The study was conducted in 225 indigenous chicken keeping households between August 2020 and July 2021 in Machakos and Busia Counties. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-economic factors, flock characteristics and management practices from targeted households. Overall, majority of respondents were male (82%) with formal education (87%). Agriculture was the main source of income for most households (71%). One third of the households accessed extension services (26%), market information (31%) and credit (33%). The extensive system of production was predominant (66%) with an average chicken flock size of 28 birds characterized by low chick survival rate (33%). There was selective adoption of management interventions, with 76% of households adopting feed supplementation and half (55%) adopted improved chicken housing. Lesser proportion of households practiced improved chick rearing (32%) and vaccinated their chicken (30%). Access to credit and literacy increased adoption of the management interventions (p<0.05). Adoption of management interventions such as improved chick rearing and housing increased chick survival and average chicken flock size significantly (p>0.05). The findings point to necessary targeted efforts such as improving farmer access to credit and provision of specifically packaged extension messages to meet needs of indigenous chicken farmers.
{"title":"Household characteristics influencing management of indigenous chicken: A case study of Machakos and Busia Counties in Kenya","authors":"Ogali Irene, Mungube Erick, Muleke Charles, Githinji Jane, A. Tessy, Mutungi Lilian, Musili Celestine, Odhiambo Dennis, Bosita Wambongo, Bebe O. Bockline","doi":"10.5897/jvmah2022.1014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/jvmah2022.1014","url":null,"abstract":"The study was conducted in 225 indigenous chicken keeping households between August 2020 and July 2021 in Machakos and Busia Counties. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-economic factors, flock characteristics and management practices from targeted households. Overall, majority of respondents were male (82%) with formal education (87%). Agriculture was the main source of income for most households (71%). One third of the households accessed extension services (26%), market information (31%) and credit (33%). The extensive system of production was predominant (66%) with an average chicken flock size of 28 birds characterized by low chick survival rate (33%). There was selective adoption of management interventions, with 76% of households adopting feed supplementation and half (55%) adopted improved chicken housing. Lesser proportion of households practiced improved chick rearing (32%) and vaccinated their chicken (30%). Access to credit and literacy increased adoption of the management interventions (p<0.05). Adoption of management interventions such as improved chick rearing and housing increased chick survival and average chicken flock size significantly (p>0.05). The findings point to necessary targeted efforts such as improving farmer access to credit and provision of specifically packaged extension messages to meet needs of indigenous chicken farmers.","PeriodicalId":17608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75906488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ssenkuba Francis, Komujuni Cleophas, Tumusiime Julius
Fasciolosis is a major problem to livestock production and is considered an emerging health hazard to humans and other animals. An increase in the prevalence of anthelmintic-resistant helminth strains, drug residues in animal products poses a challenge in the control of the disease necessitating research for alternatives. Here, we investigated the presence of anthelmintic phytochemicals in the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Leonotis nepetifolia dry leaves and their activity on Fasciola gigantica flukes. The flukes were isolated from the infected liver collected from the abattoir maintained in normal saline solution at 37°C. Cold maceration and infusion methods were used for ethanolic and aqueous extractions, respectively. Phytochemical screening and quantification of target phytochemicals were done following standard methods. The percentage mortality caused by each treatment at varying concentrations (2, 6 and 10 mg/ml) was determined and observations were made at three 2 h intervals, and compared with negative control. The lethal concentrations and lethal time for 50% (LC 5 0 and LT 50 ) and 90% (LC 90 and LT 90 ) of the flukes were estimated for each treatment. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the plant contained anthelmintic phytochemicals. Tannins had a higher concentration in the aqueous extract (0.2362(0.002) mg/ml; p < 0.01) than in the ethanolic extract (0.005(0.001) mg/ml). LC 50 and LC 90 decreased time of exposure, the aqueous extract showing the lowest LC 50 of 0.698 mg/ml and LC 90 of 4.435 mg/ml compared to the ethanolic extract with LC 50 of 2.521 mg/ml and LC 90 of 10.264 mg/ml after 6 h of exposure. LT 50 and LT 90 decreased with the dosage of the treatments, the aqueous extract had lower LT 50 of 2.474 h and LT 90 of 5.025 h than that of the ethanolic extract at LT 50 of 2.673 h and LT 90 of 7.282 h at 10 mg/ml dosage. The anthelmintic activity of L. nepetifolia extracts is concentration and time of exposure dependent. The aqueous extract of L. nepetifolia has higher activity against F. gigantica than the ethanolic extract.
{"title":"In vitro anthelmintic activity of Leonotis nepetifolia ethanolic and aqueous leaf extracts on Fasciola gigantica","authors":"Ssenkuba Francis, Komujuni Cleophas, Tumusiime Julius","doi":"10.5897/jvmah2022.1011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/jvmah2022.1011","url":null,"abstract":"Fasciolosis is a major problem to livestock production and is considered an emerging health hazard to humans and other animals. An increase in the prevalence of anthelmintic-resistant helminth strains, drug residues in animal products poses a challenge in the control of the disease necessitating research for alternatives. Here, we investigated the presence of anthelmintic phytochemicals in the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Leonotis nepetifolia dry leaves and their activity on Fasciola gigantica flukes. The flukes were isolated from the infected liver collected from the abattoir maintained in normal saline solution at 37°C. Cold maceration and infusion methods were used for ethanolic and aqueous extractions, respectively. Phytochemical screening and quantification of target phytochemicals were done following standard methods. The percentage mortality caused by each treatment at varying concentrations (2, 6 and 10 mg/ml) was determined and observations were made at three 2 h intervals, and compared with negative control. The lethal concentrations and lethal time for 50% (LC 5 0 and LT 50 ) and 90% (LC 90 and LT 90 ) of the flukes were estimated for each treatment. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the plant contained anthelmintic phytochemicals. Tannins had a higher concentration in the aqueous extract (0.2362(0.002) mg/ml; p < 0.01) than in the ethanolic extract (0.005(0.001) mg/ml). LC 50 and LC 90 decreased time of exposure, the aqueous extract showing the lowest LC 50 of 0.698 mg/ml and LC 90 of 4.435 mg/ml compared to the ethanolic extract with LC 50 of 2.521 mg/ml and LC 90 of 10.264 mg/ml after 6 h of exposure. LT 50 and LT 90 decreased with the dosage of the treatments, the aqueous extract had lower LT 50 of 2.474 h and LT 90 of 5.025 h than that of the ethanolic extract at LT 50 of 2.673 h and LT 90 of 7.282 h at 10 mg/ml dosage. The anthelmintic activity of L. nepetifolia extracts is concentration and time of exposure dependent. The aqueous extract of L. nepetifolia has higher activity against F. gigantica than the ethanolic extract.","PeriodicalId":17608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84891170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Marco, C. Dionicio, Leal- Hernandez Marisela, Ceron-Tellez Fernando, Torres-Velez Raquel, A. Luis
C.P
C.P
{"title":"Evaluation of two Immune-Enzimatic Assays (ELISAs) for detecting Anti-Map anti-bodies in domestic ruminants","authors":"A. Marco, C. Dionicio, Leal- Hernandez Marisela, Ceron-Tellez Fernando, Torres-Velez Raquel, A. Luis","doi":"10.5897/jvmah2022.1006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/jvmah2022.1006","url":null,"abstract":"C.P","PeriodicalId":17608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86935930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Teixeira Martuchi Beatriz, Oliveira Machado Daniele, dos Santos Bueno Beatriz, Cincotto dos Santos Bueno Patrícia, Deanna Daniel, Rossi Del Carratore Carlo, Prevedello Franco Rodrigo
The Macruz Index is a simple electrocardiographic methodology indicated in the evaluation of possible left atrial remodeling in human medicine. In dogs, the main cause of left atrial remodeling is mitral valve myxomatous degeneration, a degenerative valvulopathy with high occurrence in the routine of the veterinary clinic. Thus, the objective was to determine the values of the Macruz Index and correlate them with the echocardiographic variable left atrium/aorta ratio in dogs with valvulopathy. For this, 11 healthy dogs, male and female, aged between 2 and 8 years, weighing up to 10 kg were selected; together with 60 dogs with mitral valve myxomatous degeneration, small breed and ages 7 to 17 years, which were subdivided into groups according to the class of congestive heart failure - B1 (n=20), B2 (n=20) and C (n=20). All dogs in the present study underwent clinical cardiological, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic evaluation in order to obtain the values of the Macruz Index and the left atrium/aorta ratio. The results showed a significant difference (p<0.05) between the values of the Macruz Index of healthy dogs compared to the groups of dogs with the studied valvular disease (class B2 and C1). However, its correlation with the values of the left atrium/aorta ratio obtained in dogs with mitral valve myxomatous degeneration according to the congestive heart failure classes was low, positive and not statistically significant. Thus, we can conclude that the Macruz Index suggests left atrial remodeling in dogs with mitral valve myxomatous degeneration compared to healthy dogs. However, it does not correlate or evidence progressive left atrial remodeling between classes of congestive heart failure.
{"title":"Correlation between Macruz Index and left atrial enlargement in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease","authors":"Teixeira Martuchi Beatriz, Oliveira Machado Daniele, dos Santos Bueno Beatriz, Cincotto dos Santos Bueno Patrícia, Deanna Daniel, Rossi Del Carratore Carlo, Prevedello Franco Rodrigo","doi":"10.5897/jvmah2022.0988","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/jvmah2022.0988","url":null,"abstract":"The Macruz Index is a simple electrocardiographic methodology indicated in the evaluation of possible left atrial remodeling in human medicine. In dogs, the main cause of left atrial remodeling is mitral valve myxomatous degeneration, a degenerative valvulopathy with high occurrence in the routine of the veterinary clinic. Thus, the objective was to determine the values of the Macruz Index and correlate them with the echocardiographic variable left atrium/aorta ratio in dogs with valvulopathy. For this, 11 healthy dogs, male and female, aged between 2 and 8 years, weighing up to 10 kg were selected; together with 60 dogs with mitral valve myxomatous degeneration, small breed and ages 7 to 17 years, which were subdivided into groups according to the class of congestive heart failure - B1 (n=20), B2 (n=20) and C (n=20). All dogs in the present study underwent clinical cardiological, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic evaluation in order to obtain the values of the Macruz Index and the left atrium/aorta ratio. The results showed a significant difference (p<0.05) between the values of the Macruz Index of healthy dogs compared to the groups of dogs with the studied valvular disease (class B2 and C1). However, its correlation with the values of the left atrium/aorta ratio obtained in dogs with mitral valve myxomatous degeneration according to the congestive heart failure classes was low, positive and not statistically significant. Thus, we can conclude that the Macruz Index suggests left atrial remodeling in dogs with mitral valve myxomatous degeneration compared to healthy dogs. However, it does not correlate or evidence progressive left atrial remodeling between classes of congestive heart failure.","PeriodicalId":17608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90048257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Israel, H. Laura, L. Ana, A. Marco, Ángel Blanco Ochoa Miguel, Octavio Campuzano-Reyes Luis, Jiménez-Saavedra Alberto
Bovine mastitis is a disease with a high economic impact on dairy farms and it has been described that different species of Candida can cause it. The objectives of this study were to evidence the production of biofilm by strains of Candida Kefyr , to carry out a comparative evaluation of its production by tube and plate techniques, to determine its interaction with Escherichia coli and Streptococcus dysgalactiae isolated from bovine mastitis and know the drug susceptibility of each of them. The identification of C. kefyr was carried out by fermentation and assimilation of carbohydrates, the confirmation of the identification and minimum inhibitory concentration to antimycotics was carried out with Vitek 2 Systems. Plate and tube biofilm formation assays were performed in triplicate. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's test were performed, as well as Spearman's correlation to the data obtained. In plate tests, biofilm formation was demonstrated in seven C. kefyr isolates, as well as synergy in combinations with E. coli and S. dysgalactia e. However, the inoculum containing the three microorganisms behaved similarly to that containing only C. kefyr and S. dysgalactiae . It was possible to demonstrate a correlation between biofilm formation tests in tube and plate. This is the first report in Mexico of C. kefyr, as well as the production of biofilm in bovine clinical mastitis.
{"title":"Interaction in the production of biofilm and drug susceptibility of Candida kefyr with Escherichia coli and Streptococcus dysgalactiae isolated from bovine mastitis","authors":"D. Israel, H. Laura, L. Ana, A. Marco, Ángel Blanco Ochoa Miguel, Octavio Campuzano-Reyes Luis, Jiménez-Saavedra Alberto","doi":"10.5897/jvmah2022.0975","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/jvmah2022.0975","url":null,"abstract":"Bovine mastitis is a disease with a high economic impact on dairy farms and it has been described that different species of Candida can cause it. The objectives of this study were to evidence the production of biofilm by strains of Candida Kefyr , to carry out a comparative evaluation of its production by tube and plate techniques, to determine its interaction with Escherichia coli and Streptococcus dysgalactiae isolated from bovine mastitis and know the drug susceptibility of each of them. The identification of C. kefyr was carried out by fermentation and assimilation of carbohydrates, the confirmation of the identification and minimum inhibitory concentration to antimycotics was carried out with Vitek 2 Systems. Plate and tube biofilm formation assays were performed in triplicate. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's test were performed, as well as Spearman's correlation to the data obtained. In plate tests, biofilm formation was demonstrated in seven C. kefyr isolates, as well as synergy in combinations with E. coli and S. dysgalactia e. However, the inoculum containing the three microorganisms behaved similarly to that containing only C. kefyr and S. dysgalactiae . It was possible to demonstrate a correlation between biofilm formation tests in tube and plate. This is the first report in Mexico of C. kefyr, as well as the production of biofilm in bovine clinical mastitis.","PeriodicalId":17608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89283916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Sylvia, Zekeya Never, G. Esther, K. Lughano, Shirima Gabriel
Ticks are the most important ectoparasites that are responsible for severe economic losses in livestock industry. The use of chemical acaricides is the most common method used to control ticks in livestock. This study was conducted to determine the efficacy of Aspergillus oryzae as an alternative biological agent in controlling ticks to enhance livestock productivity. The efficacy of A. oryzae at different concentrations was evaluated against larvae and adults of the hard tick genera Rhipicephalus, Boophilus, and Amblyomma using an immersion test under laboratory conditions. Field trials were conducted in two purposively selected cattle herds in Monduli district, northern Tanzania. A. oryzae at a concentration of 1 × 10 6 conidial/ml was sprayed on all cattle tick-infested areas. The results demonstrated a concentration-related increase in mortality for both larvae and adult female engorged ticks. The mean mortality of larvae and female engorged ticks was statistically significant at p ˂ 0.05 and p ˂ 0.001, respectively. Egg production was found to decrease with increased A. oryzae concentration. Additionally, there was a statistically significant difference in egg production index and oviposition reduction ( p = 0.009) while there was no significant difference in egg hatching and product effectiveness at p = 0.089 and p = 0.004, respectively between the tested ticks’ genera. Under field conditions, the bio-acaricide demonstrated a statistically significant tick reduction in all the treated cattle. This study concludes that A. oryzae has good acaricidal activity against ticks and hence, is one of the potential tick control methods for sustainable tick control schemes.
{"title":"Entomopathogenic fungi (Aspergillus oryzae) as biological control agent of cattle ticks in Tanzania","authors":"S. Sylvia, Zekeya Never, G. Esther, K. Lughano, Shirima Gabriel","doi":"10.5897/jvmah2022.0985","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/jvmah2022.0985","url":null,"abstract":"Ticks are the most important ectoparasites that are responsible for severe economic losses in livestock industry. The use of chemical acaricides is the most common method used to control ticks in livestock. This study was conducted to determine the efficacy of Aspergillus oryzae as an alternative biological agent in controlling ticks to enhance livestock productivity. The efficacy of A. oryzae at different concentrations was evaluated against larvae and adults of the hard tick genera Rhipicephalus, Boophilus, and Amblyomma using an immersion test under laboratory conditions. Field trials were conducted in two purposively selected cattle herds in Monduli district, northern Tanzania. A. oryzae at a concentration of 1 × 10 6 conidial/ml was sprayed on all cattle tick-infested areas. The results demonstrated a concentration-related increase in mortality for both larvae and adult female engorged ticks. The mean mortality of larvae and female engorged ticks was statistically significant at p ˂ 0.05 and p ˂ 0.001, respectively. Egg production was found to decrease with increased A. oryzae concentration. Additionally, there was a statistically significant difference in egg production index and oviposition reduction ( p = 0.009) while there was no significant difference in egg hatching and product effectiveness at p = 0.089 and p = 0.004, respectively between the tested ticks’ genera. Under field conditions, the bio-acaricide demonstrated a statistically significant tick reduction in all the treated cattle. This study concludes that A. oryzae has good acaricidal activity against ticks and hence, is one of the potential tick control methods for sustainable tick control schemes.","PeriodicalId":17608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75444732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Olatunji-akioye, Babatunde Ademola Akinbobola, Z. Oni
Gastrointestinal (GI) obstruction in rabbits is common due to the peculiarities of their gastrointestinal tract. This condition usually has an acute progression before the rabbit succumbs or recovers. Due to the acute nature of gastrointestinal obstruction in rabbits, early detection is important. Contrast radiography and ultrasonography are two non-invasive imaging procedures that can be used to detect underlying disease conditions and lesions. This study is designed to assess how these imaging procedures identify GI disturbance and obstruction and can be an aid to early medical intervention. Five male rabbits reared in single battery cages had their diet altered: they were given digestible fiber, starch and water per day to simulate GI obstruction. They were given a barium meal after being sedated and their GI tracts were imaged radiographically and ultrasonographically. The rabbits presented radiographic evidence of gastric dilatation, pooling of the barium meal in the stomach and distention of the small and large intestines with gas. Ultrasonographic features of gas distended stomachs and hyperechoic outlining of the small intestinal mucosa peculiar to GI disturbance were observed. Both imaging techniques were useful in diagnosing GI obstruction and will be useful in early diagnosis and consequent therapy. It can reduce mortality in rabbits. However, contrast radiography is possibly an easier tool to use. The indigestible materials may have formed an impaction leading to total anorexia in all the rabbits. The rabbits were scheduled for radiographic imaging and ultrasounds. Ultrasonographic images were acquired using transducer frequency between 3 and 5 Mhz. This procedure was carried out on different (alternate) days from contrast radiography. This is because radiography is usually the primary diagnostic tool in most Nigerian clinical settings and ultrasound is a close second. The rabbits were carefully restrained manually after the application of ultrasound gel on the shaved abdomen. The scans focused on the left lateral abdomen.
{"title":"Comparison of contrast radiography and ultrasonography in diagnosing gastrointestinal obstruction in rabbits","authors":"A. Olatunji-akioye, Babatunde Ademola Akinbobola, Z. Oni","doi":"10.5897/jvmah2021.0928","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/jvmah2021.0928","url":null,"abstract":"Gastrointestinal (GI) obstruction in rabbits is common due to the peculiarities of their gastrointestinal tract. This condition usually has an acute progression before the rabbit succumbs or recovers. Due to the acute nature of gastrointestinal obstruction in rabbits, early detection is important. Contrast radiography and ultrasonography are two non-invasive imaging procedures that can be used to detect underlying disease conditions and lesions. This study is designed to assess how these imaging procedures identify GI disturbance and obstruction and can be an aid to early medical intervention. Five male rabbits reared in single battery cages had their diet altered: they were given digestible fiber, starch and water per day to simulate GI obstruction. They were given a barium meal after being sedated and their GI tracts were imaged radiographically and ultrasonographically. The rabbits presented radiographic evidence of gastric dilatation, pooling of the barium meal in the stomach and distention of the small and large intestines with gas. Ultrasonographic features of gas distended stomachs and hyperechoic outlining of the small intestinal mucosa peculiar to GI disturbance were observed. Both imaging techniques were useful in diagnosing GI obstruction and will be useful in early diagnosis and consequent therapy. It can reduce mortality in rabbits. However, contrast radiography is possibly an easier tool to use. The indigestible materials may have formed an impaction leading to total anorexia in all the rabbits. The rabbits were scheduled for radiographic imaging and ultrasounds. Ultrasonographic images were acquired using transducer frequency between 3 and 5 Mhz. This procedure was carried out on different (alternate) days from contrast radiography. This is because radiography is usually the primary diagnostic tool in most Nigerian clinical settings and ultrasound is a close second. The rabbits were carefully restrained manually after the application of ultrasound gel on the shaved abdomen. The scans focused on the left lateral abdomen.","PeriodicalId":17608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76746682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
West African Dwarf (WAD) goats are important source of animal protein, ubiquitous in rural Nigerian households and undergo necessary surgical procedures. Induction of general anaesthesia in goats is associated with resultant severe systemic side effects due to position-induced stress. This study investigated cardiopulmonary and stress responses of WAD goats to three sedatives in different body positioning. Six adult WAD bucks, weighing 11±2.0 kg were randomly selected for three separate experiments using of xylazine (0.05 mg/kg), acepromazine (0.2 mg/kg) or midazolam (0.3 mg/kg) intramuscularly in five clinical trials lasting five days each. Goats were restrained in standing (control), Right Lateral (RL), Left Lateral (LL), supine and prone positions. Venous blood (5 ml) via jugular venipuncture was collected before and after each sedation to determine selected stress biomarkers [blood glucose (mg/dL), plasma cortisol (mmol/L) and lactate dehydrogenase LDH (U/L)]. Heart Rate-HR (beats/min), Respiratory Rate-RR (breaths/min), Mean Arterial Pressure-MAP (mmHg), Oxygenhaemoglobin Saturation-SpO2 (%) and Rectal Temperature -RT (°C) were measured at intervals of 10 min for 1 h. Bucks were rested for 14 days in between clinical trials. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at p<0.05. In LL, supine and prone body positions, peak blood glucose levels and plasma cortisol, respectively were significantly increased with xylazine, acepromazine and midazolam compared to control. Plasma levels of LDH were significantly decreased compared to control for the RL, LL, supine and prone positions with xylazine and acepromazine sedation. Acepromazine and Midazolam had highest HR with supine position. Xylazine sedation resulted in severe hypotension and hyperglycaemia with LL and supine body positions whereas acepromazine and midazolam sedation resulted in mild hypotension and increased heart rate with LL and prone body positions. The LL and prone positioning should be used cautiously in caprine sedation. Acepromazine and midazolam were found to be safer alternatives to xylazine.
{"title":"Cardiopulmonary and stress responses of xylazine, acepromazine or midazolam sedated West African dwarf goats to different body positioning","authors":"B. B. Foluso, A. Adeniran","doi":"10.5897/jvmah2022.0966","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/jvmah2022.0966","url":null,"abstract":"West African Dwarf (WAD) goats are important source of animal protein, ubiquitous in rural Nigerian households and undergo necessary surgical procedures. Induction of general anaesthesia in goats is associated with resultant severe systemic side effects due to position-induced stress. This study investigated cardiopulmonary and stress responses of WAD goats to three sedatives in different body positioning. Six adult WAD bucks, weighing 11±2.0 kg were randomly selected for three separate experiments using of xylazine (0.05 mg/kg), acepromazine (0.2 mg/kg) or midazolam (0.3 mg/kg) intramuscularly in five clinical trials lasting five days each. Goats were restrained in standing (control), Right Lateral (RL), Left Lateral (LL), supine and prone positions. Venous blood (5 ml) via jugular venipuncture was collected before and after each sedation to determine selected stress biomarkers [blood glucose (mg/dL), plasma cortisol (mmol/L) and lactate dehydrogenase LDH (U/L)]. Heart Rate-HR (beats/min), Respiratory Rate-RR (breaths/min), Mean Arterial Pressure-MAP (mmHg), Oxygenhaemoglobin Saturation-SpO2 (%) and Rectal Temperature -RT (°C) were measured at intervals of 10 min for 1 h. Bucks were rested for 14 days in between clinical trials. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at p<0.05. In LL, supine and prone body positions, peak blood glucose levels and plasma cortisol, respectively were significantly increased with xylazine, acepromazine and midazolam compared to control. Plasma levels of LDH were significantly decreased compared to control for the RL, LL, supine and prone positions with xylazine and acepromazine sedation. Acepromazine and Midazolam had highest HR with supine position. Xylazine sedation resulted in severe hypotension and hyperglycaemia with LL and supine body positions whereas acepromazine and midazolam sedation resulted in mild hypotension and increased heart rate with LL and prone body positions. The LL and prone positioning should be used cautiously in caprine sedation. Acepromazine and midazolam were found to be safer alternatives to xylazine.","PeriodicalId":17608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health","volume":"1972 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90228434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brucellosis is endemic in pastoral settings of Tanzania with significant socio-economic implications. However, comprehensive studies to establish its impacts had not been elucidated. A longitudinal study was conducted in order to elucidate the dynamics and its impact on production and reproduction. Initially, 464 animals were enrolled with baseline seroprevalence in each herd. Animals were bled every three months to determine the incidence rate, impacts and trends in sero-status. In addition, individual animal reproductive information was collected. Milk yield was measured indirectly by estimating the calves’ growth rate. Data were analysed using Epi Info 7.0 software where descriptive analyses were used to establish proportions, associations and relationships. Wilcoxon test was used to establish the growth rate differences. Forty-seven new c-ELISA seropositive animals were identified over the period of three months representing an incidence rate of 0.811 cases per animal-year at risk. Households with a high seroprevalence during baseline screening were observed to have high infection rate in the subsequent visit. There was no statistical association between new seropositive cases and seasons (P>0.05). Furthermore, positive to negative seroconversion was observed. Of the 94 females that were expected to parturate, 15% aborted with 29% of these being seropositive. Retained placenta was observed in 4.3% of the domestic ruminants. Of the 79 calves that were screened, 21.5% were seropositive with majority born from seropositive dams. Calves born from seropositive dams were 27 times more likely to be seropositive. Growth rate was not different (p>0.05) between calves suckling from seropositive and seronegative dams.
布鲁氏菌病是坦桑尼亚牧区的一种地方性疾病，具有重大的社会经济影响。然而，还没有全面的研究来确定其影响。为了阐明这一动态及其对生产和再生产的影响，进行了纵向研究。最初，在每个畜群中登记了464只动物的基线血清阳性率。动物每三个月放血一次，以确定发病率、影响和血清状态的趋势。此外，还收集了个体动物的生殖信息。产奶量通过估算犊牛的生长速率间接测定。使用Epi Info 7.0软件对数据进行分析，其中使用描述性分析来建立比例、关联和关系。采用Wilcoxon检验确定生长速率差异。在三个月的时间里，发现了47只新的c-ELISA血清阳性动物，每只动物年的发病率为0.811例。在基线筛查时血清阳性率较高的家庭在随后的访问中观察到较高的感染率。新发血清阳性病例与季节无统计学相关性(P>0.05)。此外，还观察到阳性到阴性的血清转化。在94名预期分娩的女性中，15%流产，其中29%为血清阳性。国内反刍动物胎盘残留率为4.3%。在筛选的79头小牛中，21.5%为血清阳性，其中大多数来自血清阳性的母鹿。从血清阳性的水坝出生的小牛血清阳性的可能性高出27倍。血清阳性和血清阴性犊牛的生长速率无显著差异(p>0.05)。
{"title":"Brucellosis infection dynamics in cattle and the impacts on production and reproduction in pastoral settings of Tanzania","authors":"G. Shirima","doi":"10.5897/jvmah2020.0895","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/jvmah2020.0895","url":null,"abstract":"Brucellosis is endemic in pastoral settings of Tanzania with significant socio-economic implications. However, comprehensive studies to establish its impacts had not been elucidated. A longitudinal study was conducted in order to elucidate the dynamics and its impact on production and reproduction. Initially, 464 animals were enrolled with baseline seroprevalence in each herd. Animals were bled every three months to determine the incidence rate, impacts and trends in sero-status. In addition, individual animal reproductive information was collected. Milk yield was measured indirectly by estimating the calves’ growth rate. Data were analysed using Epi Info 7.0 software where descriptive analyses were used to establish proportions, associations and relationships. Wilcoxon test was used to establish the growth rate differences. Forty-seven new c-ELISA seropositive animals were identified over the period of three months representing an incidence rate of 0.811 cases per animal-year at risk. Households with a high seroprevalence during baseline screening were observed to have high infection rate in the subsequent visit. There was no statistical association between new seropositive cases and seasons (P>0.05). Furthermore, positive to negative seroconversion was observed. Of the 94 females that were expected to parturate, 15% aborted with 29% of these being seropositive. Retained placenta was observed in 4.3% of the domestic ruminants. Of the 79 calves that were screened, 21.5% were seropositive with majority born from seropositive dams. Calves born from seropositive dams were 27 times more likely to be seropositive. Growth rate was not different (p>0.05) between calves suckling from seropositive and seronegative dams.","PeriodicalId":17608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health","volume":"128 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76558437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Iorundu Mhomga Lins, Okwudiri Nwosu Chukwunyere, Nwabueze Marire Benjamin
A study was conducted to investigate the optimum inclusion level of Cochlospermum planchonii in diets of West African Dwarf (WAD) goats. Twenty five (25) WAD bucks aged 6 to 8 months and assigned to five treatments (T1T5) of five goats each were used. Goats in T1 were given normal diet and served as the control, while those in T2, T3, T4 and T5 were respectively given diets with inclusion levels of 5, 10, 20 and 40% C. planchonii. Feed intake, body weight (BWT) and body condition score (BCS) were evaluated weekly from day 0 (D0) to D84, while rumen pH, rumen ammonia, urinary and faecal nitrogen were assessed on D84. The total forage intake across the treatments was comparable (p> 0.05), but the total concentrate intake by T5 (12.1 ± 0.8 kg) was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than the rest of the treatments. Supplementation of C. planchonii was associated with enhanced weight gain among the supplemented groups. The rumen pH of T4 and T5 were 6.2 ± 0.04 and 6.1 ± 0.1 respectively and these were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than those of T1 (5.8 ± 0.1), T2 (5.7 ± 0.1) and T3 (5.6 ± 0.1), 6 h post feeding. At 12 h post feeding, the pH of T5 was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than the rest of the treatments, while at 18 h post feeding, there was no significant difference in the rumen pH of all the treatments. The mean total volatile fatty acid produced by T1 (59 ± 8.9) was significantly (p< 0.05) higher than that of T5 (37. 8 ± 6.3). It was therefore, concluded that supplementation of C. planchonii in diets of West African Dwarf goats up to 20% could exert beneficial effects on their productivity.
{"title":"Growth performance and rumen fermentation characteristics of West African Dwarf bucks fed dietary Cochlospermum planchonii rhizome","authors":"Iorundu Mhomga Lins, Okwudiri Nwosu Chukwunyere, Nwabueze Marire Benjamin","doi":"10.5897/jvmah2020.0839","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/jvmah2020.0839","url":null,"abstract":"A study was conducted to investigate the optimum inclusion level of Cochlospermum planchonii in diets of West African Dwarf (WAD) goats. Twenty five (25) WAD bucks aged 6 to 8 months and assigned to five treatments (T1T5) of five goats each were used. Goats in T1 were given normal diet and served as the control, while those in T2, T3, T4 and T5 were respectively given diets with inclusion levels of 5, 10, 20 and 40% C. planchonii. Feed intake, body weight (BWT) and body condition score (BCS) were evaluated weekly from day 0 (D0) to D84, while rumen pH, rumen ammonia, urinary and faecal nitrogen were assessed on D84. The total forage intake across the treatments was comparable (p> 0.05), but the total concentrate intake by T5 (12.1 ± 0.8 kg) was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than the rest of the treatments. Supplementation of C. planchonii was associated with enhanced weight gain among the supplemented groups. The rumen pH of T4 and T5 were 6.2 ± 0.04 and 6.1 ± 0.1 respectively and these were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than those of T1 (5.8 ± 0.1), T2 (5.7 ± 0.1) and T3 (5.6 ± 0.1), 6 h post feeding. At 12 h post feeding, the pH of T5 was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than the rest of the treatments, while at 18 h post feeding, there was no significant difference in the rumen pH of all the treatments. The mean total volatile fatty acid produced by T1 (59 ± 8.9) was significantly (p< 0.05) higher than that of T5 (37. 8 ± 6.3). It was therefore, concluded that supplementation of C. planchonii in diets of West African Dwarf goats up to 20% could exert beneficial effects on their productivity.","PeriodicalId":17608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84948358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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