Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000191
W. Sanford, D. L. Nelms, Jason P. Pope, David L. Selnick
Mean long-term hydrologic budget components, such as recharge and base flow, are often difficult to estimate because they can vary substantially in space and time. Mean long-term fluxes were calculated in this study for precipitation, surface runoff, infiltration, total evapotranspiration (ET), riparian ET, recharge, base flow (or groundwater discharge) and net total outflow using long-term estimates of mean ET and precipitation and the assumption that the relative change in storage over that 30-year period is small compared to the total ET or precipitation. Fluxes of these components were first estimated on a number of real-time-gaged watersheds across Virginia. Specific conductance was used to distinguish and separate surface runoff from base flow. Specific-conductance (SC) data were collected every 15 minutes at 75 real-time gages for approximately 18 months between March 2007 and August 2008. Precipitation was estimated for 1971-2000 using PRISM climate data. Precipitation and temperature from the PRISM data were used to develop a regression-based relation to estimate total ET. The proportion of watershed precipitation that becomes surface runoff was related to physiographic province and rock type in a runoff regression equation. A new approach to estimate riparian ET using seasonal SC data gave results consistent with those from other methods. Component flux estimates from the watersheds were transferred to flux estimates for counties and independent cities using the ET and runoff regression equations. Only 48 of the 75 watersheds yielded sufficient data, and data from these 48 were used in the final runoff regression equation. Final results for the study are presented as component flux estimates for all counties and independent cities in Virginia. The method has the potential to be applied in many other states in the U.S. or in other regions or countries of the world where climate and stream flow data are plentiful.
{"title":"Estimating mean long-term hydrologic budget components for watersheds and counties: An application to the commonwealth of Virginia, USA","authors":"W. Sanford, D. L. Nelms, Jason P. Pope, David L. Selnick","doi":"10.4172/2157-7587.1000191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000191","url":null,"abstract":"Mean long-term hydrologic budget components, such as recharge and base flow, are often difficult to estimate because they can vary substantially in space and time. Mean long-term fluxes were calculated in this study for precipitation, surface runoff, infiltration, total evapotranspiration (ET), riparian ET, recharge, base flow (or groundwater discharge) and net total outflow using long-term estimates of mean ET and precipitation and the assumption that the relative change in storage over that 30-year period is small compared to the total ET or precipitation. Fluxes of these components were first estimated on a number of real-time-gaged watersheds across Virginia. Specific conductance was used to distinguish and separate surface runoff from base flow. Specific-conductance (SC) data were collected every 15 minutes at 75 real-time gages for approximately 18 months between March 2007 and August 2008. Precipitation was estimated for 1971-2000 using PRISM climate data. Precipitation and temperature from the PRISM data were used to develop a regression-based relation to estimate total ET. The proportion of watershed precipitation that becomes surface runoff was related to physiographic province and rock type in a runoff regression equation. A new approach to estimate riparian ET using seasonal SC data gave results consistent with those from other methods. Component flux estimates from the watersheds were transferred to flux estimates for counties and independent cities using the ET and runoff regression equations. Only 48 of the 75 watersheds yielded sufficient data, and data from these 48 were used in the final runoff regression equation. Final results for the study are presented as component flux estimates for all counties and independent cities in Virginia. The method has the potential to be applied in many other states in the U.S. or in other regions or countries of the world where climate and stream flow data are plentiful.","PeriodicalId":17605,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Waste Water Treatment and Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74761131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000217
A. Lodh
This study using a regional climate model, ICTP-RegCM4.0 simulations examines the impact of drying and shrinking of Caspian Sea on Indian summer and winter monsoon, particularly on precipitation over northern plains of India due to Western disturbances. Shrinking of Caspian Sea is a man-made catastrophe with serious environmental implications. To perform the sensitivity experiment the original landuse map in the model is altered where the âCaspian Seaâ in Central Asia is changed to âsemi-desertâ in place of âinland waterâ type of vegetation. The model is forced with NNRP2 boundary conditions for year 2009, 2010. Analysis of sensitivity experiment output w.r.t baseline experiment says that rainfall over Northern India decreases (significant at 5% level), during the months of winter season (months of October to March) primarily from Western disturbances originating from Central Asia and Caspian Sea region. Also, it is found that minimum (maximum) temperature decreases (increases) particularly over Indian region during October to March and June to September. During June to September (for year 2009, 2010) from model simulations results it is found that over Central Asia (India) air temperature extending upto 700hPa increases (decreases).
{"title":"Impact of Caspian Sea Drying on Indian Monsoon Precipitation andTemperature as Simulated by RegCM4 Model","authors":"A. Lodh","doi":"10.4172/2157-7587.1000217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000217","url":null,"abstract":"This study using a regional climate model, ICTP-RegCM4.0 simulations examines the impact of drying and shrinking of Caspian Sea on Indian summer and winter monsoon, particularly on precipitation over northern plains of India due to Western disturbances. Shrinking of Caspian Sea is a man-made catastrophe with serious environmental implications. To perform the sensitivity experiment the original landuse map in the model is altered where the âCaspian Seaâ in Central Asia is changed to âsemi-desertâ in place of âinland waterâ type of vegetation. The model is forced with NNRP2 boundary conditions for year 2009, 2010. Analysis of sensitivity experiment output w.r.t baseline experiment says that rainfall over Northern India decreases (significant at 5% level), during the months of winter season (months of October to March) primarily from Western disturbances originating from Central Asia and Caspian Sea region. Also, it is found that minimum (maximum) temperature decreases (increases) particularly over Indian region during October to March and June to September. During June to September (for year 2009, 2010) from model simulations results it is found that over Central Asia (India) air temperature extending upto 700hPa increases (decreases).","PeriodicalId":17605,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Waste Water Treatment and Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85422377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000184
S. Khalaf, A. Mg
The Nubian Sandstone complex in the western desert is a part of the major regional Nubian aquifer system comprising West Africa. The different rock strata deposited in localities forming the units of the aquifer system. Farafra Oasis lies in the northern part of the Dakhla basin. In its southern region, the Nubian Sandstone (deep aquifer) is overlained by Dakhla shale but in the central and northern regions by fissured chalky limestone (shallow aquifer). The two overlaying aquifers in Farafra Oasis represent a typical hydrogeological model of a huge multi-layered artesian basin extending over the territory of Egypt. The Post Nubian aquifer played an essential role in the development of Farafra Oasis for a long time through the many springs issued from this aquifer. The rapid drilling process of deep wells started in 1960s led to stop flowing of many springs and wells plus the depletion in discharges and pressure of many others. Therefore, there is a real danger of either dewatering or increasing the water depths to uneconomic lifting depths for both the shallow and deep aquifers. A two-dimension flow model GMS (Groundwater Modeling System) was used to investigate this problem. Application of the present conditions indicated that drawdowns in the Post Nubian aquifer range from 5 m to about 9 m. The second scenario tries to sustain the groundwater utilities in the Post Nubian aquifer through a group of procedures. Accordingly, drawdowns are expected to range from 5 m to 8.6 m in the Post Nubian aquifer. According to this scenario, 3 m decline in the Nubian Sandstone aquifer followed by declining in the Post Nubian by about 1 m.
{"title":"Groundwater Modeling of Multi-Aquifer Systems Using GMS","authors":"S. Khalaf, A. Mg","doi":"10.4172/2157-7587.1000184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000184","url":null,"abstract":"The Nubian Sandstone complex in the western desert is a part of the major regional Nubian aquifer system comprising West Africa. The different rock strata deposited in localities forming the units of the aquifer system. Farafra Oasis lies in the northern part of the Dakhla basin. In its southern region, the Nubian Sandstone (deep aquifer) is overlained by Dakhla shale but in the central and northern regions by fissured chalky limestone (shallow aquifer). The two overlaying aquifers in Farafra Oasis represent a typical hydrogeological model of a huge multi-layered artesian basin extending over the territory of Egypt. The Post Nubian aquifer played an essential role in the development of Farafra Oasis for a long time through the many springs issued from this aquifer. The rapid drilling process of deep wells started in 1960s led to stop flowing of many springs and wells plus the depletion in discharges and pressure of many others. Therefore, there is a real danger of either dewatering or increasing the water depths to uneconomic lifting depths for both the shallow and deep aquifers. A two-dimension flow model GMS (Groundwater Modeling System) was used to investigate this problem. Application of the present conditions indicated that drawdowns in the Post Nubian aquifer range from 5 m to about 9 m. The second scenario tries to sustain the groundwater utilities in the Post Nubian aquifer through a group of procedures. Accordingly, drawdowns are expected to range from 5 m to 8.6 m in the Post Nubian aquifer. According to this scenario, 3 m decline in the Nubian Sandstone aquifer followed by declining in the Post Nubian by about 1 m.","PeriodicalId":17605,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Waste Water Treatment and Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79896326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000226
H. Shishaye, Semir Abdi
Groundwater exploration is the investigation of underground formations to understand the hydrologic cycle, know the groundwater quality, and identify the nature, number and type of aquifers. There are different groundwater exploration methods. Surface geophysical method is one of the groundwater investigation methods. One of the surface geophysical methods is therefore the vertical electrical sounding method. Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) is one to provide valuable information regarding the vertical successions of subsurface geo-materials in terms of their individual thicknesses and corresponding resistivity values. It is rapid and much effective in estimating aquifer thickness of an area and is cost effective technique for groundwater study. The objective of this study was therefore to locate two well site locations using surface geophysical methods for water supply purposes. However, hydrogeological and geological investigations were also incorporated in addition to the geophysical surveying activities for the betterment of the project. Finally, the intended well site locations with their corresponding thickness and resistivity values were identified using the integrated approaches.
{"title":"Groundwater Exploration for Water Well Site Locations Using Geophysical Survey Methods","authors":"H. Shishaye, Semir Abdi","doi":"10.4172/2157-7587.1000226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000226","url":null,"abstract":"Groundwater exploration is the investigation of underground formations to understand the hydrologic cycle, know the groundwater quality, and identify the nature, number and type of aquifers. There are different groundwater exploration methods. Surface geophysical method is one of the groundwater investigation methods. One of the surface geophysical methods is therefore the vertical electrical sounding method. Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) is one to provide valuable information regarding the vertical successions of subsurface geo-materials in terms of their individual thicknesses and corresponding resistivity values. It is rapid and much effective in estimating aquifer thickness of an area and is cost effective technique for groundwater study. The objective of this study was therefore to locate two well site locations using surface geophysical methods for water supply purposes. However, hydrogeological and geological investigations were also incorporated in addition to the geophysical surveying activities for the betterment of the project. Finally, the intended well site locations with their corresponding thickness and resistivity values were identified using the integrated approaches.","PeriodicalId":17605,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Waste Water Treatment and Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89081183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000223
Ouko M. Chrisphine, Odhiambo A. Maryanne, Boitt K. Mark
Mau Forest Complex is the largest closed-canopy montane ecosystem in Eastern Africa that encompasses seven forest blocks namely Mau Narok, Maasai Mau, Eastern Mau, Western Mau, Southern Mau, South West Mau and Transmara regions and the main catchment area for 12 rivers. However, over the past years, it has undergone significant land use changes due to increased human population demanding land for settlement and subsistence agriculture. Previous studies carried out in Mau have always demonstrated the relationship between deforestation and rate of forest degradation, but the effects on water quality and the impact on tourism resulting from the flamingoes migration has not been addressed adequately. Using Landsat images for four different epochs that is 1984, 1994, 2003 and 2015 comparative analysis of landuse land-cover (LULC) changes was carried out. The study demonstrated that the size of forest cover in Mau have been changing from 1984 to present. This is due to deforestation and agricultural activities taking place within the forested areas of Mau.
{"title":"Assessment of Hydrological Impacts of Mau Forest, Kenya","authors":"Ouko M. Chrisphine, Odhiambo A. Maryanne, Boitt K. Mark","doi":"10.4172/2157-7587.1000223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000223","url":null,"abstract":"Mau Forest Complex is the largest closed-canopy montane ecosystem in Eastern Africa that encompasses seven forest blocks namely Mau Narok, Maasai Mau, Eastern Mau, Western Mau, Southern Mau, South West Mau and Transmara regions and the main catchment area for 12 rivers. However, over the past years, it has undergone significant land use changes due to increased human population demanding land for settlement and subsistence agriculture. Previous studies carried out in Mau have always demonstrated the relationship between deforestation and rate of forest degradation, but the effects on water quality and the impact on tourism resulting from the flamingoes migration has not been addressed adequately. Using Landsat images for four different epochs that is 1984, 1994, 2003 and 2015 comparative analysis of landuse land-cover (LULC) changes was carried out. The study demonstrated that the size of forest cover in Mau have been changing from 1984 to present. This is due to deforestation and agricultural activities taking place within the forested areas of Mau.","PeriodicalId":17605,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Waste Water Treatment and Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73475058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000220
A. Reda
The change detection at country level was unidirectional trend analysis between two time periods of 1946 and 2006. Temperature shows increasing trend but rainfall shows fluctuation. Point analysis of climate data at local level (1980-2010), Mekelle town, Northern Ethiopia, one of the semi-arid areas, showed that minimum temperature for the months of October through January had an increasing trend while maximum temperature for the hot season (April- June) and annual rainfall had no significant trend and were inconsistent. Region-specific detailed and seasonal climate studies are needed and to be integrated with local context of agriculture, livelihoods, forecasts and development plans for effective Early Warning Systems to utilize climate potentials and minimize natural disasters. This study serves as a milestone for further detailed agroclimatic and sector based analysis of spatio-temporal climate change patterns, impact assessment and adaptation and mitigation strategies. Massive sustainable local community based natural resource management efforts have been undertaken and there had been lots of success stories in the last 25 years. SLM practices constitute key adaptation and mitigation measures by resulting in reduced soil erosion, improved water retention, and improved land productivity. Rainfall generally shows declining trend with exception to Northern Region for the period of 1946 to 2006. Moist areas of Western and South Western Ethiopia are showing negative trend of rainfall which indicates that their forest covers have been deteriorating through time. However, the drier Northern Ethiopia region area shows positive (upward) trends owing to massive environmental rehabilitation and restoration of degraded lands into productive lands in the last 25 years. The public investment in Northern Ethiopia region on environmental rehabilitation has resulted in rehabilitated environment and contributed to reversing adverse effects of climate change. These local actions taken as adaptation and mitigation strategies against global warming should be encouraged, globally recognized, and rewarded.
{"title":"Evidences of Spatiotemporal Climate Change and its Mitigation in Ethiopia","authors":"A. Reda","doi":"10.4172/2157-7587.1000220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000220","url":null,"abstract":"The change detection at country level was unidirectional trend analysis between two time periods of 1946 and 2006. Temperature shows increasing trend but rainfall shows fluctuation. Point analysis of climate data at local level (1980-2010), Mekelle town, Northern Ethiopia, one of the semi-arid areas, showed that minimum temperature for the months of October through January had an increasing trend while maximum temperature for the hot season (April- June) and annual rainfall had no significant trend and were inconsistent. Region-specific detailed and seasonal climate studies are needed and to be integrated with local context of agriculture, livelihoods, forecasts and development plans for effective Early Warning Systems to utilize climate potentials and minimize natural disasters. This study serves as a milestone for further detailed agroclimatic and sector based analysis of spatio-temporal climate change patterns, impact assessment and adaptation and mitigation strategies. Massive sustainable local community based natural resource management efforts have been undertaken and there had been lots of success stories in the last 25 years. SLM practices constitute key adaptation and mitigation measures by resulting in reduced soil erosion, improved water retention, and improved land productivity. Rainfall generally shows declining trend with exception to Northern Region for the period of 1946 to 2006. Moist areas of Western and South Western Ethiopia are showing negative trend of rainfall which indicates that their forest covers have been deteriorating through time. However, the drier Northern Ethiopia region area shows positive (upward) trends owing to massive environmental rehabilitation and restoration of degraded lands into productive lands in the last 25 years. The public investment in Northern Ethiopia region on environmental rehabilitation has resulted in rehabilitated environment and contributed to reversing adverse effects of climate change. These local actions taken as adaptation and mitigation strategies against global warming should be encouraged, globally recognized, and rewarded.","PeriodicalId":17605,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Waste Water Treatment and Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83688442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000231
Mc Lin
Coastal oil pollution, especially occurring on coastal beach, is thorny issue when it comes to environmental restoration. Today, bioremediation is the current method used in treating beach oil pollution. Although it has undergone some improvements, this method still doesn't work very well. In this paper, a highly efficient procedure in bioremediation is studied. This method, using more varieties of microbes and water recirculation, may degrade heavy oil in a few days. Three sets are designed into this study. The method in Set 1 is a traditional degradation using a single microbe with only fertilizers and dispersant. The method in Set 2 is a highly efficient degradation process with more varieties of microbes, fertilizers, dispersant, fresh water recirculation and pumped-in air supplying. Set 3 is s control set which degrades heavy oil with the original microbe in beach sand only. Results of these experiments show that the process used in Set 2 will completely degrade heavy oil within 60 days. This is more efficient than by the traditional method as in Set 1, which takes more than 200 days.
{"title":"Marine Environmental Protection: A Highly Efficient Method of Degradation of Heavy Oil Pollution on Coastal Beaches","authors":"Mc Lin","doi":"10.4172/2157-7587.1000231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000231","url":null,"abstract":"Coastal oil pollution, especially occurring on coastal beach, is thorny issue when it comes to environmental restoration. Today, bioremediation is the current method used in treating beach oil pollution. Although it has undergone some improvements, this method still doesn't work very well. In this paper, a highly efficient procedure in bioremediation is studied. This method, using more varieties of microbes and water recirculation, may degrade heavy oil in a few days. Three sets are designed into this study. The method in Set 1 is a traditional degradation using a single microbe with only fertilizers and dispersant. The method in Set 2 is a highly efficient degradation process with more varieties of microbes, fertilizers, dispersant, fresh water recirculation and pumped-in air supplying. Set 3 is s control set which degrades heavy oil with the original microbe in beach sand only. Results of these experiments show that the process used in Set 2 will completely degrade heavy oil within 60 days. This is more efficient than by the traditional method as in Set 1, which takes more than 200 days.","PeriodicalId":17605,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Waste Water Treatment and Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83855609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000213
S. MahasaPululu, G. PalamuleniLobina, M. RuhiigaTabukeli
The paper addresses uncertainties that emanate as a result of methods used to determine irrigation areas in the Upper Orange River catchment area. The largest water user is the irrigation sector. What is not known for all schemes are the return flows but an average estimation of 13% is done for the main irrigation areas. Though several previous studies have addressed water conservation and demand management in the in the Orange-Senqu River catchment area; some pitfalls/caveats remain identified by these studies pertaining to the practical implementation of results. It was the necessary to look into several methods used since the results produced, in some instances differed so much. An establishment of a standard methodology for the collection of data on irrigation water applied to crops, water use by crops and crop yields is a necessity. Establishment of an inventory GIS Database for irrigation inventory could prove useful if it could enhance the collation and collection of detailed and reliable data about irrigation water use by crops and crop yields. It could lead to documenting best management practices for irrigation in the catchment area. Another path could be to assess and consider various instruments that could be used for water conservation and demand management and further made improvements on water conservation and water demand management (WC/WDM) in the sector.
{"title":"Uncertainties in Techniques used to Determine Areas under Irrigation in the Upper Orange River Basin","authors":"S. MahasaPululu, G. PalamuleniLobina, M. RuhiigaTabukeli","doi":"10.4172/2157-7587.1000213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000213","url":null,"abstract":"The paper addresses uncertainties that emanate as a result of methods used to determine irrigation areas in the Upper Orange River catchment area. The largest water user is the irrigation sector. What is not known for all schemes are the return flows but an average estimation of 13% is done for the main irrigation areas. Though several previous studies have addressed water conservation and demand management in the in the Orange-Senqu River catchment area; some pitfalls/caveats remain identified by these studies pertaining to the practical implementation of results. It was the necessary to look into several methods used since the results produced, in some instances differed so much. An establishment of a standard methodology for the collection of data on irrigation water applied to crops, water use by crops and crop yields is a necessity. Establishment of an inventory GIS Database for irrigation inventory could prove useful if it could enhance the collation and collection of detailed and reliable data about irrigation water use by crops and crop yields. It could lead to documenting best management practices for irrigation in the catchment area. Another path could be to assess and consider various instruments that could be used for water conservation and demand management and further made improvements on water conservation and water demand management (WC/WDM) in the sector.","PeriodicalId":17605,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Waste Water Treatment and Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89612516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000229
Sadik Ahmed, I. Tsanis
A number of future climate projections indicate a likelihood of increased magnitude and frequency of hydrological extremes for many regions around the world. The urban storm-water management infrastructures are designed to mitigate the effect of extreme hydrological events. Changes in extreme rainfall events will have a significant implication on the design of storm-water management infrastructures. This study assessed the potential impact of changed rainfall extreme on drainage systems in the West Central Mountain drainage area located in Southern Ontario, Canada. First, the design storms for the study area were calculated from observed rainfall data and the North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program (NARCCAP) climate simulations based on SRES A2 Scenario. Frequency analysis was performed on the annual maximum time series data by using the best fitted distribution among twenty seven distributions. The Pearson chi-square test and Kolmogorov-Smirnov were used to test the goodness of fit of each distribution. The results show that L-moment Pareto distribution was selected the most often for data from six RCM+GCM pairs. Overall increase of storm depth in the future is highest when the distributions were identified by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The design storm depths calculated from the observed and climate model simulated data were used as input into an existing PCSWMM model of the study area for flow simulation and hydraulic analysis for the storm-water management system, specifically storm sewer and detention pond. The results show an increase in design storm depths under projected climatic change scenarios that suggest an update of current standard for designing both the minor system and detention pond in the study area. The assessment results of storm water management infrastructures indicate that performance of the detention pond as well as the storm sewer network will deteriorate under future climate condition.
{"title":"Climate Change Impact on Design Storm and Performance of Urban Storm-Water Management System - A Case Study on West Central Mountain Drainage Area in Canada","authors":"Sadik Ahmed, I. Tsanis","doi":"10.4172/2157-7587.1000229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000229","url":null,"abstract":"A number of future climate projections indicate a likelihood of increased magnitude and frequency of hydrological extremes for many regions around the world. The urban storm-water management infrastructures are designed to mitigate the effect of extreme hydrological events. Changes in extreme rainfall events will have a significant implication on the design of storm-water management infrastructures. This study assessed the potential impact of changed rainfall extreme on drainage systems in the West Central Mountain drainage area located in Southern Ontario, Canada. First, the design storms for the study area were calculated from observed rainfall data and the North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program (NARCCAP) climate simulations based on SRES A2 Scenario. Frequency analysis was performed on the annual maximum time series data by using the best fitted distribution among twenty seven distributions. The Pearson chi-square test and Kolmogorov-Smirnov were used to test the goodness of fit of each distribution. The results show that L-moment Pareto distribution was selected the most often for data from six RCM+GCM pairs. Overall increase of storm depth in the future is highest when the distributions were identified by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The design storm depths calculated from the observed and climate model simulated data were used as input into an existing PCSWMM model of the study area for flow simulation and hydraulic analysis for the storm-water management system, specifically storm sewer and detention pond. The results show an increase in design storm depths under projected climatic change scenarios that suggest an update of current standard for designing both the minor system and detention pond in the study area. The assessment results of storm water management infrastructures indicate that performance of the detention pond as well as the storm sewer network will deteriorate under future climate condition.","PeriodicalId":17605,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Waste Water Treatment and Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78421154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000185
M. Pandan, F. Ballesteros
Most water management methodologies require comprehensive studies and thus, entail voluminous data, time, and scientific expertise. Sensorial evaluation techniques were thus, considered as these represent methods with minimal cost and can involve the local communities. This study applied the Sarno River Visual Assessment Protocol (SRVAP), a modified version of the Stream Visual Assessment Protocol developed by the United States Department of Agriculture, to Sarno River, Italy and tested its reliability as a river assessment tool. SRVAP scores has a statistically significant positive correlation with Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and shows that local knowledge is important and increases the viability of incorporating public participation in the evaluation. Correlation between SRVAP and organic content greatly increased barring seasonal variability and a significant positive relationship was found between SRVAP score and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and COD during spring, as well as during summer. The resulting regression equations may be used as rapid estimates of COD and BOD levels in Sarno River for the seasons of spring and summer.
大多数水管理方法需要全面的研究，因此需要大量的数据、时间和科学专业知识。因此，感官评估技术被认为是成本最低的方法，并且可以让当地社区参与进来。本研究将美国农业部制定的河流视觉评估协议的修改版本Sarno River Visual Assessment Protocol (SRVAP)应用于意大利Sarno河，并测试了其作为河流评估工具的可靠性。SRVAP得分与化学需氧量(COD)具有统计学上显著的正相关，表明当地知识很重要，并增加了将公众参与纳入评估的可行性。SRVAP评分与有机质含量的相关性在春季和夏季显著增强，且与生化需氧量(BOD)和COD呈显著正相关。所得到的回归方程可作为萨尔诺河春季和夏季COD和BOD水平的快速估计。
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