Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000228
G. D. Silva, Weerakoonb Sb, S. Herath
The downstream low lying region of the Kelani River including the Colombo suburbs, experience severe inundation due to localized heavy rainfall events and high precipitation in the upper basin. Under the impact of climate change it is very likely that more frequent heavy rainfalls in tropics [1] will occur. Therefore it is extremely important to have a better understanding about future rainfall patterns and intensities in the basin and inundation extents of the low lying regions characterized by high population concentration and economic activities that form the suburbs of the commercial capital. This paper presents the extreme rainfalls occurrence potential and resulting flood inundation along the lower reach of Kelani River. Coarse grid atmospheric parameters provided by GCM models for A2 and B2 scenarios of IPCC [1] are downscaled to catchment scale by the application of Statistical Downscaling Model (SDSM). Flood discharge and inundation along the Kelani River reach below Hanwella was analyzed by the application of two-dimensional flood simulation model (FLO-2D). Inflow to the model at Hanwella, is estimated by the HEC- HMS model under future extreme rainfall events. Areas vulnerable for inundation under the above climate change scenarios are presented.
{"title":"Event Based Flood Inundation Mapping Under the Impact of Climate Change: A Case Study in Lower Kelani River Basin, Sri Lanka","authors":"G. D. Silva, Weerakoonb Sb, S. Herath","doi":"10.4172/2157-7587.1000228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000228","url":null,"abstract":"The downstream low lying region of the Kelani River including the Colombo suburbs, experience severe inundation due to localized heavy rainfall events and high precipitation in the upper basin. Under the impact of climate change it is very likely that more frequent heavy rainfalls in tropics [1] will occur. Therefore it is extremely important to have a better understanding about future rainfall patterns and intensities in the basin and inundation extents of the low lying regions characterized by high population concentration and economic activities that form the suburbs of the commercial capital. This paper presents the extreme rainfalls occurrence potential and resulting flood inundation along the lower reach of Kelani River. Coarse grid atmospheric parameters provided by GCM models for A2 and B2 scenarios of IPCC [1] are downscaled to catchment scale by the application of Statistical Downscaling Model (SDSM). Flood discharge and inundation along the Kelani River reach below Hanwella was analyzed by the application of two-dimensional flood simulation model (FLO-2D). Inflow to the model at Hanwella, is estimated by the HEC- HMS model under future extreme rainfall events. Areas vulnerable for inundation under the above climate change scenarios are presented.","PeriodicalId":17605,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Waste Water Treatment and Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77952694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000198
K. Dolma, Madhuri S. Rishi, R. Herojeet
Water is the vital resource on which life sustains and water becomes more valuable in this cold desert part of the northernmost region of India, called Ladakh which comprises of two districts, Leh and Kargil. Groundwater since ancient times in the form of springs provided ample water for the region and its contribution has increased manifold in the wake of recent spurt in bore well installations, especially, in Leh-Town. Due to increasing urbanization, with surge in a huge floating population in the absence of a sewerage link in summer tourism boom season, puts extra stress on the limited water resources of the area and with the rising living standards, grey and black water is being disposed off in the ground-pit or in septic tanks without any treatment. This may lead to pollution of groundwater resources especially, in the densely populated residential areas. For insuring sustainable development of groundwater, in the absence of any observation wells for constant monitoring of quality or quantity of groundwater and the unregulated installation of bore-wells makes this quality characterization very significant and helps in future management. The physico-chemical parameters like pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, total dissolved solids, hardness, alkalinity, nitrates, fluoride, and chlorides were analyzed to meet the objective of the study. The results revealed that in general, the present status of groundwater quality is suitable for drinking purposes and out of 20 total samples evaluated, 75% of samples had NTU above desirable limit while 10% samples each recorded TDS and EC above desirable limits.
{"title":"Baseline Study of Drinking Water Quality - A Case of Leh Town, Ladakh (J&K), India","authors":"K. Dolma, Madhuri S. Rishi, R. Herojeet","doi":"10.4172/2157-7587.1000198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000198","url":null,"abstract":"Water is the vital resource on which life sustains and water becomes more valuable in this cold desert part of the northernmost region of India, called Ladakh which comprises of two districts, Leh and Kargil. Groundwater since ancient times in the form of springs provided ample water for the region and its contribution has increased manifold in the wake of recent spurt in bore well installations, especially, in Leh-Town. Due to increasing urbanization, with surge in a huge floating population in the absence of a sewerage link in summer tourism boom season, puts extra stress on the limited water resources of the area and with the rising living standards, grey and black water is being disposed off in the ground-pit or in septic tanks without any treatment. This may lead to pollution of groundwater resources especially, in the densely populated residential areas. For insuring sustainable development of groundwater, in the absence of any observation wells for constant monitoring of quality or quantity of groundwater and the unregulated installation of bore-wells makes this quality characterization very significant and helps in future management. The physico-chemical parameters like pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, total dissolved solids, hardness, alkalinity, nitrates, fluoride, and chlorides were analyzed to meet the objective of the study. The results revealed that in general, the present status of groundwater quality is suitable for drinking purposes and out of 20 total samples evaluated, 75% of samples had NTU above desirable limit while 10% samples each recorded TDS and EC above desirable limits.","PeriodicalId":17605,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Waste Water Treatment and Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81527115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000225
Bp Singh
Isotopic composition of hydrogen and oxygen of water in precipitation is important tool to analyze the water in hydrological cycle. A new method has been suggested by Singh [7] plotting slope versus intercept of Local Meteoric Water Line (LMWL) to find the original isotopic composition in precipitation as injected tracer globally. Singh [8-10] has applied these concepts to analyze the isotopic composition in precipitation in different catchment areas of river and different seasons, precipitation falling at different altitudes in a region or a place and across the continent. These studies are extended for the (a) study of changing intercept but keeping the same slope as attributed to changed conditions as the source of atmospheric moisture. The experimental data as available of two transect from Amazon to Altiplano in South America are analyzed. The results are presented assigning two components, one due to Rayleigh adiabatic condensation process rainfall and second recycled water vapour by evotranspiration. The details of the analysis are given and the results clearly indicate these two components, are discussed in detail. (b) Study of higher intercept due to Mediterranean Meteoric Water Line (MMWL), Israel samples from various inputs on mountains, coastal area, caves and valley to ascertain the precipitation is from the same source. (c) Study of LMWL across the country (India) for four different regions to obtain the LMWL of the regions by the method of Singh [7] obtained the original isotopic composition of water in all the four regions thereby get the Global Meteoric Water Line (GMWL).
降水中水的氢氧同位素组成是分析水循环过程中水的重要工具。Singh[7]提出了一种新的方法，通过绘制当地大气水线(Local Meteoric Water Line, LMWL)的斜率与截距来寻找全球注入示踪剂降水中的原始同位素组成。Singh[8-10]应用这些概念分析了河流不同集水区和不同季节、一个地区或一个地方不同海拔和整个大陆的降水中的同位素组成。这些研究被扩展为(a)由于大气湿度来源的变化而导致的截距变化但保持相同斜率的研究。对南美洲亚马孙至高原两个样带的实验数据进行了分析。结果提出了两个组成部分，一个是由于瑞利绝热凝结过程的降雨，第二个是由蒸发蒸腾的再循环水蒸气。给出了详细的分析结果，并对这两个组成部分进行了详细的讨论。(b)研究由于地中海大气水线(MMWL)造成的较高截距，以色列从山区、沿海地区、洞穴和山谷的不同输入取样，以确定降水来自同一来源。(c)研究全国(印度)四个不同地区的LMWL，通过Singh[7]的方法获得该地区的LMWL，得到所有四个地区的水的原始同位素组成，从而得到全球大气水线(GMWL)。
{"title":"New Approach for the Analysis of Isotopic Composition in Precipitation Globally","authors":"Bp Singh","doi":"10.4172/2157-7587.1000225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000225","url":null,"abstract":"Isotopic composition of hydrogen and oxygen of water in precipitation is important tool to analyze the water in hydrological cycle. A new method has been suggested by Singh [7] plotting slope versus intercept of Local Meteoric Water Line (LMWL) to find the original isotopic composition in precipitation as injected tracer globally. Singh [8-10] has applied these concepts to analyze the isotopic composition in precipitation in different catchment areas of river and different seasons, precipitation falling at different altitudes in a region or a place and across the continent. These studies are extended for the (a) study of changing intercept but keeping the same slope as attributed to changed conditions as the source of atmospheric moisture. The experimental data as available of two transect from Amazon to Altiplano in South America are analyzed. The results are presented assigning two components, one due to Rayleigh adiabatic condensation process rainfall and second recycled water vapour by evotranspiration. The details of the analysis are given and the results clearly indicate these two components, are discussed in detail. (b) Study of higher intercept due to Mediterranean Meteoric Water Line (MMWL), Israel samples from various inputs on mountains, coastal area, caves and valley to ascertain the precipitation is from the same source. (c) Study of LMWL across the country (India) for four different regions to obtain the LMWL of the regions by the method of Singh [7] obtained the original isotopic composition of water in all the four regions thereby get the Global Meteoric Water Line (GMWL).","PeriodicalId":17605,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Waste Water Treatment and Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72711841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000227
G. Krishan, Surjeet Singh, C. Kumar, Garg Pk, Suman Gurjar, N. Ghosh, Anju Chaudhary
A water quality index (WQI) numerically summarizes the information from multiple water quality parameters into a single value that is understandable and usable by the public. This information can be used to assess spatial and temporal variations in overall water quality. However, these indices are time and region specific and may be influenced by local factors. Muzaffarnagar and Shamli districts of Uttar Pradesh are situated in Ganga-Yamuna doab of fertile alluvium of Indo-gangetic basin where the demands for surface water and groundwater are growing with rapid increase in agricultural and industrial activities. In the present study, water quality index is worked out to assess the spatial variation of groundwater quality status for future planning and management of Muzaffarnagar and Shamli districts using WQI. Data of 104 groundwater samples covering the whole districts have been used. The Water Quality Index has been computed using five parameters viz., pH, Total Dissolved Solids, Total Hardness, Chloride and Sulphate. The WQI results show that the overall water quality class is ‘good’ and water is acceptable for domestic use.
{"title":"Assessment of Groundwater Quality for Drinking Purpose by Using Water Quality Index (WQI) in Muzaffarnagar and Shamli Districts, Uttar Pradesh, India","authors":"G. Krishan, Surjeet Singh, C. Kumar, Garg Pk, Suman Gurjar, N. Ghosh, Anju Chaudhary","doi":"10.4172/2157-7587.1000227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000227","url":null,"abstract":"A water quality index (WQI) numerically summarizes the information from multiple water quality parameters into a single value that is understandable and usable by the public. This information can be used to assess spatial and temporal variations in overall water quality. However, these indices are time and region specific and may be influenced by local factors. Muzaffarnagar and Shamli districts of Uttar Pradesh are situated in Ganga-Yamuna doab of fertile alluvium of Indo-gangetic basin where the demands for surface water and groundwater are growing with rapid increase in agricultural and industrial activities. In the present study, water quality index is worked out to assess the spatial variation of groundwater quality status for future planning and management of Muzaffarnagar and Shamli districts using WQI. Data of 104 groundwater samples covering the whole districts have been used. The Water Quality Index has been computed using five parameters viz., pH, Total Dissolved Solids, Total Hardness, Chloride and Sulphate. The WQI results show that the overall water quality class is ‘good’ and water is acceptable for domestic use.","PeriodicalId":17605,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Waste Water Treatment and Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82951616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000224
C. Minda
New hydropower with pump can be a continuous development within the national energy system. Their principle is to cheap energy consumption power P1 E1 produced at the base of the schedule task for pumping water from a reservoir situated at odds, in a lowered reservoir situated at height. While producing more energy expensive peak E2 to power P2 is achieved by whirling such volumes. The difference in cost between the basic energy absorbed by pumping the peak produced at whirling ensures profitability of these facilities. Regarding the current hydropower system nationwide to establish the existence of hydro-technical systems with pumping and gravitational systems this can be turned into ones with pumping. In analysing the conditions of work opportunity and search engine optimization of wind energy at the base of hydropower facilities with pumping system may be transformed-High Barzava. Limits are fixed to the unit cost of wind energy is competitive for its use as a primary source.
{"title":"The Study of using Wind Energy to Hydropower Designs with Pump","authors":"C. Minda","doi":"10.4172/2157-7587.1000224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000224","url":null,"abstract":"New hydropower with pump can be a continuous development within the national energy system. Their principle is to cheap energy consumption power P1 E1 produced at the base of the schedule task for pumping water from a reservoir situated at odds, in a lowered reservoir situated at height. While producing more energy expensive peak E2 to power P2 is achieved by whirling such volumes. The difference in cost between the basic energy absorbed by pumping the peak produced at whirling ensures profitability of these facilities. Regarding the current hydropower system nationwide to establish the existence of hydro-technical systems with pumping and gravitational systems this can be turned into ones with pumping. In analysing the conditions of work opportunity and search engine optimization of wind energy at the base of hydropower facilities with pumping system may be transformed-High Barzava. Limits are fixed to the unit cost of wind energy is competitive for its use as a primary source.","PeriodicalId":17605,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Waste Water Treatment and Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79727994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000221
Y. Adela, E. Alemayehu, Tamene Adugna
Nitrate is a limiting nutrient for plant growth and vital for crop production to increase agricultural productivity. However, its excessive presence in aquatic environment poses risk turning in to major aquatic ecosystem perturbation. Dissolved nitrate from lands to waterways is mainly exported via runoff and leaching. The transport of nitrate in a river is a function of the streamflow rate and its concentration, which render to the seasonal variation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the seasonal variation of flow and nitrate flux. Streamflow data of the Gilgel Gibe River for the period of two years (2013-2014) were used. The baseflow is separated using Web-based Hydrograph Analysis Tool (WHAT). Dissolved nitrate concentrations measured on daily basis were also used. The effects of storm events on flow and nitrate transport were examined during dry and wet seasons. The river had shown high discharge rate from the mid June to late October. The baseflow index (BFI) was found 0.76 indicating that the streamflow is mainly controlled by groundwater discharge. Similarly, during the dry seasons, total nitrate input was considerably less than in wetter seasons. Nitrate concentrations, however, were unusually high in the first summer storm runoff after the dry season. The average annual nitrate loads varied from 13761.2 ton to 156.45 ton during the wet and dry seasons respectively. The regression curve for the nitrate load against streamflow (r2=0.88) has shown significant relationship (p-value=0.000). In the time interval studied, over 95% of the nitrate was transported from the watershed during the wet seasons of greater rainfall, which disclosed that seasonality and river flow are primary forcing functions when considering nitrate loadings in this watershed
{"title":"Seasonal Variability of Flow and Nitrate Flux in Gilgel Gibe River, SouthWest, Ethiopia","authors":"Y. Adela, E. Alemayehu, Tamene Adugna","doi":"10.4172/2157-7587.1000221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000221","url":null,"abstract":"Nitrate is a limiting nutrient for plant growth and vital for crop production to increase agricultural productivity. However, its excessive presence in aquatic environment poses risk turning in to major aquatic ecosystem perturbation. Dissolved nitrate from lands to waterways is mainly exported via runoff and leaching. The transport of nitrate in a river is a function of the streamflow rate and its concentration, which render to the seasonal variation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the seasonal variation of flow and nitrate flux. Streamflow data of the Gilgel Gibe River for the period of two years (2013-2014) were used. The baseflow is separated using Web-based Hydrograph Analysis Tool (WHAT). Dissolved nitrate concentrations measured on daily basis were also used. The effects of storm events on flow and nitrate transport were examined during dry and wet seasons. The river had shown high discharge rate from the mid June to late October. The baseflow index (BFI) was found 0.76 indicating that the streamflow is mainly controlled by groundwater discharge. Similarly, during the dry seasons, total nitrate input was considerably less than in wetter seasons. Nitrate concentrations, however, were unusually high in the first summer storm runoff after the dry season. The average annual nitrate loads varied from 13761.2 ton to 156.45 ton during the wet and dry seasons respectively. The regression curve for the nitrate load against streamflow (r2=0.88) has shown significant relationship (p-value=0.000). In the time interval studied, over 95% of the nitrate was transported from the watershed during the wet seasons of greater rainfall, which disclosed that seasonality and river flow are primary forcing functions when considering nitrate loadings in this watershed","PeriodicalId":17605,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Waste Water Treatment and Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90951033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000232
L. Pezone
With this article research, I refer especially to the fathers of the science in the era before the industrial era, used the only reasoning to find links between the laws of space, matter and nature. With industrialization were born the specializations and these ties have been lost the global reasoning of science. How modest designer, but above installer of systems, which has had the opportunity to range among the industrial, environmental and energy, I could not notice that there are huge gaps between a plant and another, even within the same systems, both in areas depurative, both in those energetic, both in management of hydraulic resources. The science of the past was universal while the modern that develops in laboratories has become partisan. The technology that did not exist was launched on the same street. He has made enormous progress and modern companies are super specialized in individual areas, but from an environmental perspective, there is no complete system in the world. I do not doubt the good faith of the experts, but I also believe that cannot do full environmental reasoning if not are put together technical and transversal scientific knowledge and do not set the global cycles that are simultaneously purifying, energy and management. This publication is a summary of some environmental patents, above all, related to water management and hydropower generation, different from the current. They are making a very difficult path to be understood, just because of the fact that none of the experts, public and private is accustomed to think globally, but entering into details, purification, energy and management. Unfortunately, this is the only way to realize the synergies that serve to arrive at a comprehensive environmental management that does not waste resources. Who has believed, for economic reasons, to neglect the global management of the environment, only focusing on energy production, more or less clean, to be sold on the international market, will be surprised and disappointed because the global management will produce energy clean tens of times more economic than the current ones. We just have to wait and see until the authorities, science of part and the economy, will pretend not to understand these inventions, which are available for all, especially for poorest and those looking for work.
{"title":"Relativity and Technology in the New Hydroelectric Energy","authors":"L. Pezone","doi":"10.4172/2157-7587.1000232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000232","url":null,"abstract":"With this article research, I refer especially to the fathers of the science in the era before the industrial era, used the only reasoning to find links between the laws of space, matter and nature. With industrialization were born the specializations and these ties have been lost the global reasoning of science. How modest designer, but above installer of systems, which has had the opportunity to range among the industrial, environmental and energy, I could not notice that there are huge gaps between a plant and another, even within the same systems, both in areas depurative, both in those energetic, both in management of hydraulic resources. The science of the past was universal while the modern that develops in laboratories has become partisan. The technology that did not exist was launched on the same street. He has made enormous progress and modern companies are super specialized in individual areas, but from an environmental perspective, there is no complete system in the world. I do not doubt the good faith of the experts, but I also believe that cannot do full environmental reasoning if not are put together technical and transversal scientific knowledge and do not set the global cycles that are simultaneously purifying, energy and management. This publication is a summary of some environmental patents, above all, related to water management and hydropower generation, different from the current. They are making a very difficult path to be understood, just because of the fact that none of the experts, public and private is accustomed to think globally, but entering into details, purification, energy and management. Unfortunately, this is the only way to realize the synergies that serve to arrive at a comprehensive environmental management that does not waste resources. Who has believed, for economic reasons, to neglect the global management of the environment, only focusing on energy production, more or less clean, to be sold on the international market, will be surprised and disappointed because the global management will produce energy clean tens of times more economic than the current ones. We just have to wait and see until the authorities, science of part and the economy, will pretend not to understand these inventions, which are available for all, especially for poorest and those looking for work.","PeriodicalId":17605,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Waste Water Treatment and Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77042563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000216
Gebremedhin Kiros, Amba Shetty, N. Lakshman, agiri
Evaluation of land use land cover changes on the hydrological regime of river basins is one of the concerns in the global climate change. With plethora of tools available in the literature choosing of an appropriate tool that can quantify and analyze the impact of land use land cover changes on the hydrological regime in a systematic and planned manner is important. Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) integrated with Geographic Information System (GIS) based interfaces and its easy linkage to sensitivity, calibration and uncertainty analysis tools made its applicability more simple and has great potential in simulation of the past, present and future scenarios. A number of standards were used to appraise the model set-up, model performances, physical representation of the model parameters, and the accuracy of the hydrological model balance to assess the models that are defined in journal papers. On the basis of performance indicators, the mainstream of the SWAT models were categorized as providing satisfactory to very good. This review debates on the application of SWAT in analyzing land use land cover changes in semi-arid environment. Application of SWAT and land use land cover simulation models for impact assessment in semi-arid region improves accuracy, reduces costs, and allows the simulation of a wide variety of conservation practices at watershed scale. It is also observed that different researchers and/or model versions bring about in different outcomes while a comparison of SWAT model applications on similar case study was applied. This review determines the interactive role of SWAT and GIS technologies in improving integrated watershed management in semi-arid environments.
{"title":"Performance Evaluation of SWAT Model for Land Use and Land Cover Changes in Semi-Arid Climatic Conditions: A Review","authors":"Gebremedhin Kiros, Amba Shetty, N. Lakshman, agiri","doi":"10.4172/2157-7587.1000216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000216","url":null,"abstract":"Evaluation of land use land cover changes on the hydrological regime of river basins is one of the concerns in the global climate change. With plethora of tools available in the literature choosing of an appropriate tool that can quantify and analyze the impact of land use land cover changes on the hydrological regime in a systematic and planned manner is important. Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) integrated with Geographic Information System (GIS) based interfaces and its easy linkage to sensitivity, calibration and uncertainty analysis tools made its applicability more simple and has great potential in simulation of the past, present and future scenarios. A number of standards were used to appraise the model set-up, model performances, physical representation of the model parameters, and the accuracy of the hydrological model balance to assess the models that are defined in journal papers. On the basis of performance indicators, the mainstream of the SWAT models were categorized as providing satisfactory to very good. This review debates on the application of SWAT in analyzing land use land cover changes in semi-arid environment. Application of SWAT and land use land cover simulation models for impact assessment in semi-arid region improves accuracy, reduces costs, and allows the simulation of a wide variety of conservation practices at watershed scale. It is also observed that different researchers and/or model versions bring about in different outcomes while a comparison of SWAT model applications on similar case study was applied. This review determines the interactive role of SWAT and GIS technologies in improving integrated watershed management in semi-arid environments.","PeriodicalId":17605,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Waste Water Treatment and Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75255293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000222
A. Shaban
Social, economic and environmental aspects should be taken into consideration for IWRM implementation in Lebanon. This would be helpful to formulate policies required for improving water sector. Likewise many countries, Lebanon do not implement water policies on the formal level. This is critical since policies are initiative for legislation, strategic planning and operational management. Hence, water resources in Lebanon are threatened by population growth and climatic variability and imbalanced supply/demand. Thus, the interrelation between supplier and consumer should be harmonized since there is large amount of water is lost due non-uniform water supply and partitioning approaches, besides lack of awareness and absence of wise-use of water resources. Therefore, economic policies should be adopted in Lebanon and water pricing must be set to give incentives to user for efficient water use in their various applications. Thus, treating water as an economic good recognizes that water carries an opportunity cost. This paper presents the existing economic status of water in Lebanon in the absence of legal economic policies. It, therefore, extends new Economic Policies Instruments (EPIs) is required for better IWRM.
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Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000181
V. Rai, M. Singh
Drinking water Samples were collected from different localities of Lucknow city, Capital of Uttar Pradesh State, India for the estimation of Fluoride content. Boring water as well as supply water of Municipal Corporation was collected for the present study. It was found that almost all the studied samples had fluoride concentration within the acceptable limit and no substantial difference in fluoride concentration was found in all the samples except the samples from Bhola purva, Bakshi ka taalab area. Water collected from this area has more than 1.0 ppm (acceptable limit in India) of fluoride.
从印度北方邦首府勒克瑙市不同地区收集饮用水样本，以估计氟化物含量。本研究收集了钻孔水和市政供水。研究发现，除Bhola purva、Bakshi ka taalab地区样品外，几乎所有样品的氟化物浓度均在可接受范围内，其余样品的氟化物浓度均无显著差异。从该地区收集的水的氟化物含量超过1.0 ppm(印度可接受的限度)。
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