对其特征和严重程度进行了分类。基于此，在地理信息系统(GIS) (ArcGIS 10.2)环境下，利用40个地下水位监测数据生成了地下水位(GWT)深度空间图。研究结果表明，经过近20-25年的灌溉，FVSE正在经历严重的内涝问题。圈定人工田重度涝渍面积约为324.4 km2(75.5%)，重度涝渍面积约为105 km2(24.5%)。研究还发现，与春、秋、夏季节相比，所有选择的灌区冬季的GWT深度都非常浅。灌溉田地下水位的季节性波动和空间变异主要是由于灌溉水用量过大、土壤性质、地形、水体渗漏大和排水系统差等因素造成的;因此是造成研究区内涝(GWT上升)问题的主要原因。大部分测压点(约占研究面积的94.7%)整个季节地下水深度极浅(<1 m)，且表现出较大的时空变异性。地下水年增长率加上季节性波动，对Fincha 'a Valley Sugar Estate的可持续性产生了明显的影响和严重后果。地下水水位上升的严重问题可以通过采用改进的灌溉用水管理措施、设计排水系统和进一步的地质调查来解决。因此，我们强烈建议批判性地研究内涝问题(GWT rise)的原因、后果和解决办法，协调一致，综合考虑，以摆脱这一恶性问题。
{"title":"Severity Classification and Characterization of Waterlogged Irrigation Fields in the Fincha'a Valley Sugar Estate, Nile Basin of Western Ethiopia","authors":"G. Kitila, Gizachew Kabite, T. Alamirew","doi":"10.4172/2157-7587.1000209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000209","url":null,"abstract":"Waterlogging is becoming the major threat to the sustainability of irrigated agricultural lands in Fincha’a Valley Sugar Estate (FVSE). In the present study timely and accurate detection of waterlogged areas through piezometer monitoring and remote sensing indicators, along with their characterization and severity classification has been made. Accordingly, spatial maps of groundwater table (GWT) depth were produced in a Geographic information system (GIS) (ArcGIS 10.2) environment from 40 groundwater monitoring piezometer data. Results of the study revealed that FVSE, after nearly 20-25 years of irrigation, is experiencing a serious waterlogging problem. About 324.4 km2 (75.5%) of the delineated plantation fields are severely waterlogged and 105 km2 (24.5%) are critically waterlogged. The study also revealed that the GWT depth for all selected irrigation fields is very shallow in winter compared to spring, autumn and summer seasons. The seasonal fluctuation and spatial variability of groundwater table in the irrigated fields is owing to excess irrigation water application, nature of the soil, topography and high seepage from water bodies and poor drainage system; hence are the main causes for waterlogging (GWT rise) problem in the study area. The groundwater depth is extremely shallow (<1 m below ground) in most of the piezometer sites (about 94.7% of the study area) throughout the entire season and showed great spatio-seasonal variability. The rate of annual increment of groundwater rise, coupled with seasonal fluctuation, has obvious repercussions and grave consequences for the sustainability of Fincha’a Valley Sugar Estate. The serious problem of the rising groundwater table can be tackled by adopting improved irrigation water management practices, designing drainage system and further geological investigations. Therefore, it is highly suggested to critically study the causes, consequences and solutions of the waterlogging problem (GWT rise) in a concerted and integrated manner to get out of this vicious problem.","PeriodicalId":17605,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Waste Water Treatment and Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80622683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000206
T. Manickum, W. John, N. Toolsee, R. Rajagopaul
A “real world” study to assess the performance characteristics (precision, accuracy) of the citrate-capped, gold nanoparticle, Ultraviolet-Visible colorimetric method, for quantifying residual poly-diallyl dimethylammonium chloride (poly-DADMAC) in four raw dam and treated potable waters, was undertaken. Using three calibration methods, the method was found to be sensitive (LOQ=2 μg/L), over the linear range 10-30 μg/L. The overall mean within-batch precision (%RSD) was: 7.42 (±7.07) for Method 1, and 7.66 (±7.37) for Method 2; between-batch (reproducibility) (%RSD) was 54.37 ± 30.03) and 35.89 ± 34.89). Statistical data analysis indicated fairly good agreement (no significant difference) for poly-DADMAC levels in 30 samples analyzed by the two methods Method 1 and 2. The residual poly-DADMAC potable water levels (range: <2-8 μg/L), were: on average (±SD) (μg/L), 1.21 (±1.31) for Hazelmere Dam, 1.22 (±0.55) for Midmar Dam, 3.40 ± 3.89) for Inanda Dam, and 3.64 (±3.83) for Nagel Dam. The observed, apparent poly-DADMAC levels, obtained by Method 1, (range: 6-16 μg/L) were, on average (±SD) (μg/L), for the raw water samples: 3.73 (±0.46) for Inanda Dam, 5.73 (±6.57) for Nagle Dam, 6.82 (±9.03) for Hazelmere Dam and 10.12 (±6.94) for Midmar Dam. The study indicated compliance of all treated, potable water for residual poly-DADMAC, to the current international limit of ≤50 μg/L. The relatively high apparent concentration (range: <2-24 μg/L) of poly-DADMAC observed on the raw dam waters was attributed to the presence of Natural Organic Matter (NOM).
{"title":"Preliminary Performance Evaluation of the Gold Nanoparticle Method for Quantification of Residual Poly-(Diallyldimethyl Ammonium Chloride) in Treated Waters in the Umgeni Water Catchment, Kwazulu-Natal (South Africa)","authors":"T. Manickum, W. John, N. Toolsee, R. Rajagopaul","doi":"10.4172/2157-7587.1000206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000206","url":null,"abstract":"A “real world” study to assess the performance characteristics (precision, accuracy) of the citrate-capped, gold nanoparticle, Ultraviolet-Visible colorimetric method, for quantifying residual poly-diallyl dimethylammonium chloride (poly-DADMAC) in four raw dam and treated potable waters, was undertaken. Using three calibration methods, the method was found to be sensitive (LOQ=2 μg/L), over the linear range 10-30 μg/L. The overall mean within-batch precision (%RSD) was: 7.42 (±7.07) for Method 1, and 7.66 (±7.37) for Method 2; between-batch (reproducibility) (%RSD) was 54.37 ± 30.03) and 35.89 ± 34.89). Statistical data analysis indicated fairly good agreement (no significant difference) for poly-DADMAC levels in 30 samples analyzed by the two methods Method 1 and 2. The residual poly-DADMAC potable water levels (range: <2-8 μg/L), were: on average (±SD) (μg/L), 1.21 (±1.31) for Hazelmere Dam, 1.22 (±0.55) for Midmar Dam, 3.40 ± 3.89) for Inanda Dam, and 3.64 (±3.83) for Nagel Dam. The observed, apparent poly-DADMAC levels, obtained by Method 1, (range: 6-16 μg/L) were, on average (±SD) (μg/L), for the raw water samples: 3.73 (±0.46) for Inanda Dam, 5.73 (±6.57) for Nagle Dam, 6.82 (±9.03) for Hazelmere Dam and 10.12 (±6.94) for Midmar Dam. The study indicated compliance of all treated, potable water for residual poly-DADMAC, to the current international limit of ≤50 μg/L. The relatively high apparent concentration (range: <2-24 μg/L) of poly-DADMAC observed on the raw dam waters was attributed to the presence of Natural Organic Matter (NOM).","PeriodicalId":17605,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Waste Water Treatment and Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87541788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-05-29DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000199
Sintayehu Legesse Gebre
Hydrological models have been used in different River basins across the world for better understanding of the hydrological processes and the water resources availability. It is important to use hydrological model today to assess and predict the water availability of river basins due to climate change to develop a strategies in order to cope up with the changing environment. It is very crucial to properly calibrate and validate models to give confidence to model users in prediction of stream flow. In this study HEC-HMS 3.5 hydrologic model (Developed by US Hydrologic Engineering Center-SMA (with Soil moisture Accounting Algorithm) has been used to calibrate (from 1988-2000) and validate (from 2001-2005) the upper Blue Nile River Basin (Gilgel Abay, Gumera, Ribb and Megech catchment). The model performance tested for each catchment in simulation the runoff flow during calibration and validation period, The Nash-Sutcliff (ENS) and Coefficient of determination (R2) used to evaluate the performance of the model. The results obtained are satisfactory and accepted for simulation of runoff. The deficit and constant loss method, synder unit hydrograph method and exponential recession method, are the best fit performed methods of the hydrological processes of infiltration loss, direct runoff transformation and base flow part respectively. Thus, this study shows that HEC-HMS hydrological model can be used to model the upper Blue Nile River basin catchments for better assessment and prediction of simulation of the hydrological responses. The study recommends further studies which incorporate the land use change of the basin in the model.
{"title":"Application of the HEC-HMS Model for Runoff Simulation of Upper Blue Nile River Basin","authors":"Sintayehu Legesse Gebre","doi":"10.4172/2157-7587.1000199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000199","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrological models have been used in different River basins across the world for better understanding of the hydrological processes and the water resources availability. It is important to use hydrological model today to assess and predict the water availability of river basins due to climate change to develop a strategies in order to cope up with the changing environment. It is very crucial to properly calibrate and validate models to give confidence to model users in prediction of stream flow. In this study HEC-HMS 3.5 hydrologic model (Developed by US Hydrologic Engineering Center-SMA (with Soil moisture Accounting Algorithm) has been used to calibrate (from 1988-2000) and validate (from 2001-2005) the upper Blue Nile River Basin (Gilgel Abay, Gumera, Ribb and Megech catchment). The model performance tested for each catchment in simulation the runoff flow during calibration and validation period, The Nash-Sutcliff (ENS) and Coefficient of determination (R2) used to evaluate the performance of the model. The results obtained are satisfactory and accepted for simulation of runoff. The deficit and constant loss method, synder unit hydrograph method and exponential recession method, are the best fit performed methods of the hydrological processes of infiltration loss, direct runoff transformation and base flow part respectively. Thus, this study shows that HEC-HMS hydrological model can be used to model the upper Blue Nile River basin catchments for better assessment and prediction of simulation of the hydrological responses. The study recommends further studies which incorporate the land use change of the basin in the model.","PeriodicalId":17605,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Waste Water Treatment and Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76613916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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