Richard Mushi James, Honorati Chiwanga Gaspar, Lemburis Mollel Esther, Walugembe Muhammed, Arsen Max Robert, Makenga Msoffe Peter, Gallardo Rodrigo, Kelly Terra, Lamont Susan, Dekkers Jack, Huaijun Zhou, Muhairwa Amandus
This study is aimed at evaluating antibody responses, viral loads, viral clearance and growth rate of Tanzanian free-range local chicken (FRLC) challenged with LaSota strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) as indicator traits for selection of chickens for breeding with enhanced resistance to the disease and economic value. Three popular free-range local chicken ecotypes: Kuchi, Ching’wekwe and Morogoro-medium from three ecological zones of Tanzania were used for the experiments. Progenies from the breeder chickens were challenged with 107 titer of 50% egg infectious dose (EID50) of the virus at 28 days of age. The viral loads and viral clearance rates evaluated by qRT-PCR from tear samples collected at 2- and 6-days post infection (dpi) showed that Kuchi could clear NDV better than Morogoro-medium and Ching’wekwe. Anti-NDV antibody levels determined from blood samples collected at 10 dpi using ELISA showed that Kuchi ecotype expressed higher mean anti-NDV antibodies compared to Morogoro-medium and Ching’wekwe. Growth rates determined from body weights collected for 38 days from day of hatch (D0) to 10 dpi showed higher growth rate for Kuchi than Morogoro-medium and Ching’wekwe chickens. Kuchi chickens were potentially more resistant to ND compared to Morogoro-medium and Ching’wekwe. Key words: Free-range local chickens, Newcastle disease, immune response, innate resistance.
{"title":"Antibody response, viral load, viral clearance and growth rate in Tanzanian free-range local chickens infected with lentogenic Newcastle disease virus","authors":"Richard Mushi James, Honorati Chiwanga Gaspar, Lemburis Mollel Esther, Walugembe Muhammed, Arsen Max Robert, Makenga Msoffe Peter, Gallardo Rodrigo, Kelly Terra, Lamont Susan, Dekkers Jack, Huaijun Zhou, Muhairwa Amandus","doi":"10.5897/JVMAH2021.0912","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JVMAH2021.0912","url":null,"abstract":"This study is aimed at evaluating antibody responses, viral loads, viral clearance and growth rate of Tanzanian free-range local chicken (FRLC) challenged with LaSota strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) as indicator traits for selection of chickens for breeding with enhanced resistance to the disease and economic value. Three popular free-range local chicken ecotypes: Kuchi, Ching’wekwe and Morogoro-medium from three ecological zones of Tanzania were used for the experiments. Progenies from the breeder chickens were challenged with 107 titer of 50% egg infectious dose (EID50) of the virus at 28 days of age. The viral loads and viral clearance rates evaluated by qRT-PCR from tear samples collected at 2- and 6-days post infection (dpi) showed that Kuchi could clear NDV better than Morogoro-medium and Ching’wekwe. Anti-NDV antibody levels determined from blood samples collected at 10 dpi using ELISA showed that Kuchi ecotype expressed higher mean anti-NDV antibodies compared to Morogoro-medium and Ching’wekwe. Growth rates determined from body weights collected for 38 days from day of hatch (D0) to 10 dpi showed higher growth rate for Kuchi than Morogoro-medium and Ching’wekwe chickens. Kuchi chickens were potentially more resistant to ND compared to Morogoro-medium and Ching’wekwe. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Free-range local chickens, Newcastle disease, immune response, innate resistance.","PeriodicalId":17608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health","volume":"96 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87701751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Omeiza Gabriel Kehinde, K. Junaidu, Kwaga Jacob, Mwanza Mulunda, Nafarnda Wesley Daniel, Enem Simon Ikechukwu, A. Andrew, Godwin Enid, A. Abdulrahman, O. Chinwe, Kwaja Elisha Zailani
In Nigeria, dairy industry holds monumental prospects in the management of protein deficiencies among the timid Nigerian populace. Emergence of metabolic products of some important fungi, Aflatoxins B1 and M1 (AFB1 and AFM1), may hamper such potentials and poses public health threat to the consumers of dairy products. Hence, the need to undertake a study with the view of evaluating AFB1 and AFM1 levels in dairy cattle production. A total of 180 samples, each of cattle feed and cow milk were analyzed using Cobra cell incorporated High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) technique. Significant number of feed (89%) and milk (94%) turned out positive for AFB1 and AFM1, respectively. Factors of production such as the holding-capacity (size) of the dairy herds, type of dairy herds and the type of dairy cattle feed were used to evaluate and determine the occurrence of the toxins. Results showed that most of these factors affect the distribution of the toxins significantly (P<0.05). Traditional dairy herds, which constitute the greatest part of the small-holder dairy herds, showed the largest significant number of farms (P<0.05) with detectable levels of AFB1 and AFM1 above the acceptable concentration limits in fresh cow milk. It is recommended that critical factors of dairy production be given thorough regulatory considerations as they were observed to play significant role in the occurrence of aflatoxins in dairy products. Also, the management of the traditional dairy herds should be properly guided by the relevant legislation as it constitutes greater part of the dairy production in Nigeria. Key words: Dairy production, Aflatoxin B1, Aflatoxin M1, feed, cow milk, Northern Nigeria.
{"title":"A cross-sectional evaluation of aflatoxin B1 and M1 contaminations of dairy cattle production in \u0000Northern Nigeria","authors":"Omeiza Gabriel Kehinde, K. Junaidu, Kwaga Jacob, Mwanza Mulunda, Nafarnda Wesley Daniel, Enem Simon Ikechukwu, A. Andrew, Godwin Enid, A. Abdulrahman, O. Chinwe, Kwaja Elisha Zailani","doi":"10.5897/JVMAH2021.0916","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JVMAH2021.0916","url":null,"abstract":"In Nigeria, dairy industry holds monumental prospects in the management of protein deficiencies among the timid Nigerian populace. Emergence of metabolic products of some important fungi, Aflatoxins B1 and M1 (AFB1 and AFM1), may hamper such potentials and poses public health threat to the consumers of dairy products. Hence, the need to undertake a study with the view of evaluating AFB1 and AFM1 levels in dairy cattle production. A total of 180 samples, each of cattle feed and cow milk were analyzed using Cobra cell incorporated High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) technique. Significant number of feed (89%) and milk (94%) turned out positive for AFB1 and AFM1, respectively. Factors of production such as the holding-capacity (size) of the dairy herds, type of dairy herds and the type of dairy cattle feed were used to evaluate and determine the occurrence of the toxins. Results showed that most of these factors affect the distribution of the toxins significantly (P<0.05). Traditional dairy herds, which constitute the greatest part of the small-holder dairy herds, showed the largest significant number of farms (P<0.05) with detectable levels of AFB1 and AFM1 above the acceptable concentration limits in fresh cow milk. It is recommended that critical factors of dairy production be given thorough regulatory considerations as they were observed to play significant role in the occurrence of aflatoxins in dairy products. Also, the management of the traditional dairy herds should be properly guided by the relevant legislation as it constitutes greater part of the dairy production in Nigeria. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Dairy production, Aflatoxin B1, Aflatoxin M1, feed, cow milk, Northern Nigeria.","PeriodicalId":17608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health","volume":"565 1","pages":"65-73"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77613084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Julienne Kuiseu, Fréjus T. A. Zinsou, P. Olounladé, G. G. Alowanou, A. Adenilé, C. Dansou, S. Hounzangbé-Adoté, O. Babayemi, P. Edorh
Small ruminants farming is a traditional activity mostly practiced by local populations in developing countries since several centuries. Nowadays, due to many biotic and climatic factors, it faces various problems which damage smallholders’ income especially those related to gastrointestinal parasites. In opposite to the chemical drugs use in controlling those parasites, medicinal plants have been investigated with fewer side effects on both the meat quality and the environment. This current study aimed at reviewing Haemonchus contortus prevalence in small ruminants across the world and present medicinal plants that have been investigated in the last decades. H. contortus is identified as the most significant nematode parasite in small ruminants due to its high prevalence reported by many studies. Its presence in small ruminants results in a loss of feed absorption and disturbance of nutrient metabolism, which lead to poor performance and significant economic loss in the herds, especially in rural areas of developing countries. For the past decades, its control was mainly based on the use of chemical anthelmintics; whose use has been limited due to several factors like the irrational and misuse. Recently, the use of medicinal plants has been identified as alternatives methods of its control with conclusive results. Parts of plants or the whole plants of several plant species were reported to be relevant to control H. contortus infection in small ruminants such as: Bridelia ferruginea, Mitragyna inermis, Combretum glutinosum, Hagenia abyssinica, Chenopodium ambrosioides, Leucaena leucocephala, Phytolacca icosandra, Eucalyptus staigeriana, Carica papaya, Newbouldia laevis and Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides. Key words: Economic losses, gastrointestinal nematodes, chemical anthelmintics, medicinal plants, poor performance.
{"title":"Prevalence, effects and alternative control methods of Haemonchus contortus in small ruminants: A review","authors":"Julienne Kuiseu, Fréjus T. A. Zinsou, P. Olounladé, G. G. Alowanou, A. Adenilé, C. Dansou, S. Hounzangbé-Adoté, O. Babayemi, P. Edorh","doi":"10.5897/JVMAH2020.0868","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JVMAH2020.0868","url":null,"abstract":"Small ruminants farming is a traditional activity mostly practiced by local populations in developing countries since several centuries. Nowadays, due to many biotic and climatic factors, it faces various problems which damage smallholders’ income especially those related to gastrointestinal parasites. In opposite to the chemical drugs use in controlling those parasites, medicinal plants have been investigated with fewer side effects on both the meat quality and the environment. This current study aimed at reviewing Haemonchus contortus prevalence in small ruminants across the world and present medicinal plants that have been investigated in the last decades. H. contortus is identified as the most significant nematode parasite in small ruminants due to its high prevalence reported by many studies. Its presence in small ruminants results in a loss of feed absorption and disturbance of nutrient metabolism, which lead to poor performance and significant economic loss in the herds, especially in rural areas of developing countries. For the past decades, its control was mainly based on the use of chemical anthelmintics; whose use has been limited due to several factors like the irrational and misuse. Recently, the use of medicinal plants has been identified as alternatives methods of its control with conclusive results. Parts of plants or the whole plants of several plant species were reported to be relevant to control H. contortus infection in small ruminants such as: Bridelia ferruginea, Mitragyna inermis, Combretum glutinosum, Hagenia abyssinica, Chenopodium ambrosioides, Leucaena leucocephala, Phytolacca icosandra, Eucalyptus staigeriana, Carica papaya, Newbouldia laevis and Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Economic losses, gastrointestinal nematodes, chemical anthelmintics, medicinal plants, poor performance.","PeriodicalId":17608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health","volume":"54 1","pages":"84-97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84872305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Musa, Aliyu O Halima, B. Muhammad, Magaji Sadiq Nasiru, M. Abdussamad
This study evaluates the cytology and prevalence of bacteria in the genital tract of non-pregnant dromedary camels at the main abattoir of Kano through a cross-sectional design with convenience sampling. Results revealed that Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus were isolated with E. coli and S. aureus being the most prevalent. These bacteria were more prevalent in the vagina followed by the cervix and were more sensitive to cefoxitin, gentamicin and amoxicillin. The vagina had more cell counts than other regions of the non-pregnant genitalia. No association was recorded between cell type and region of non-pregnant genitalia. Similarly, there was no association between cell morphology and region of non-pregnant genitalia. However, there was association between background content and region of non-pregnant genitalia. In conclusion, bacteria inhabiting the non-pregnant camelid genitalia are Proteus spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus with E. coli and S. aureus being the most prevalent. These were sensitive to cefoxitin, gentamicin and amoxicillin. The vagina compared to other regions of the genitalia had more cell counts. The background content was dependent on region of non-pregnant camel genitalia. Key words: Bacteriology, cytology, one-humped camel, genitalia, antimicrobial sensitivity.
{"title":"Bacteriology and cytology of the non-gravid one-humped camel genitalia","authors":"B. Musa, Aliyu O Halima, B. Muhammad, Magaji Sadiq Nasiru, M. Abdussamad","doi":"10.5897/JVMAH2020.0877","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JVMAH2020.0877","url":null,"abstract":"This study evaluates the cytology and prevalence of bacteria in the genital tract of non-pregnant dromedary camels at the main abattoir of Kano through a cross-sectional design with convenience sampling. Results revealed that Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus were isolated with E. coli and S. aureus being the most prevalent. These bacteria were more prevalent in the vagina followed by the cervix and were more sensitive to cefoxitin, gentamicin and amoxicillin. The vagina had more cell counts than other regions of the non-pregnant genitalia. No association was recorded between cell type and region of non-pregnant genitalia. Similarly, there was no association between cell morphology and region of non-pregnant genitalia. However, there was association between background content and region of non-pregnant genitalia. In conclusion, bacteria inhabiting the non-pregnant camelid genitalia are Proteus spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus with E. coli and S. aureus being the most prevalent. These were sensitive to cefoxitin, gentamicin and amoxicillin. The vagina compared to other regions of the genitalia had more cell counts. The background content was dependent on region of non-pregnant camel genitalia. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Bacteriology, cytology, one-humped camel, genitalia, antimicrobial sensitivity.","PeriodicalId":17608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health","volume":"76 1","pages":"74-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78058936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Damian Kilyenyi, R. Mdegela, L. Kusiluka, G. Shirima
A cross-sectional survey was carried out between October 2016 and May 2017 to determine the prevalence of subclinical mastitis (SCM), associated bacterial pathogens and risk factors under smallholdersmall holder dairy farms in North East Tanzania. The study involved 195 cross breed dairy cows from 130 dairy farms. Data were collected based on questionnaire interview, direct observation, screening using California Mastitis Test (CMT) and culture of bacteria. The overall prevalence of SCM based on California Mastitis Test (CMT) was 70.8 and 66.4% and bacteria isolation recorded at 56.4 and 38.4% at cow and quarter levels, respectively. Prevalence defined by CMT was significantly (p<0.0001) associated with wet-dirty bedding material (OR=11.61) and poor udder (OR =6.67). Increased culture-positivity at quarter level was significantly associated with CMT-positive cows (OR= 20.59), teat injuries (OR=23.56), wooden floor (OR=2.02) and poor udder hygiene (OR =2.16). Stripping method of hand milking and first and second parity were significantly associated with lower prevalence of CMT-positive cows and culture positive quarters (p<0.05). Major bacteria species isolated included Staphylococcus aureus (55.4%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (10.8%), Escherichia coli (7.9%) and Streptococcus agalactiae (5.9%). This study demonstrated SCM is a major health constraint of dairy cattle in North Eastern Tanzania. Key words: Prevalence, Subclinical -mastitis, California Mastitis Test, bacteria, risk factors.
{"title":"Prevalence and risk factors associated with subclinical mastitis in lactating dairy cows under smallholder dairy farming in North East Tanzania","authors":"Damian Kilyenyi, R. Mdegela, L. Kusiluka, G. Shirima","doi":"10.5897/JVMAH2019.0775","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JVMAH2019.0775","url":null,"abstract":"A cross-sectional survey was carried out between October 2016 and May 2017 to determine the prevalence of subclinical mastitis (SCM), associated bacterial pathogens and risk factors under smallholdersmall holder dairy farms in North East Tanzania. The study involved 195 cross breed dairy cows from 130 dairy farms. Data were collected based on questionnaire interview, direct observation, screening using California Mastitis Test (CMT) and culture of bacteria. The overall prevalence of SCM based on California Mastitis Test (CMT) was 70.8 and 66.4% and bacteria isolation recorded at 56.4 and 38.4% at cow and quarter levels, respectively. Prevalence defined by CMT was significantly (p<0.0001) associated with wet-dirty bedding material (OR=11.61) and poor udder (OR =6.67). Increased culture-positivity at quarter level was significantly associated with CMT-positive cows (OR= 20.59), teat injuries (OR=23.56), wooden floor (OR=2.02) and poor udder hygiene (OR =2.16). Stripping method of hand milking and first and second parity were significantly associated with lower prevalence of CMT-positive cows and culture positive quarters (p<0.05). Major bacteria species isolated included Staphylococcus aureus (55.4%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (10.8%), Escherichia coli (7.9%) and Streptococcus agalactiae (5.9%). This study demonstrated SCM is a major health constraint of dairy cattle in North Eastern Tanzania. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Prevalence, Subclinical -mastitis, California Mastitis Test, bacteria, risk factors.","PeriodicalId":17608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health","volume":"231 1","pages":"55-64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76438418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eleojo Rose Ugbamaja, N. Salisu, N. Sadiq, Ghali Muhammad, A. M. Abdussamad
Using a tabular design, the bacteriological profile of egg yolk forms and different formulations of yolk-citrate semen extenders across different storage periods was examined. Twenty-one eggs less than 24 h old were randomly selected from 3 crates of eggs. The yolks were harvested and divided into two equal parts. One part was centrifuged for 1 h at 3500 revolutions per minute (rpm) to get clarified yolk. The remaining part was left whole. Each part was divided into three aliquots, one of which was cultured immediately (pre-storage) on MacConkey, Chocolate, Deoxycholate Citrate and Sabouraud Dextrose Agars and the other two stored each for 24 and 48 h before culture on the same media. The cultures were incubated for 24 h at 37°C. Left over egg yolks were pooled according to forms and kept frozen (-20°C) before being used to formulate extenders. Four different extenders were prepared using the clarified and whole yolks with or without antibiotics. The extenders were treated as previously described for egg yolk. Plates with apparent colonies were subjected to biochemical tests to identify the isolates and antibiotic susceptibility testing after the colonies were counted. Clarified yolk was less contaminated compared to whole egg yolk. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from whole egg yolk and it was sensitive to Streptomycin, Amoxicillin, Neomycin, Penicillin and Cefoxitin but resistant to Gentamicin. Extenders with antibiotics were less contaminated than extenders without antibiotics. Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Salmonella species were isolated from semen extenders without antibiotics. All isolates were sensitive to Gentamicin. In conclusion, clarified yolk and extenders containing clarified yolk with antibiotics had no contamination. Hence, clarified yolk should be used in the preparation of extenders instead of whole yolks. Also, Gentamicin should be included in extender formulations to reduce bacterial contamination. Key words: Egg yolk, whole yolk, clarified yolk, bacterial culture, yolk-citrate extender, antibiotics.
{"title":"Bacteriological studies on egg yolk forms and different formulations of yolk-citrate semen extender","authors":"Eleojo Rose Ugbamaja, N. Salisu, N. Sadiq, Ghali Muhammad, A. M. Abdussamad","doi":"10.5897/JVMAH2020.0875","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JVMAH2020.0875","url":null,"abstract":"Using a tabular design, the bacteriological profile of egg yolk forms and different formulations of yolk-citrate semen extenders across different storage periods was examined. Twenty-one eggs less than 24 h old were randomly selected from 3 crates of eggs. The yolks were harvested and divided into two equal parts. One part was centrifuged for 1 h at 3500 revolutions per minute (rpm) to get clarified yolk. The remaining part was left whole. Each part was divided into three aliquots, one of which was cultured immediately (pre-storage) on MacConkey, Chocolate, Deoxycholate Citrate and Sabouraud Dextrose Agars and the other two stored each for 24 and 48 h before culture on the same media. The cultures were incubated for 24 h at 37°C. Left over egg yolks were pooled according to forms and kept frozen (-20°C) before being used to formulate extenders. Four different extenders were prepared using the clarified and whole yolks with or without antibiotics. The extenders were treated as previously described for egg yolk. Plates with apparent colonies were subjected to biochemical tests to identify the isolates and antibiotic susceptibility testing after the colonies were counted. Clarified yolk was less contaminated compared to whole egg yolk. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from whole egg yolk and it was sensitive to Streptomycin, Amoxicillin, Neomycin, Penicillin and Cefoxitin but resistant to Gentamicin. Extenders with antibiotics were less contaminated than extenders without antibiotics. Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Salmonella species were isolated from semen extenders without antibiotics. All isolates were sensitive to Gentamicin. In conclusion, clarified yolk and extenders containing clarified yolk with antibiotics had no contamination. Hence, clarified yolk should be used in the preparation of extenders instead of whole yolks. Also, Gentamicin should be included in extender formulations to reduce bacterial contamination. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Egg yolk, whole yolk, clarified yolk, bacterial culture, yolk-citrate extender, antibiotics.","PeriodicalId":17608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health","volume":"16 6","pages":"34-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91478746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Most available data on Taenia saginata taeniosis/cysticercosis risk factors in Botswana neither associate risk factors with Batswana’s lifestyle nor rank risk factors’ contribution to observed prevalence. This disconnect undermines usability of data for bovine cysticercosis control. This study identified bovine cysticercosis risk factors and quantitatively ranked risk factors’ contributions to observed prevalence. Visual observation and interviews using Likert scale-formatted questionnaire was employed in collecting primary data from beef industry’s stakeholders (149). Fourteen (14) out of eighteen (18) risk factors jointly predicted bovine cysticercosis prevalence (p <0.05), but the only factor of ‘beef sold at non-licensed premises’ predicted prevalence individually. Top 20% important risk factors were absence or distant pit latrines in farms (p <0.05; MD=1.288; CI: 1.15-1.43), proximity to uncontrolled human defecate (p <0.05; MD=1.184; CI=1.03-1.34), access to contaminated pasture (p <0.05; mean=4.13; MD=1.131), and failure to deworm herd boys (p <0.05; mean=4.10; MD= 1.097). Current prevention strategies in Botswana emphasizes proper disposal of human defecate. However, this study showed that minimizing butchers buying and slaughtering animals without proper ante-mortem and post-mortem examination would yield more efficient result. By adopting Pareto principle, this study modeled that controlling these top 20% important risk factors instead of targeting a repertoire of risk factors would result in 80% prevalence drop. Respondents showed greater consensus on risk factors with high odds to cause bovine cysticercosis. This consensus provides platform for driving attitudinal change, since risk factors were lifestyle-related. Associating people’s lifestyle with risk factors of this zoonosis while targeting top 20% risk factors yields more efficient control outcomes. Key words: Batswana’s lifestyles, Taenia saginata/cysticercosis, ranking risk factors, prevalence, Pareto principle, efficient control and prevention.
{"title":"Taenia saginata taeniosis/cysticercosis risk factors: Applying Pareto principles to model more efficient control and prevention strategies in Botswana","authors":"G. Uchendu, N. Ama, A. O. Aganga, Marumo S. Davis","doi":"10.5897/JVMAH2020.0892","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JVMAH2020.0892","url":null,"abstract":"Most available data on Taenia saginata taeniosis/cysticercosis risk factors in Botswana neither associate risk factors with Batswana’s lifestyle nor rank risk factors’ contribution to observed prevalence. This disconnect undermines usability of data for bovine cysticercosis control. This study identified bovine cysticercosis risk factors and quantitatively ranked risk factors’ contributions to observed prevalence. Visual observation and interviews using Likert scale-formatted questionnaire was employed in collecting primary data from beef industry’s stakeholders (149). Fourteen (14) out of eighteen (18) risk factors jointly predicted bovine cysticercosis prevalence (p <0.05), but the only factor of ‘beef sold at non-licensed premises’ predicted prevalence individually. Top 20% important risk factors were absence or distant pit latrines in farms (p <0.05; MD=1.288; CI: 1.15-1.43), proximity to uncontrolled human defecate (p <0.05; MD=1.184; CI=1.03-1.34), access to contaminated pasture (p <0.05; mean=4.13; MD=1.131), and failure to deworm herd boys (p <0.05; mean=4.10; MD= 1.097). Current prevention strategies in Botswana emphasizes proper disposal of human defecate. However, this study showed that minimizing butchers buying and slaughtering animals without proper ante-mortem and post-mortem examination would yield more efficient result. By adopting Pareto principle, this study modeled that controlling these top 20% important risk factors instead of targeting a repertoire of risk factors would result in 80% prevalence drop. Respondents showed greater consensus on risk factors with high odds to cause bovine cysticercosis. This consensus provides platform for driving attitudinal change, since risk factors were lifestyle-related. Associating people’s lifestyle with risk factors of this zoonosis while targeting top 20% risk factors yields more efficient control outcomes. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Batswana’s lifestyles, Taenia saginata/cysticercosis, ranking risk factors, prevalence, Pareto principle, efficient control and prevention.","PeriodicalId":17608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health","volume":"14 1","pages":"45-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89938448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study assessed the microbiological quality of meat from free rage-produced chicken processed in an informal slaughter facility. The total viable counts (TVC), total coliform counts, coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus species, Salmonella species and Campylobacter species were used as indicators. A cross-sectional sampling of chicken carcasses at informal slaughter facility was carried out. Whole carcass rinse fluid was prepared from 40 randomly obtained freshly dressed carcasses. Fluid samples were cultured in selective media to isolate and enumerate the specific bacteria. S. aureus was further identified by coagulase test, Streptococci by serotyping into Lancefield groups, Campylobacter by DNA analysis and Salmonella by biochemical tests and serology. Bacterial concentrations in the carcasses were calculated as colony forming units (CFU) per ml and CFU/cm2. The mean carcass CFU/ml concentration was 1.59 × 107, 1.44 ×105, 3.2 × 104 and 1.06 × 104 for TVC, Coliforms, S. aureus and Streptococci, respectively. All the mean concentration values were higher than the limits recommended by the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC). Coagulase-positive Staphylococcus was isolated from 12 (30%) carcasses and Streptococci from 35 (87%). Majority Streptococci were Lancefield Group D (48.57%) followed by Group G (17.14%), and Group F (14.28%). Campylobacter genus was identified in 11 carcasses (27.5%) and Campylobacter jejuni in three (7.5%). On the other hand, Salmonella was not isolated from any carcass. The results of the study indicated that the low hygienic standard in non-regulated slaughter houses exposed the chicken meat to microbial contaminants which may pose a risk to the consumers. Improvement of slaughter infrastructure and capacity-building of slaughter personnel is therefore critically required to ensure food safety and enable access to high value markets. Key words: Slaughter, free-range chicken, bacterial quality.
{"title":"Microbiological quality of free-range chicken carcasses from a non-regulated slaughter facility in Kenya","authors":"J. Kuria, Esther W. Ngethe, L. Kabuage","doi":"10.5897/JVMAH2020.0870","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JVMAH2020.0870","url":null,"abstract":"This study assessed the microbiological quality of meat from free rage-produced chicken processed in an informal slaughter facility. The total viable counts (TVC), total coliform counts, coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus species, Salmonella species and Campylobacter species were used as indicators. A cross-sectional sampling of chicken carcasses at informal slaughter facility was carried out. Whole carcass rinse fluid was prepared from 40 randomly obtained freshly dressed carcasses. Fluid samples were cultured in selective media to isolate and enumerate the specific bacteria. S. aureus was further identified by coagulase test, Streptococci by serotyping into Lancefield groups, Campylobacter by DNA analysis and Salmonella by biochemical tests and serology. Bacterial concentrations in the carcasses were calculated as colony forming units (CFU) per ml and CFU/cm2. The mean carcass CFU/ml concentration was 1.59 × 107, 1.44 ×105, 3.2 × 104 and 1.06 × 104 for TVC, Coliforms, S. aureus and Streptococci, respectively. All the mean concentration values were higher than the limits recommended by the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC). Coagulase-positive Staphylococcus was isolated from 12 (30%) carcasses and Streptococci from 35 (87%). Majority Streptococci were Lancefield Group D (48.57%) followed by Group G (17.14%), and Group F (14.28%). Campylobacter genus was identified in 11 carcasses (27.5%) and Campylobacter jejuni in three (7.5%). On the other hand, Salmonella was not isolated from any carcass. The results of the study indicated that the low hygienic standard in non-regulated slaughter houses exposed the chicken meat to microbial contaminants which may pose a risk to the consumers. Improvement of slaughter infrastructure and capacity-building of slaughter personnel is therefore critically required to ensure food safety and enable access to high value markets. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Slaughter, free-range chicken, bacterial quality.","PeriodicalId":17608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health","volume":"24 1","pages":"22-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78211168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Despite its endemicity and economic significance in Ethiopia, there was no sero-surveillance report of Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in Bale Zone. With this regard the study was conducted in Dello Mena and MaddaWalabu districts of Bale zone with the objectives of determining the seroprevalence of PPR and associated risk factors. A cross sectional study was conducted from March 2017 to May 2017 on weaned goat and camel which were randomly selected from 5 kebeles of each study districts. Accordingly, serums collected from 768 animals (that is, 384 from each district) were tested using competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. An overall seroprevalence of 12.9% was recorded with relatively higher seroprevalence in Dello Mena (13.8%) compared to Madda Walabu district (12%). From 4 putative risk factors investigated by the study, species (goat 19%; camel 2.5%; i£2=43.623; p=0.000) and age (adult 16.9%; young 7.2%; i£2= 15.472; p=0.000) revealed statistically significant association with PPR seropositivity on Chi-square analysis. In addition, multivariable logistic regression analysis indicated that goats were found more likely infected by the disease (Adjusted Odds Ratio=9.522; p=0.000), while adult animals more likely survive infection and become seropositive compared to young animals (Adjusted Odds Ratio= 2.713; p=0.000). PPR found very important health problem in the study areas, especially in goats and younger animals. Due to high sero-prevalence in the study area due attention should be given on the eradication of the disease via organized active surveillance and vaccination of unvaccinated segment of the population, especially younger animals, on annual base. Key words: Camel, Dello Mena, goat, Madda Walabu, Peste des Petits ruminants, risk factors, seropositivity.
{"title":"Peste des Petits Ruminants: Seropositivity and associated risk factors in goats and camel in Dello Mena and Madda Walabu Districts of Bale Zone, South Eastern Ethiopia","authors":"Dagim Berhanu Gebresilassie, Minda Asfaw, Aynalem Teshome","doi":"10.5897/JVMAH2018.0684","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JVMAH2018.0684","url":null,"abstract":"Despite its endemicity and economic significance in Ethiopia, there was no sero-surveillance report of Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in Bale Zone. With this regard the study was conducted in Dello Mena and MaddaWalabu districts of Bale zone with the objectives of determining the seroprevalence of PPR and associated risk factors. A cross sectional study was conducted from March 2017 to May 2017 on weaned goat and camel which were randomly selected from 5 kebeles of each study districts. Accordingly, serums collected from 768 animals (that is, 384 from each district) were tested using competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. An overall seroprevalence of 12.9% was recorded with relatively higher seroprevalence in Dello Mena (13.8%) compared to Madda Walabu district (12%). From 4 putative risk factors investigated by the study, species (goat 19%; camel 2.5%; i£2=43.623; p=0.000) and age (adult 16.9%; young 7.2%; i£2= 15.472; p=0.000) revealed statistically significant association with PPR seropositivity on Chi-square analysis. In addition, multivariable logistic regression analysis indicated that goats were found more likely infected by the disease (Adjusted Odds Ratio=9.522; p=0.000), while adult animals more likely survive infection and become seropositive compared to young animals (Adjusted Odds Ratio= 2.713; p=0.000). PPR found very important health problem in the study areas, especially in goats and younger animals. Due to high sero-prevalence in the study area due attention should be given on the eradication of the disease via organized active surveillance and vaccination of unvaccinated segment of the population, especially younger animals, on annual base. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Camel, Dello Mena, goat, Madda Walabu, Peste des Petits ruminants, risk factors, seropositivity.","PeriodicalId":17608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80209030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Enrique Encinosa Guzmán Pedro, Perera Martin Anayram, Bello Soto Yamil, Luis Ledesma Bravo Frank, F. William, Pérez Heredia Carlos, Gómez Pérez Llilian, Gonzalez Fernandez Nemecio, P. E. Mario, Rodríguez-Mallon Alina
Traditional vaccines based on killed or attenuated microorganisms or inactivated toxins have disadvantages associated with the risks of pathogenicity reversion, contamination with infectious material, variations between vaccine batches, storage problems, among others. Peptide identification containing important epitopes within antigens could be an attractive possibility to avoid those risks. However, in general, peptides are poorly immunogenic. Adjuvants are a part of the solution to improve the immunogenicity of these peptide based vaccines. Recently, a peptide from the tick P0 acidic ribosomal protein chemically conjugated to the Bm86 protein has been assayed as vaccine candidate against ticks. This antigen formulated in oily preparations containing MontanideTM ISA50 (SEPPIC, France) generated a specific antibody response against the P0 peptide which showed an efficacy around 85% against R. sanguineus ticks when used for dog immunization. This efficacy was positively correlated with the anti-P0 antibody titers. In this paper, the immunogenicity of this chemical conjugate was assayed in dogs when Montanide™ GEL 01 (SEPPIC, France) was used as adjuvant instead of oily MontanideTM ISA 50. The antibody titers against the P0 peptide did not show statistically significant differences between the experimental groups and the evaluation of changes in the inoculation site showed significantly lesser adverse side effects in the group immunized with the antigen in Montanide™ GEL. These results validate the use of this gel as a safer adjuvant for dogs than oily Montanide, encouraging the use of this adjuvant for the technological development of the pP0-Bm86 conjugate as an anti-tick vaccine for dogs. Key words: Peptide vaccine, ticks, adjuvant, Montanide, dogs, P0 peptide.
{"title":"Comparison of Montanide GEL 01 and oily MontanideTM ISA 50 in presenting a peptide to the immune system of dogs","authors":"Enrique Encinosa Guzmán Pedro, Perera Martin Anayram, Bello Soto Yamil, Luis Ledesma Bravo Frank, F. William, Pérez Heredia Carlos, Gómez Pérez Llilian, Gonzalez Fernandez Nemecio, P. E. Mario, Rodríguez-Mallon Alina","doi":"10.5897/JVMAH2020.0867","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JVMAH2020.0867","url":null,"abstract":"Traditional vaccines based on killed or attenuated microorganisms or inactivated toxins have disadvantages associated with the risks of pathogenicity reversion, contamination with infectious material, variations between vaccine batches, storage problems, among others. Peptide identification containing important epitopes within antigens could be an attractive possibility to avoid those risks. However, in general, peptides are poorly immunogenic. Adjuvants are a part of the solution to improve the immunogenicity of these peptide based vaccines. Recently, a peptide from the tick P0 acidic ribosomal protein chemically conjugated to the Bm86 protein has been assayed as vaccine candidate against ticks. This antigen formulated in oily preparations containing MontanideTM ISA50 (SEPPIC, France) generated a specific antibody response against the P0 peptide which showed an efficacy around 85% against R. sanguineus ticks when used for dog immunization. This efficacy was positively correlated with the anti-P0 antibody titers. In this paper, the immunogenicity of this chemical conjugate was assayed in dogs when Montanide™ GEL 01 (SEPPIC, France) was used as adjuvant instead of oily MontanideTM ISA 50. The antibody titers against the P0 peptide did not show statistically significant differences between the experimental groups and the evaluation of changes in the inoculation site showed significantly lesser adverse side effects in the group immunized with the antigen in Montanide™ GEL. These results validate the use of this gel as a safer adjuvant for dogs than oily Montanide, encouraging the use of this adjuvant for the technological development of the pP0-Bm86 conjugate as an anti-tick vaccine for dogs. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Peptide vaccine, ticks, adjuvant, Montanide, dogs, P0 peptide.","PeriodicalId":17608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87464546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：