Pub Date : 2016-11-09DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000261
Apollos Tg, A. Raji, U. Modibbo
Study was conducted on the physico-chemical water properties of Zobe reservor Dutsinma, Katsina State Nigeria. Water samples were collected from four different sample stations i.e., Makera, Badole, Garhi and Bagaggadi respectively, for the period of one year (May 2015 to April 2016). Samples for Conductivity, pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Temperature, Alkalinity, Turbidity, Hardness, Chloride, and Nitrate were collected during the morning hours, between 7:00 am to 9:00 am. The result showed variations in the monthly mean values of all the water quality parameters tested. The water is too turbid most especially during the beginning of raining season, despite this variation some of the values were within the tolerable range of the majority of tropical fresh water fish species. But the water cannot be used for domestic use unless it undergoes intensive treatment.
{"title":"Seasonal Variation of Water Quality Parameters of Zobe ReservoirDutsinma Katsina State, Nigeria","authors":"Apollos Tg, A. Raji, U. Modibbo","doi":"10.4172/2157-7587.1000261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000261","url":null,"abstract":"Study was conducted on the physico-chemical water properties of Zobe reservor Dutsinma, Katsina State Nigeria. Water samples were collected from four different sample stations i.e., Makera, Badole, Garhi and Bagaggadi respectively, for the period of one year (May 2015 to April 2016). Samples for Conductivity, pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Temperature, Alkalinity, Turbidity, Hardness, Chloride, and Nitrate were collected during the morning hours, between 7:00 am to 9:00 am. The result showed variations in the monthly mean values of all the water quality parameters tested. The water is too turbid most especially during the beginning of raining season, despite this variation some of the values were within the tolerable range of the majority of tropical fresh water fish species. But the water cannot be used for domestic use unless it undergoes intensive treatment.","PeriodicalId":17605,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Waste Water Treatment and Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91073391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-11-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000260
Mohamed Abd-El-Mooty, R. Kansoh, A. Abdulhadi
The current paper emphasizes on the study of the water resources of Iraq. Iraq is facing a dire water crisis due to the decrease in the quantities and degradation in the qualities of the water reaching its borders with the two rivers Tigris and Euphrates. The Euphrates and Tigris rivers provide more than 98% of Iraq’s water demands for the various purposes. Degradation of these rivers has become a serious problem. Analysis of the previous studies is made and the available data are collected. Most of the studies reached an important conclusion, Iraq face serious water shortage problem. Analysis and Expectation of the population size, study of the existing agricultural use and expansion of the cultivated land are presented. The consumption of water withdrawals for the three purposes Agricultural, municipal, and industrial use are analyzed and presented in the paper. In addition, the Expectations of the share per capita are made for the Future until 2100, depending on the expectations of population size and amount of water supply. The water power is studied and suggestions for the new plant are made. Furthermore, some of the discharged fresh water to the Arabian Gulf represents a loss of fresh water. Suggestion to save this loss by constructing a new dam to separate between the fresh and salt water upstream Basra city is suggested. Some of the collected data is included in the paper.
{"title":"Challenges of Water Resources in Iraq","authors":"Mohamed Abd-El-Mooty, R. Kansoh, A. Abdulhadi","doi":"10.4172/2157-7587.1000260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000260","url":null,"abstract":"The current paper emphasizes on the study of the water resources of Iraq. Iraq is facing a dire water crisis due to the decrease in the quantities and degradation in the qualities of the water reaching its borders with the two rivers Tigris and Euphrates. The Euphrates and Tigris rivers provide more than 98% of Iraq’s water demands for the various purposes. Degradation of these rivers has become a serious problem. Analysis of the previous studies is made and the available data are collected. Most of the studies reached an important conclusion, Iraq face serious water shortage problem. Analysis and Expectation of the population size, study of the existing agricultural use and expansion of the cultivated land are presented. The consumption of water withdrawals for the three purposes Agricultural, municipal, and industrial use are analyzed and presented in the paper. In addition, the Expectations of the share per capita are made for the Future until 2100, depending on the expectations of population size and amount of water supply. The water power is studied and suggestions for the new plant are made. Furthermore, some of the discharged fresh water to the Arabian Gulf represents a loss of fresh water. Suggestion to save this loss by constructing a new dam to separate between the fresh and salt water upstream Basra city is suggested. Some of the collected data is included in the paper.","PeriodicalId":17605,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Waste Water Treatment and Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91020860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-10-17DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000259
C. Ortloff
Similitude theory adapted to archaeological system analysis provides insight into thought processes underlying agricultural field-system designs used by Andean societies. A basic equation governing the optimum rate of food production dependent upon land, water, labor and technology resources is derived and compared to Chimu, Tiwanaku and Inka field-system designs. Actual designs are close to theoretical optimum designs demonstrating advanced engineering used in decision making underlying field-system designs. Further examples demonstrate how Andean societies managed land, water, labor and technology to provide economic advantage for their populations. The presentation illustrates that agricultural field-system designs were based upon scientific/economic principles and provide a further dimension as to how Andean societies successfully sustained their agricultural development.
{"title":"Similitude in Archaeology: Examining Agricultural System Science in PreColumbian Civilizations of Ancient Peru and Bolivia","authors":"C. Ortloff","doi":"10.4172/2157-7587.1000259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000259","url":null,"abstract":"Similitude theory adapted to archaeological system analysis provides insight into thought processes underlying agricultural field-system designs used by Andean societies. A basic equation governing the optimum rate of food production dependent upon land, water, labor and technology resources is derived and compared to Chimu, Tiwanaku and Inka field-system designs. Actual designs are close to theoretical optimum designs demonstrating advanced engineering used in decision making underlying field-system designs. Further examples demonstrate how Andean societies managed land, water, labor and technology to provide economic advantage for their populations. The presentation illustrates that agricultural field-system designs were based upon scientific/economic principles and provide a further dimension as to how Andean societies successfully sustained their agricultural development.","PeriodicalId":17605,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Waste Water Treatment and Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89757270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-08-30DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000256
S. Adhikari, S. Shrestha, Reeta Singh, S. Upadhaya, Jared R. Stapp
Land Use and Land Cover Change (LULCC) is a major driver of environmental problems like water pollution, decreased soil quality, and natural resource scarcity. Measuring LULCC is necessary to better understand the present condition of watersheds. Time series LULCC mapping using Geographic Information Systems (GIS), high-resolution imagery, and field data collection are effective methods for examining LULCC trends. The Mahadev Khola watershed in Bhaktapur, Nepal, acts as a primary source of drinking water for people living within the Bhaktapur municipalitywhich is dominated by forest at higher elevations and agricultural lands and settlements at lower elevations. The purpose of this study was to observe LULCC dynamics within the Mahadev Khola watershed to better understand the social and environmental problems that can arise in consequence. Time series land use maps were created and analyzed using GIS methods. Responses from a survey of local people, as well as interviews from selected key stakeholders, contribute insight into how past scenarios of land use have influenced-and have been influenced by-LULCC. Significant changes in land use were quantified between 2005 and 2014. Results suggest that in this period, total forest area decreased by 6.25%, cultivation area decreased by 14.28% and settlements increased by 156.25%. Survey and interview responses suggest that much of this change is due to agricultural intensification and an increase in chemical fertilizer and pesticide use. Increased agricultural inputs have increased the potential for river and water pollution and long term soil degradation. Urban expansion and development have led to the contamination of rivers with sewage and solid waste, which has increased health risks for local communities. Although total forest area has increased, the species composition has changed-now primarily dominated by Pinus roxburghii. The result of this is a decrease in river water discharge and increase in soil and water acidity. The results of this study are timely and important for analyzing the dynamics between LULCC and watersheds in order to improve future management efforts in Nepal and the Eastern Himalayan region of South Asia.
{"title":"Land Use Change at Sub-Watershed Level","authors":"S. Adhikari, S. Shrestha, Reeta Singh, S. Upadhaya, Jared R. Stapp","doi":"10.4172/2157-7587.1000256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000256","url":null,"abstract":"Land Use and Land Cover Change (LULCC) is a major driver of environmental problems like water pollution, decreased soil quality, and natural resource scarcity. Measuring LULCC is necessary to better understand the present condition of watersheds. Time series LULCC mapping using Geographic Information Systems (GIS), high-resolution imagery, and field data collection are effective methods for examining LULCC trends. The Mahadev Khola watershed in Bhaktapur, Nepal, acts as a primary source of drinking water for people living within the Bhaktapur municipalitywhich is dominated by forest at higher elevations and agricultural lands and settlements at lower elevations. The purpose of this study was to observe LULCC dynamics within the Mahadev Khola watershed to better understand the social and environmental problems that can arise in consequence. Time series land use maps were created and analyzed using GIS methods. Responses from a survey of local people, as well as interviews from selected key stakeholders, contribute insight into how past scenarios of land use have influenced-and have been influenced by-LULCC. Significant changes in land use were quantified between 2005 and 2014. Results suggest that in this period, total forest area decreased by 6.25%, cultivation area decreased by 14.28% and settlements increased by 156.25%. Survey and interview responses suggest that much of this change is due to agricultural intensification and an increase in chemical fertilizer and pesticide use. Increased agricultural inputs have increased the potential for river and water pollution and long term soil degradation. Urban expansion and development have led to the contamination of rivers with sewage and solid waste, which has increased health risks for local communities. Although total forest area has increased, the species composition has changed-now primarily dominated by Pinus roxburghii. The result of this is a decrease in river water discharge and increase in soil and water acidity. The results of this study are timely and important for analyzing the dynamics between LULCC and watersheds in order to improve future management efforts in Nepal and the Eastern Himalayan region of South Asia.","PeriodicalId":17605,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Waste Water Treatment and Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77779911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-08-18DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000255
Z. Bassa, S. Wolde, T. Alemu, Melese Yilma, A. Terra, Berekt Zeleke, D. Gemiyu
A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementing Taro (Bolosso-1), Enset corm and Sugarcane stock on feed intake, weight gain and net return of fattening local oxen. Sixteen local un-castrated oxen of about 5 years’ age and average weight of 249 kg were used as Enset corm and Sugarcane. A completely randomized design was used and 4 bulls were allotted to a treatment. The result showed that bulls supplemented with Taro treatment had significantly (P<0.05) higher daily intake of a total dry matter (8.26 kg/bull) and nutrients while the daily intake of fresh grass (5.33 kg/bull) on no supplemented treatment had significantly higher (p<0.05). Bulls supplemented with Taro treatment had significantly (P<0.05) higher average daily weight gain (0.75 kg/bull) and lower feed to gain ratio (11.14). The extent of lean and fat meat per unit of animal implies that the amounts of total value added inform of raw meat in hotels and restaurants exceed 20,080 Birr. This also indicates that the specific value chain actors added more than 100% value for the live cattle that marketed 9500 Birr in the district. The highest and lowest net return was obtained from bulls fed Taro based supplement and sugarcane based supplement, respectively. It was concluded that fattening bulls by using Taro as energy supplement is recommended for the areas where Taro is available and cheap. Market actors that sell raw meat overexploit profit margin belong to producers that need systematic government intervention for efficient benefit share. Introduction Borana beef cattle with appropriate feeding intervention is believed to optimize the economics gains of actors in beef value chain.
{"title":"Evaluation of Locally Available Energy Source Feeds on Fattening Performance of Local Oxen and Carcass Analysis in Wolaita, Southern Ethiopia","authors":"Z. Bassa, S. Wolde, T. Alemu, Melese Yilma, A. Terra, Berekt Zeleke, D. Gemiyu","doi":"10.4172/2157-7587.1000255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000255","url":null,"abstract":"A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementing Taro (Bolosso-1), Enset corm and Sugarcane stock on feed intake, weight gain and net return of fattening local oxen. Sixteen local un-castrated oxen of about 5 years’ age and average weight of 249 kg were used as Enset corm and Sugarcane. A completely randomized design was used and 4 bulls were allotted to a treatment. The result showed that bulls supplemented with Taro treatment had significantly (P<0.05) higher daily intake of a total dry matter (8.26 kg/bull) and nutrients while the daily intake of fresh grass (5.33 kg/bull) on no supplemented treatment had significantly higher (p<0.05). Bulls supplemented with Taro treatment had significantly (P<0.05) higher average daily weight gain (0.75 kg/bull) and lower feed to gain ratio (11.14). The extent of lean and fat meat per unit of animal implies that the amounts of total value added inform of raw meat in hotels and restaurants exceed 20,080 Birr. This also indicates that the specific value chain actors added more than 100% value for the live cattle that marketed 9500 Birr in the district. The highest and lowest net return was obtained from bulls fed Taro based supplement and sugarcane based supplement, respectively. It was concluded that fattening bulls by using Taro as energy supplement is recommended for the areas where Taro is available and cheap. Market actors that sell raw meat overexploit profit margin belong to producers that need systematic government intervention for efficient benefit share. Introduction Borana beef cattle with appropriate feeding intervention is believed to optimize the economics gains of actors in beef value chain.","PeriodicalId":17605,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Waste Water Treatment and Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84043170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-08-08DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000254
A. Tiwari, A. Dwivedi, P. Mayank
The water quality of rivers is an issue of serious concern today. Rivers are heavily impacted due to their use for carrying off the industrial, municipal, agricultural and domestic effluents. Water samples were collected for the present study from the Ganga River at Kanpur, Allahabad and Varanasi sites, during the period 2011-2012. The minimum temperature (17°C) was recorded in winter season. The pH, TDS, EC, sulphate, phosphate, nitrate, BOD and COD values exhibited their minimum at Allahabad site. The chloride and dissolved oxygen were recorded minimum at Kanpur site while alkalinity and total hardness had their lowest values at Varanasi site. The water quality of the Kanpur site was very poor compared to Varanasi and Allahabad sites. However, the Ganga river waters could host some tolerant fish species such as the exotic Cyprinus carpio and Oreochromis niloticus and also catfishes. All these species are very hardy, in respect of poor water quality, thus they (exotic species) have powerfully invaded in degraded systems worldwide.
{"title":"Time Scale Changes in the Water Quality of the Ganga River, India and Estimation of Suitability for Exotic and Hardy Fishes","authors":"A. Tiwari, A. Dwivedi, P. Mayank","doi":"10.4172/2157-7587.1000254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000254","url":null,"abstract":"The water quality of rivers is an issue of serious concern today. Rivers are heavily impacted due to their use for carrying off the industrial, municipal, agricultural and domestic effluents. Water samples were collected for the present study from the Ganga River at Kanpur, Allahabad and Varanasi sites, during the period 2011-2012. The minimum temperature (17°C) was recorded in winter season. The pH, TDS, EC, sulphate, phosphate, nitrate, BOD and COD values exhibited their minimum at Allahabad site. The chloride and dissolved oxygen were recorded minimum at Kanpur site while alkalinity and total hardness had their lowest values at Varanasi site. The water quality of the Kanpur site was very poor compared to Varanasi and Allahabad sites. However, the Ganga river waters could host some tolerant fish species such as the exotic Cyprinus carpio and Oreochromis niloticus and also catfishes. All these species are very hardy, in respect of poor water quality, thus they (exotic species) have powerfully invaded in degraded systems worldwide.","PeriodicalId":17605,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Waste Water Treatment and Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83161051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-07-30DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000253
E. Satyanarayana, D. Ratnakar, M. Muralidhar
Fifty water samples including Surface water, Dug well, Hand pump and Bore well during pre-monsoon (May- June) and post-monsoon season (November) in parts of Mulugu-Venkatapur mandals, Warangal District to an extent of 453 Km2 and falls under Top sheet No. 56 N/15 and 56 N/16 of Survey of India were collected. The samples were analysed for major ion chemistry to study the groundwater characteristics and its suitability for drinking as well as irrigation purposes. The pH ranges from 6.7-8 indicating water is slighly acidic to alkaline in nature. TDS ranges from 201-3612 mg/l and 154-3457 mg/l during pre and post monsoon season. Total Hardness (TH) ranges from 100-1000 mg/l and 38.8-2148 mg/l; Chloride ranges from 7.81-1667 mg/l and 7.6-1089 mg/l; sulphate ranges from 2-1533 mg/l and 5.2-1200 mg/l during pre and post season respectively. Majority of the samples are suitable for domestic purposes due to low to medium hardness, however few samples described very hard and unsuitable for domestic, drinking and irrigation purposes. Various indices like Salinity Index, Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR), Kelly’s Ratio (KR), Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP), Permeability Index (PI) and Water Quality Index (WQI) are used to classify groundwater and surface water for drinking as well as irrigation purposes. Besides this, Piper trilinear diagram, Wilcox diagram, Doneen’s classification and Gibb’s plot were studied for geochemical controls, and hydrogeochemistry of groundwater and surface water.
{"title":"Major Ion Chemistry of Groundwater and Surface Water in Parts of Mulugu-Venkatapur Mandal, Warangal District, Telangana State, India","authors":"E. Satyanarayana, D. Ratnakar, M. Muralidhar","doi":"10.4172/2157-7587.1000253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000253","url":null,"abstract":"Fifty water samples including Surface water, Dug well, Hand pump and Bore well during pre-monsoon (May- June) and post-monsoon season (November) in parts of Mulugu-Venkatapur mandals, Warangal District to an extent of 453 Km2 and falls under Top sheet No. 56 N/15 and 56 N/16 of Survey of India were collected. The samples were analysed for major ion chemistry to study the groundwater characteristics and its suitability for drinking as well as irrigation purposes. The pH ranges from 6.7-8 indicating water is slighly acidic to alkaline in nature. TDS ranges from 201-3612 mg/l and 154-3457 mg/l during pre and post monsoon season. Total Hardness (TH) ranges from 100-1000 mg/l and 38.8-2148 mg/l; Chloride ranges from 7.81-1667 mg/l and 7.6-1089 mg/l; sulphate ranges from 2-1533 mg/l and 5.2-1200 mg/l during pre and post season respectively. Majority of the samples are suitable for domestic purposes due to low to medium hardness, however few samples described very hard and unsuitable for domestic, drinking and irrigation purposes. Various indices like Salinity Index, Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR), Kelly’s Ratio (KR), Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP), Permeability Index (PI) and Water Quality Index (WQI) are used to classify groundwater and surface water for drinking as well as irrigation purposes. Besides this, Piper trilinear diagram, Wilcox diagram, Doneen’s classification and Gibb’s plot were studied for geochemical controls, and hydrogeochemistry of groundwater and surface water.","PeriodicalId":17605,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Waste Water Treatment and Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79332418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-07-25DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000252
Behnam Taghavi, Farnusch Hajizadeh, R. Khaleghi
Kivi Plainis located in the northeastern city of Kiviin Ardabil province. Due to the large number of villages in the desert and its people engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry, Study of ground water to determination of the optimal location of wells is important. In this regard, geoelectric technique was used for studies of groundwater quality and quantity of Kivi plain. In this research, the resolution of the subsurface layers, detection of saturated zone, determination of basement, detection of the general direction of groundwater and changes of resistivity in sounding points and profiles have been studied. The number of 196 vertical electrical sounding on nine profiles and the number of 9 sounding in variety points and in vicinity of exploratory wells by schlumberger array in the study area have been taken. "IPI2win" software is used for the interpretation of vertical electrical sounding curves and one-dimensional modeling. By “Res2dinv”, twodimensional modeling and preparation of resistivity section have been taken. According to the results of the interpretation of the data in the study area, sediments inparts of the Middle East and Northern have developed, and from the surface to the depth of alluvium and marl deposits were included. More aquifer layers in marly sand deposits, silt and sand, crushed limestone and salty zones were observed. Basement is included most of marl (with the layers of sandstone and conglomerate), limestone and silt. According to the basement, the topography slope of the area and isopiezecurves, groundwater movement is toward the northeast.
{"title":"Subsurface Layers Modeling and Ground Water Studies in Kivi Plain byGeoelectric","authors":"Behnam Taghavi, Farnusch Hajizadeh, R. Khaleghi","doi":"10.4172/2157-7587.1000252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000252","url":null,"abstract":"Kivi Plainis located in the northeastern city of Kiviin Ardabil province. Due to the large number of villages in the desert and its people engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry, Study of ground water to determination of the optimal location of wells is important. In this regard, geoelectric technique was used for studies of groundwater quality and quantity of Kivi plain. In this research, the resolution of the subsurface layers, detection of saturated zone, determination of basement, detection of the general direction of groundwater and changes of resistivity in sounding points and profiles have been studied. The number of 196 vertical electrical sounding on nine profiles and the number of 9 sounding in variety points and in vicinity of exploratory wells by schlumberger array in the study area have been taken. \"IPI2win\" software is used for the interpretation of vertical electrical sounding curves and one-dimensional modeling. By “Res2dinv”, twodimensional modeling and preparation of resistivity section have been taken. According to the results of the interpretation of the data in the study area, sediments inparts of the Middle East and Northern have developed, and from the surface to the depth of alluvium and marl deposits were included. More aquifer layers in marly sand deposits, silt and sand, crushed limestone and salty zones were observed. Basement is included most of marl (with the layers of sandstone and conglomerate), limestone and silt. According to the basement, the topography slope of the area and isopiezecurves, groundwater movement is toward the northeast.","PeriodicalId":17605,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Waste Water Treatment and Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78466233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-07-20DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000251
M. Padi
If adequate measures are not taken to protect the water bodies in Ghana, the rivers will dry up and those left will be highly polluted and the country will have to import drinking water from the neighbouring countries and from abroad for human consumption. Also, lots of lives and property would be lost through flooding in most cities in every rainy season if certain habits like building on water ways and dumping of rubbish into drains are not discouraged.
{"title":"Surface Water Management in Ghana","authors":"M. Padi","doi":"10.4172/2157-7587.1000251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000251","url":null,"abstract":"If adequate measures are not taken to protect the water bodies in Ghana, the rivers will dry up and those left will be highly polluted and the country will have to import drinking water from the neighbouring countries and from abroad for human consumption. Also, lots of lives and property would be lost through flooding in most cities in every rainy season if certain habits like building on water ways and dumping of rubbish into drains are not discouraged.","PeriodicalId":17605,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Waste Water Treatment and Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77979739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-30DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000250
B. Mukherjee
Mathematical modeling of systems requires a considerable knowledge about the subsystems, and the various rate processes and transfer coefficients that control the system. One such system involves changes in the carbon chemistry of the aquatic media during photosynthesis because inorganic carbon is a potentially limiting factor in the aquatic media. We used two artificial systems: an aquarium and a pond system with Hydrilla as the major photosynthetic organism to study the changes in the carbon chemistry and the carbon species taken up. The study depicts that carbon dioxide is the major molecular species taken up and in its absence; free carbon dioxide is released initially from the dissociation of bicarbonate ions rather than its direct use. The rate of entry cannot be accounted directly by diffusion alone because of the pH gradients in and out of the cell, and therefore carbon concentrating mechanisms and aquaporins are thought to be involved in the process. The study gives a clear picture of the amount of carbon dioxide available in the free form and the amount released from bicarbonate ions and used in photosynthesis, and can be accounted perfectly.
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