Pub Date : 2014-01-24DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000163
K. Hussein, P. Waines, Raid B. Nisr, G. Glegg, G. Bradley
Faecal pollution on bathing beaches poses a potential threat to human health and as a result may also negatively affect the local economy. In instances where the source of such pollution is not obvious, it may be necessary to track such sources using a host-specific genetic markers technique. Bacteroides species are potential indicators for source tracking of faecal pollution in bathing waters. This study designed specific primer sets to amplify sections of the 16S rRNA gene unique to Bacteroides from domestic dogs and used quantitative PCR (qPCR) to quantify such genetic markers in environmental samples. The sensitivity and specificity of the primer sets was determined; they were specific in silico against known dog Bacteroides sequences and in vitro against Bacteroides sequences originating from human and livestock faeces. Dog faecal Bacteroides contamination was then detected in sea water during the bathing season at a local beach where dogs are banned during the summer months, in spite of the fact that these waters had met EU directive standards based on the culture-based enumeration of faecal indicator bacteria. Quantitative PCR was used to determine the limit of detection (LOD) of the dog Bacteroides genetic markers in these water samples. The copy number of dog Bacteroides genetic markers in the water was low and the LOD of those markers was 4 copies per reaction. The use of these dog primers has the potential to supply important additional information when source tracking faecal pollution at bathing beaches and maintaining water quality.
{"title":"Development and use of Bacteroides 16S rRNA Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for Source Tracking Dog Faecal Pollution in Bathing Waters","authors":"K. Hussein, P. Waines, Raid B. Nisr, G. Glegg, G. Bradley","doi":"10.4172/2157-7587.1000163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000163","url":null,"abstract":"Faecal pollution on bathing beaches poses a potential threat to human health and as a result may also negatively affect the local economy. In instances where the source of such pollution is not obvious, it may be necessary to track such sources using a host-specific genetic markers technique. Bacteroides species are potential indicators for source tracking of faecal pollution in bathing waters. This study designed specific primer sets to amplify sections of the 16S rRNA gene unique to Bacteroides from domestic dogs and used quantitative PCR (qPCR) to quantify such genetic markers in environmental samples. The sensitivity and specificity of the primer sets was determined; they were specific in silico against known dog Bacteroides sequences and in vitro against Bacteroides sequences originating from human and livestock faeces. Dog faecal Bacteroides contamination was then detected in sea water during the bathing season at a local beach where dogs are banned during the summer months, in spite of the fact that these waters had met EU directive standards based on the culture-based enumeration of faecal indicator bacteria. Quantitative PCR was used to determine the limit of detection (LOD) of the dog Bacteroides genetic markers in these water samples. The copy number of dog Bacteroides genetic markers in the water was low and the LOD of those markers was 4 copies per reaction. The use of these dog primers has the potential to supply important additional information when source tracking faecal pollution at bathing beaches and maintaining water quality.","PeriodicalId":17605,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Waste Water Treatment and Analysis","volume":"109 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73532386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-10DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000162
Hemalatha Bhavimani, E. T. Puttaiah
Monthly changes in water quality parameters (Physico-chemical) in Madikoppa pond were investigated from Feb 2012 to Jan 2013, to assess the suitability of this pond for pisciculture. The different Physico-chemical parameters like PH, temperature, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide alkalinity, chloride, total hardness, BOD, COD, Phosphates, and nitrates were carried out. The values are within the range prescribed by “Guidelines for water quality management for fish culture in Tripura”, ICAR Research complex for NEH Region Tripura Centre, Lambucherra-799210 Tripura (West), publication No. 29, Year 2007.
{"title":"Fish Culture and Physico-chemical Characteristics of Madikoppa Pond,Dharwad Tq/Dist, Karnatak","authors":"Hemalatha Bhavimani, E. T. Puttaiah","doi":"10.4172/2157-7587.1000162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000162","url":null,"abstract":"Monthly changes in water quality parameters (Physico-chemical) in Madikoppa pond were investigated from Feb 2012 to Jan 2013, to assess the suitability of this pond for pisciculture. The different Physico-chemical parameters like PH, temperature, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide alkalinity, chloride, total hardness, BOD, COD, Phosphates, and nitrates were carried out. The values are within the range prescribed by “Guidelines for water quality management for fish culture in Tripura”, ICAR Research complex for NEH Region Tripura Centre, Lambucherra-799210 Tripura (West), publication No. 29, Year 2007.","PeriodicalId":17605,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Waste Water Treatment and Analysis","volume":"52 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78280037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-12-19DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000161
Gang-cai Liu, S. Du, Si-li Peng, Genxu Wang
An important component of the water cycle in ecological systems, rainfall interception by virgin forests was here calculated from gross precipitation minus through fall and stem flow. The through fall measurement system was designed on the basis of a 3 m long trough mounted beneath the canopy and able to operate successfully under a range of rainfall conditions. Stem flow was measured using spiral collars consisting of a split plastic hose attached to sampled trees, with gross precipitation measured in an open area via a tipping-bucket rain gauge. This study was carried out to evaluate rainfall interception and distribution patterns of gross precipitation in two contrasting rainforest types (coniferous and broadleaved/coniferous mixed) in the Mount Gongga area on the eastern fringe of Tibet, China, from 2008 to 2009. Net precipitation was found to be primarily composed of through fall, while stem flow contributed less than 0.5% (0.1% and 0.4% in conifer and mixed forest, respectively) to total gross precipitation (GP) and was thus negligible in both forest types. The difference in the interception loss fraction between conifer and mixed forest was greater than 30%, with the interception loss of the former apparently more than that of the latter mainly due to the increased presence of small droplets produced by coniferous leaves. Additionally, interception loss in conifer forest was more dependent on rainfall than that in mixed forest. In contrast, through fall and stem flow exhibited the opposite pattern, likely attributable to a through fall lag of 8 to 10 h after rainfall in mixed forest but not in conifer forest.
{"title":"Rainfall Interception in Two Contrasting Forest Types in the Mount Gongga Area of Eastern Tibet, China","authors":"Gang-cai Liu, S. Du, Si-li Peng, Genxu Wang","doi":"10.4172/2157-7587.1000161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000161","url":null,"abstract":"An important component of the water cycle in ecological systems, rainfall interception by virgin forests was here calculated from gross precipitation minus through fall and stem flow. The through fall measurement system was designed on the basis of a 3 m long trough mounted beneath the canopy and able to operate successfully under a range of rainfall conditions. Stem flow was measured using spiral collars consisting of a split plastic hose attached to sampled trees, with gross precipitation measured in an open area via a tipping-bucket rain gauge. This study was carried out to evaluate rainfall interception and distribution patterns of gross precipitation in two contrasting rainforest types (coniferous and broadleaved/coniferous mixed) in the Mount Gongga area on the eastern fringe of Tibet, China, from 2008 to 2009. Net precipitation was found to be primarily composed of through fall, while stem flow contributed less than 0.5% (0.1% and 0.4% in conifer and mixed forest, respectively) to total gross precipitation (GP) and was thus negligible in both forest types. The difference in the interception loss fraction between conifer and mixed forest was greater than 30%, with the interception loss of the former apparently more than that of the latter mainly due to the increased presence of small droplets produced by coniferous leaves. Additionally, interception loss in conifer forest was more dependent on rainfall than that in mixed forest. In contrast, through fall and stem flow exhibited the opposite pattern, likely attributable to a through fall lag of 8 to 10 h after rainfall in mixed forest but not in conifer forest.","PeriodicalId":17605,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Waste Water Treatment and Analysis","volume":"16 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75213186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-12-03DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000160
I. Jemai, N. Benaissa, T. Gallali, F. Chenini
Tunisia has mobilized the important amount of its conventional hydraulic resources (surface water and ground water). It is brought today, for considerations of saving of water but also in environmental ethics, to recycle its noconventional resources like municipal waste water and to applicant it for agriculture. The effect of treated wastewater (TWW), compared to the ordinary irrigation (with ground water (GW)) by means of tow irrigation methods (sprinkler (S) and integrated Gouttor (IG)) on the chemical properties of the sandy soil, and its organic composition, were investigated in 2004 at the experimental station of Oued-Souhil in Nabeul Governorate, NE Tunisia. Soil samples were collected from five depths (0–20, 20–40, 40–60, 60–80 and 80–100 cm) and were analyzed for electric conductivity (EC), pH, total nitrogen (TN), organic carbon (OC), potassium (K), phosphorus (P205) and nitrate (NO3 -). The results observed after a partner of irrigation show that the electric conductivity (EC) and pH of experimental soil decreased compared to his initial state. The irrigation has reduced the OC content in surface layer and has increased it in the deeper layer. The TN content varied in opposite direction. The P205, K and NO3 - concentrations decreased in the upper 40 cm at the end of the study for both TWW and GW irrigated soil; however the effect of TWW irrigation was significant only with potassium (K). The evolution of these elements in the soil during the study proves their important concentration in the GW.
突尼斯调动了大量的常规水力资源(地表水和地下水)。今天，出于节水的考虑，也出于环境伦理的考虑，将其非常规资源如城市废水回收利用，并将其应用于农业。2004年，在突尼斯东北部纳布勒省的Oued-Souhil试验站，研究了处理后的废水(TWW)与普通灌溉(用地下水灌溉(GW))(喷灌(S)和综合喷灌(IG))对沙土化学性质及其有机成分的影响。在0-20、20-40、40-60、60-80和80-100 cm 5个深度采集土壤样品，分析电导率(EC)、pH、总氮(TN)、有机碳(OC)、钾(K)、磷(P205)和硝酸盐(NO3 -)。一次灌溉后的观察结果表明，试验土壤的电导率和pH值较初始状态有所下降。灌溉降低了表层有机碳含量，增加了深层有机碳含量。全氮含量呈相反方向变化。TWW灌水土壤和GW灌水土壤在研究结束时上部40 cm的P205、K和NO3 -浓度均呈下降趋势;然而，TWW灌溉仅对钾(K)有显著影响。研究期间这些元素在土壤中的演变证明了它们在TWW中的重要浓度。
{"title":"Effects of Municipal Reclaimed Wastewater Irrigation on Organic and Inorganic Composition of Soil and Groundwater in Souhil Wadi Area (Nabeul,Tunisia)","authors":"I. Jemai, N. Benaissa, T. Gallali, F. Chenini","doi":"10.4172/2157-7587.1000160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000160","url":null,"abstract":"Tunisia has mobilized the important amount of its conventional hydraulic resources (surface water and ground water). It is brought today, for considerations of saving of water but also in environmental ethics, to recycle its noconventional resources like municipal waste water and to applicant it for agriculture. The effect of treated wastewater (TWW), compared to the ordinary irrigation (with ground water (GW)) by means of tow irrigation methods (sprinkler (S) and integrated Gouttor (IG)) on the chemical properties of the sandy soil, and its organic composition, were investigated in 2004 at the experimental station of Oued-Souhil in Nabeul Governorate, NE Tunisia. Soil samples were collected from five depths (0–20, 20–40, 40–60, 60–80 and 80–100 cm) and were analyzed for electric conductivity (EC), pH, total nitrogen (TN), organic carbon (OC), potassium (K), phosphorus (P205) and nitrate (NO3 -). The results observed after a partner of irrigation show that the electric conductivity (EC) and pH of experimental soil decreased compared to his initial state. The irrigation has reduced the OC content in surface layer and has increased it in the deeper layer. The TN content varied in opposite direction. The P205, K and NO3 - concentrations decreased in the upper 40 cm at the end of the study for both TWW and GW irrigated soil; however the effect of TWW irrigation was significant only with potassium (K). The evolution of these elements in the soil during the study proves their important concentration in the GW.","PeriodicalId":17605,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Waste Water Treatment and Analysis","volume":"35 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84650383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-25DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000158
A. Plappally, Ankur Hasija, J. Kusins, Malini Jhaver, Allen Chee, Anirudha Panditrao, N. Singh, Nitesh Kumar, Kuldip Singh, N. Kumar, N. Katiyar, Yogesh Kumar, C. Meena, Prateek Jawalkar, Ganduri Rahul Goutham, Pura Ram, S. Mishra, Aman Doharey, Anil Kumar Alwaria, Aditya Budaraju, Aditya Ranjan, H. Pancholi, Jagmohan Shreerao, Atul Kumar, George Joseph, R. Singhal
This article elaborates a survey on water use events and activities in households. The survey inquires socioeconomic aspects, technology, processes and devices which may play an important role in these water use events. Processes like washing clothes and utensils, cooking refrigeration and heating are discussed. Devices like water purifiers, air-coolers, and toilets are qualitatively analyzed. Water use events such as bathing and brushing teeth are studied. The survey in online format and printed version was randomly responded by one hundred sixty people including fifty three family heads within city of Jodhpur, India. More than hundred respondents answered the online questionnaire from Mandi in north India, Delhi, the national capital territory and Jodhpur in west India. More than ninety per cent of the respondents were males. Climate of the regions mentioned above played a decisive role in water consumption. The general public was very much unaware of the policies of the government towards water conservation and management. Advertisements by vendors were found to misguide consumers providing importance to aesthetic features rather than technical specification. The implications of this study helps in becoming environmentally aware of how human actions affect the management of water and related energy use at households.
{"title":"Water Use and Related Costs at Households in Western and Northern Parts of India","authors":"A. Plappally, Ankur Hasija, J. Kusins, Malini Jhaver, Allen Chee, Anirudha Panditrao, N. Singh, Nitesh Kumar, Kuldip Singh, N. Kumar, N. Katiyar, Yogesh Kumar, C. Meena, Prateek Jawalkar, Ganduri Rahul Goutham, Pura Ram, S. Mishra, Aman Doharey, Anil Kumar Alwaria, Aditya Budaraju, Aditya Ranjan, H. Pancholi, Jagmohan Shreerao, Atul Kumar, George Joseph, R. Singhal","doi":"10.4172/2157-7587.1000158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000158","url":null,"abstract":"This article elaborates a survey on water use events and activities in households. The survey inquires socioeconomic aspects, technology, processes and devices which may play an important role in these water use events. Processes like washing clothes and utensils, cooking refrigeration and heating are discussed. Devices like water purifiers, air-coolers, and toilets are qualitatively analyzed. Water use events such as bathing and brushing teeth are studied. The survey in online format and printed version was randomly responded by one hundred sixty people including fifty three family heads within city of Jodhpur, India. More than hundred respondents answered the online questionnaire from Mandi in north India, Delhi, the national capital territory and Jodhpur in west India. More than ninety per cent of the respondents were males. Climate of the regions mentioned above played a decisive role in water consumption. The general public was very much unaware of the policies of the government towards water conservation and management. Advertisements by vendors were found to misguide consumers providing importance to aesthetic features rather than technical specification. The implications of this study helps in becoming environmentally aware of how human actions affect the management of water and related energy use at households.","PeriodicalId":17605,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Waste Water Treatment and Analysis","volume":"175 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74393670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-21DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000159
Mojtaba Zamani, A. Sadoddin, A. Z. Garizi
This paper outlines a study aimed to assess the long-term association between land cover/land use change and water quality changes occurred in the Ziarat Catchment, upstream of the Gharasoo River basin, Golestan Province northeast, of Iran. To assess the significance of trends in the time series of water quality variables, non-parametric trend tests (the Mann-Kendall and the seasonal Kendall) or parametric trend tests (linear regression and ANCOVA) were performed after removing variance due to discharge. The water quality and quantity data available for the analysis in this study belong to the observed period from 1974 to 2012 in a river gauge station located at the outlet of the catchment. The analysis revealed that with the exception of pH (no trend) and sulfate (negative trend), all other water quality variables including electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, hardness, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, sodium adsorption ratio and bicarbonate demonstrate statistically significant positive trends (P-value<0.05). Using the seasonal Kendall test, the negative trends have been detected for rainfall and mean discharge time series. To determine the likely responsible factor(s) for water quality changes, an investigation has been conducted on land cover/land use changes. A series of significant land cover/land use change were identified from 1967 to 2012, within five time intervals, referring to satellite images and also aerial photographic interpretation and based on RS and GIS standard techniques. The spatial analysis shows that within four decades about 980 ha of forests in the catchment have been converted to other classes of land cover/land use (about 67% to croplands and/ or rangelands, 8.5% to residential 38 areas, 13% to bare lands, and 11.5 % to roads). The results of this research suggest that land cover/land use change is one of the key factors causing water quality changes in the study area. The findings of this research assists policy makers and catchment managers in developing catchment management plans to protect and restore water quality conditions more effectively.
{"title":"Assessing Land Cover/ Land Use Change and its Impacts on Surface Water Quality in the Ziarat Catchment, Golestan Province-Iran","authors":"Mojtaba Zamani, A. Sadoddin, A. Z. Garizi","doi":"10.4172/2157-7587.1000159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000159","url":null,"abstract":"This paper outlines a study aimed to assess the long-term association between land cover/land use change and water quality changes occurred in the Ziarat Catchment, upstream of the Gharasoo River basin, Golestan Province northeast, of Iran. To assess the significance of trends in the time series of water quality variables, non-parametric trend tests (the Mann-Kendall and the seasonal Kendall) or parametric trend tests (linear regression and ANCOVA) were performed after removing variance due to discharge. The water quality and quantity data available for the analysis in this study belong to the observed period from 1974 to 2012 in a river gauge station located at the outlet of the catchment. The analysis revealed that with the exception of pH (no trend) and sulfate (negative trend), all other water quality variables including electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, hardness, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, sodium adsorption ratio and bicarbonate demonstrate statistically significant positive trends (P-value<0.05). Using the seasonal Kendall test, the negative trends have been detected for rainfall and mean discharge time series. To determine the likely responsible factor(s) for water quality changes, an investigation has been conducted on land cover/land use changes. A series of significant land cover/land use change were identified from 1967 to 2012, within five time intervals, referring to satellite images and also aerial photographic interpretation and based on RS and GIS standard techniques. The spatial analysis shows that within four decades about 980 ha of forests in the catchment have been converted to other classes of land cover/land use (about 67% to croplands and/ or rangelands, 8.5% to residential 38 areas, 13% to bare lands, and 11.5 % to roads). The results of this research suggest that land cover/land use change is one of the key factors causing water quality changes in the study area. The findings of this research assists policy makers and catchment managers in developing catchment management plans to protect and restore water quality conditions more effectively.","PeriodicalId":17605,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Waste Water Treatment and Analysis","volume":"222 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79931571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-05DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000E111
Dawen Gao
{"title":"Dose Sewage Need to be Treated Seriously","authors":"Dawen Gao","doi":"10.4172/2157-7587.1000E111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000E111","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17605,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Waste Water Treatment and Analysis","volume":"6 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83455869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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