This study was undertaken in Kucha Woreda to assess the impact of Trypanosoma spp. on cattle and its vector infestation rate using cross-sectional study design. The study was done from November 2016 to June 2017 on 384 local cattle using buffy coat method and tsetse fly density was seen in intervention area with non-controlled area. The overall infection rate 4.17% (N=16) showed an insignificant (p>0.05) difference of prevalence rate in animal with different body condition score. Medium body condition animals were the most affected animal group. The study also revealed that adult (4.22%) and male (6.12%) animals are relatively susceptible to bovine trypanosomosis than young (4.00%) and female (2.95%) animals. Animals with PCV value of 21.56 and 26.32% were found to be parasitaemic and aparasitemic cattle, respectively. In both research site, 20 NGU trap was deployed to see the vector infestation and only Glossina pallidipes was found together with mechanical vectors. 2.86 and 26.27 FTD were found in both controlled and uncontrolled kebele, respectively, this big difference resulted in uncontrolled Kodo Wono kebele due to absence of intervention by Arba Minch tsetse fly suppression site. The total tsetse fly infestation rate in the area was found to be 14.67 FTD. Due to its adverse effect on cattle production, parasitic and vector control and prevention mechanism should be in place especially in those kebele neighbors to the controlled kebele. Key words: Cattle, Kucha, NGU trap, trypanosoma, prevalence, vector.
{"title":"Assessing the impact of Trypanosoma spp. in cattle and its vector infestation in controlled and uncontrolled Kebeles in Kucha Wereda, Southern Ethiopia","authors":"Edget Abayneh, M. Tadesse","doi":"10.5897/jvmah2019.0760","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/jvmah2019.0760","url":null,"abstract":"This study was undertaken in Kucha Woreda to assess the impact of Trypanosoma spp. on cattle and its vector infestation rate using cross-sectional study design. The study was done from November 2016 to June 2017 on 384 local cattle using buffy coat method and tsetse fly density was seen in intervention area with non-controlled area. The overall infection rate 4.17% (N=16) showed an insignificant (p>0.05) difference of prevalence rate in animal with different body condition score. Medium body condition animals were the most affected animal group. The study also revealed that adult (4.22%) and male (6.12%) animals are relatively susceptible to bovine trypanosomosis than young (4.00%) and female (2.95%) animals. Animals with PCV value of 21.56 and 26.32% were found to be parasitaemic and aparasitemic cattle, respectively. In both research site, 20 NGU trap was deployed to see the vector infestation and only Glossina pallidipes was found together with mechanical vectors. 2.86 and 26.27 FTD were found in both controlled and uncontrolled kebele, respectively, this big difference resulted in uncontrolled Kodo Wono kebele due to absence of intervention by Arba Minch tsetse fly suppression site. The total tsetse fly infestation rate in the area was found to be 14.67 FTD. Due to its adverse effect on cattle production, parasitic and vector control and prevention mechanism should be in place especially in those kebele neighbors to the controlled kebele. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Cattle, Kucha, NGU trap, trypanosoma, prevalence, vector.","PeriodicalId":17608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health","volume":"98 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74984621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Sas, Adjibod e Ayod el e Gabriel, A. Jerrold, Farougou Souaïbou, Y. Issaka, Kpodekon T. Marc, D. Jacques
African animal trypanosomosis is a disease transmitted by tsetse flies and tabanid to domestic mammals which seriously affects their health status and considerably reduces their productivity. This study proposes to make a synthesis on the bovine trypanosomosis and the various works undertaken in Benin country from 1960 to 2018. After general information on bovine trypanosomosis, the various vectorial agents responsible for the disease are explained. The inventory of fixtures of the pathology since 1960 to 2018 followed by the measures and means of control will be detailed. Then, a point on the state of the trypanosome’s chemotherapy -resistance facing circulating drug and of the approaches of solutions and the convincing alternatives will be developed. Finally, a study of the impact of transhumance transmission in the maintenance of bovine trypanosomosis supported by the management of conflicts is exposed. The chemotherapy-resistance of the trypanosomes being a true problem affecting the control of the disease, then it is urgent to find endogenous solutions that are reliable through the valorization of medicinal herbs for an effective control of bovine trypanosomosis in Benin. The present work opens a perspective on the definition of innovative alternatives to fight against the bovine trypanosomosis as well as tackle the chemotherapy-resistance against circulating Trypanosoma spp. Key words: Alternatives, chemotherapy, drug, resistance, Trypanosoma spp, Benin.
{"title":"African animal trypanosomosis in cattle in Bnin: A review","authors":"S. Sas, Adjibod e Ayod el e Gabriel, A. Jerrold, Farougou Souaïbou, Y. Issaka, Kpodekon T. Marc, D. Jacques","doi":"10.5897/JVMAH2019.0781","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JVMAH2019.0781","url":null,"abstract":"African animal trypanosomosis is a disease transmitted by tsetse flies and tabanid to domestic mammals which seriously affects their health status and considerably reduces their productivity. This study proposes to make a synthesis on the bovine trypanosomosis and the various works undertaken in Benin country from 1960 to 2018. After general information on bovine trypanosomosis, the various vectorial agents responsible for the disease are explained. The inventory of fixtures of the pathology since 1960 to 2018 followed by the measures and means of control will be detailed. Then, a point on the state of the trypanosome’s chemotherapy -resistance facing circulating drug and of the approaches of solutions and the convincing alternatives will be developed. Finally, a study of the impact of transhumance transmission in the maintenance of bovine trypanosomosis supported by the management of conflicts is exposed. The chemotherapy-resistance of the trypanosomes being a true problem affecting the control of the disease, then it is urgent to find endogenous solutions that are reliable through the valorization of medicinal herbs for an effective control of bovine trypanosomosis in Benin. The present work opens a perspective on the definition of innovative alternatives to fight against the bovine trypanosomosis as well as tackle the chemotherapy-resistance against circulating Trypanosoma spp. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Alternatives, chemotherapy, drug, resistance, Trypanosoma spp, Benin.","PeriodicalId":17608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health","volume":"50 1","pages":"115-122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77956801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Raquel Torres-Velez, M. Santillán-Flores, Dionisio Cordova-Lopez, Olga Lidia Martinez-Martinez, Claudia Celic Guzm an-Ruiz
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map), is the etiological agent of paratuberculosis, a disease that affects cattle and causes economic losses to the animal husbandry industry. Its opportune diagnosis, in herds, is part of the control measures of the disease; therefore, the objective of this work was to compare paratuberculosis detection of infected bovines with the Fluorescence Polarization Assay (FPA) and Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Six-hundred and three sera and feces samples, from bovines older than 2 years old were studied. The sera were assessed with the FPA technique using as antigen a protein fraction of 35 kDa obtained from the raw extract of the Map strain 3065, and for ELISA the protoplasmic antigen of the same strain was used. DNA was obtained from the feces and assessed by nested PCR. The correlation of results was established by Kappa Test. The FPA test had sensitivity (Se) of 88.50% and specificity (Sp) of 91.42% (p ≤0.000); for ELISA Se 83.86% and Sp 89.87% (p ≤0.000) were obtained. Concordance (K) between tests was 0.6742%, and when compared with nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the FPA test had K = 0.7314%, while for ELISA it was 0.5771%. The FPA technique using as antigen the protein fraction of 35 kDa showed a higher sensitivity and specificity, moreover it was a simple technique for the determination of the antigen-antibody interaction, and therefore it becomes an alternative diagnostic tool to detect paratuberculosis infected bovines. Key words: Paratuberculosis, diagnosis, fluorescence polarization assay (FPA), enzime-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA).
{"title":"Comparison of fluorescence polarization assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the diagnosis of bovine paratuberculosis","authors":"Raquel Torres-Velez, M. Santillán-Flores, Dionisio Cordova-Lopez, Olga Lidia Martinez-Martinez, Claudia Celic Guzm an-Ruiz","doi":"10.5897/JVMAH2019.0784","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JVMAH2019.0784","url":null,"abstract":"Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map), is the etiological agent of paratuberculosis, a disease that affects cattle and causes economic losses to the animal husbandry industry. Its opportune diagnosis, in herds, is part of the control measures of the disease; therefore, the objective of this work was to compare paratuberculosis detection of infected bovines with the Fluorescence Polarization Assay (FPA) and Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Six-hundred and three sera and feces samples, from bovines older than 2 years old were studied. The sera were assessed with the FPA technique using as antigen a protein fraction of 35 kDa obtained from the raw extract of the Map strain 3065, and for ELISA the protoplasmic antigen of the same strain was used. DNA was obtained from the feces and assessed by nested PCR. The correlation of results was established by Kappa Test. The FPA test had sensitivity (Se) of 88.50% and specificity (Sp) of 91.42% (p ≤0.000); for ELISA Se 83.86% and Sp 89.87% (p ≤0.000) were obtained. Concordance (K) between tests was 0.6742%, and when compared with nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the FPA test had K = 0.7314%, while for ELISA it was 0.5771%. The FPA technique using as antigen the protein fraction of 35 kDa showed a higher sensitivity and specificity, moreover it was a simple technique for the determination of the antigen-antibody interaction, and therefore it becomes an alternative diagnostic tool to detect paratuberculosis infected bovines. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Paratuberculosis, diagnosis, fluorescence polarization assay (FPA), enzime-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA).","PeriodicalId":17608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81788512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bezina Arega Emeru, Yohannes E. Messele, Desiye Tesfaye Tegegne, S. Yalew, S. Bora, Mossisa Dire Babura, Mergie Taye Beyene, Gebremeskel Mamu Werid
Staphylococcus aureus is commonly associated with mastitis in dairy herds with potential public health implications. Overall, 303 samples were collected from September 2015 to July 2016 to characterize the phenotypic and genotypic pattern of drug resistance in S. aureus isolated from cases of clinical and sub-clinical bovine mastitis in Central Ethiopia. Milk samples were tested by using California Mastitis Test and positive samples were subjected for bacterial culture, disc diffusion test and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect the presence of antimicrobial resistance. Based on California mastitis test (CMT) result and clinical examination, the prevalence of mastitis was 70.6%. S. aureus was isolated from 36.9% of CMT positive samples. The phenotypic determination of antimicrobial resistance showed that the isolates were most resistant to ampicillin (80%) followed by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (23.3%), tetracycline (15%), streptomycin (10%) and gentamycin (3.3%) and equally to both erythromycin and chloramphenicol (1.6%). Characterization of the antimicrobial resistance gene was done by using PCR. Most of the isolates (56%) contained blaZ gene followed by ermB (33%), ermC (13.3%) and each ermA and msrA appeared only in 2% of the isolates. There was no isolate harboring the methicillin resistance mecA gene. Thirty six percent of the isolates contained more than one antibiotic resistance genes. The highest multidrug resistance (MDR) gene combination was observed by blaZ*ermB (31.25%) genes and the least frequently occurred were blaZ *ermA and msrA*ermB (3.12%) each. This study showed that consumption of raw milk could be considered as a critical source of antibiotic resistant S. aureus. Key words: Bovine mastitis, Staphylococcus aureus, antimicrobial resistance, Ethiopia.
{"title":"Characterization of antimicrobial resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitis in Central Ethiopia","authors":"Bezina Arega Emeru, Yohannes E. Messele, Desiye Tesfaye Tegegne, S. Yalew, S. Bora, Mossisa Dire Babura, Mergie Taye Beyene, Gebremeskel Mamu Werid","doi":"10.5897/JVMAH2019.0767","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JVMAH2019.0767","url":null,"abstract":"Staphylococcus aureus is commonly associated with mastitis in dairy herds with potential public health implications. Overall, 303 samples were collected from September 2015 to July 2016 to characterize the phenotypic and genotypic pattern of drug resistance in S. aureus isolated from cases of clinical and sub-clinical bovine mastitis in Central Ethiopia. Milk samples were tested by using California Mastitis Test and positive samples were subjected for bacterial culture, disc diffusion test and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect the presence of antimicrobial resistance. Based on California mastitis test (CMT) result and clinical examination, the prevalence of mastitis was 70.6%. S. aureus was isolated from 36.9% of CMT positive samples. The phenotypic determination of antimicrobial resistance showed that the isolates were most resistant to ampicillin (80%) followed by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (23.3%), tetracycline (15%), streptomycin (10%) and gentamycin (3.3%) and equally to both erythromycin and chloramphenicol (1.6%). Characterization of the antimicrobial resistance gene was done by using PCR. Most of the isolates (56%) contained blaZ gene followed by ermB (33%), ermC (13.3%) and each ermA and msrA appeared only in 2% of the isolates. There was no isolate harboring the methicillin resistance mecA gene. Thirty six percent of the isolates contained more than one antibiotic resistance genes. The highest multidrug resistance (MDR) gene combination was observed by blaZ*ermB (31.25%) genes and the least frequently occurred were blaZ *ermA and msrA*ermB (3.12%) each. This study showed that consumption of raw milk could be considered as a critical source of antibiotic resistant S. aureus. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Bovine mastitis, Staphylococcus aureus, antimicrobial resistance, Ethiopia.","PeriodicalId":17608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84953121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
W. Nathaniel, Usendi Ifukibot Levi, Gosomji Innocent Jonah, Pindar David Bukar
The study was carried out to investigate the development of the midbrain in the grey breasted helmeted guinea fowl, Numida meleagris galeata, at post-hatch. Domestication of this species of bird is in an increase, but scanty documentation on the development of midbrain (mesencephalon) and how it relates to the neurobiology of this bird is lacking. In our findings, there was a steady increase in the midbrain mean weights found to be 0.0418 ± 0.0081 and 0.2236 ± 0.0224 g on the first day and day 61 post-hatch, respectively. Morphological and cellular development shows the midbrain to develop immediately after hatch at day one. This indicates that auditory-visual activities are fully functional in the wild grey breasted helmeted guinea fowl and capable of independent survival immediately after hatching. Key words: Morpho-histogenesis, midbrain, guinea fowl.
{"title":"Histology of the midbrain of the grey breasted helmeted guinea fowl (Numida meleagris galeata) at post-hatch","authors":"W. Nathaniel, Usendi Ifukibot Levi, Gosomji Innocent Jonah, Pindar David Bukar","doi":"10.5897/JVMAH2017.0600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JVMAH2017.0600","url":null,"abstract":"The study was carried out to investigate the development of the midbrain in the grey breasted helmeted guinea fowl, Numida meleagris galeata, at post-hatch. Domestication of this species of bird is in an increase, but scanty documentation on the development of midbrain (mesencephalon) and how it relates to the neurobiology of this bird is lacking. In our findings, there was a steady increase in the midbrain mean weights found to be 0.0418 ± 0.0081 and 0.2236 ± 0.0224 g on the first day and day 61 post-hatch, respectively. Morphological and cellular development shows the midbrain to develop immediately after hatch at day one. This indicates that auditory-visual activities are fully functional in the wild grey breasted helmeted guinea fowl and capable of independent survival immediately after hatching. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Morpho-histogenesis, midbrain, guinea fowl.","PeriodicalId":17608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90489646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Antimicrobial resistance is a global concern, especially with the backdrop of the development of possible environmental and public health hazards. Flavobacterium columnare has been observed to be multi-drug resistant but highly susceptible to sodium chloride, hence the need for susceptibility profiling. Therapeutic efficacy of commonly used antibiotics and sodium chloride was tested in-vitro against four isolates of F. columnare using the disc diffusion and the pour plate methods, respectively. Comparative in-vivo testing was performed on experimentally infected Clarias gariepinus juveniles in 11 groups of 15 fish each. Nine groups were treated with 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0% NaCl for 5, 10 and 30 min each. A tenth group was exposed to 25 mg L-1 ciprofloxacin for 1 h by immersion, while the eleventh group was not treated (positive control). Growth inhibition was observed to be highest with ciprofloxacin followed by ofloxacin and tetracycline in that order, and also in all NaCl concentrations. There was no mortality in the infected fish groups treated with 25 mg L-1 ciprofloxacin, 1% NaCl, and 2 to 3% NaCl for 5 and 10 min only. However, 46.7 ± 9.4 % mortality observed in 3 % NaCl treatment for 30 min was significantly higher than the 23.3 ± 4.6% observed in 2 % NaCl for 30 min, but not significantly different from the positive control with 36.7±4.7 % mortality. Since short duration sodium chloride bath was found to be effective in the control of columnaris disease, 1% salt disinfection of fry and fingerling stock for 30 min could be incorporated into routine management in catfish hatchery, without the fear of environmental or public health hazards. Key words: Antibiogram, columnaris disease, sodium chloride, susceptibility.
{"title":"Antibiotic sensitivity and sodium chloride susceptibility patterns of Flavobacterium columnare isolated from clinical columnaris in cultured Clarias gariepinus","authors":"O. Akinola, Oladosu Oluwatomilola Olakunbi","doi":"10.5897/JVMAH2018.0724","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JVMAH2018.0724","url":null,"abstract":"Antimicrobial resistance is a global concern, especially with the backdrop of the development of possible environmental and public health hazards. Flavobacterium columnare has been observed to be multi-drug resistant but highly susceptible to sodium chloride, hence the need for susceptibility profiling. Therapeutic efficacy of commonly used antibiotics and sodium chloride was tested in-vitro against four isolates of F. columnare using the disc diffusion and the pour plate methods, respectively. Comparative in-vivo testing was performed on experimentally infected Clarias gariepinus juveniles in 11 groups of 15 fish each. Nine groups were treated with 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0% NaCl for 5, 10 and 30 min each. A tenth group was exposed to 25 mg L-1 ciprofloxacin for 1 h by immersion, while the eleventh group was not treated (positive control). Growth inhibition was observed to be highest with ciprofloxacin followed by ofloxacin and tetracycline in that order, and also in all NaCl concentrations. There was no mortality in the infected fish groups treated with 25 mg L-1 ciprofloxacin, 1% NaCl, and 2 to 3% NaCl for 5 and 10 min only. However, 46.7 ± 9.4 % mortality observed in 3 % NaCl treatment for 30 min was significantly higher than the 23.3 ± 4.6% observed in 2 % NaCl for 30 min, but not significantly different from the positive control with 36.7±4.7 % mortality. Since short duration sodium chloride bath was found to be effective in the control of columnaris disease, 1% salt disinfection of fry and fingerling stock for 30 min could be incorporated into routine management in catfish hatchery, without the fear of environmental or public health hazards. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Antibiogram, columnaris disease, sodium chloride, susceptibility.","PeriodicalId":17608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85799056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Ntampaka, P. N. Nyaga, J. Gathumbi, Michael Tukei
In Rwanda, rabies is a threat to public health and the control is mainly done by vaccinating pet dogs annually. However, it is unknown whether dogs that received rabies vaccination achieved protective antibody levels. This study assessed factors influencing rabies antibody titres in vaccinated and non-vaccinated pet dogs in Kigali City, Rwanda. A questionnaire was used to gather information on 137 study dogs and clotted blood samples were collected from 93 healthy pet dogs. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) was used to quantify rabies antibody titres. Frequency and geometric mean titres, as well as chi-square and regression analysis, were used to study the data. The results showed that 35% of the vaccinated dogs had antibody titres below 0.5 EU/ml while 53.8% of the non-vaccinated dogs had detectable antibodies varying between 0.133 and 0.238 EU/ml. All types of rabies vaccine (A, B, C, D, and E) used elicited diverse antibody levels and the overall mean titre was 1.071. Vaccinated dogs had a higher mean number of rabies antibodies (11.776059735) than non-vaccinated dogs (1.41579378). Mean titres decreased with time between vaccination and sampling, that is, 1.559, 0.949, and 0.934 in dogs sampled 1-5, 6-9 and 10-12 months following vaccination, respectively. The mean titres increased steadily from the first to the fourth vaccination times, namely 0.608, 1.320, 1,395, and 1.787, respectively. Mean titres increased with dogs’ age and varied between 0.638 and 1.515. Factors including vaccination status, number of vaccination, time elapsed between vaccination and sampling, and age at vaccination influenced rabies antibody titres. Irrespective of the type of rabies vaccine applied, 99% of vaccinated dogs produced rabies antibodies though not all had protective levels. Considering the high number of vaccinated dogs that were poor responders to rabies vaccination, further studies should be undertaken to investigate and understand the phenomenon. Key words: Rabies, vaccination, domestic dogs, seroconversion, Kigali city, Rwanda.
{"title":"Rabies serosurvey of domestic dogs in Kigali City, Rwanda","authors":"P. Ntampaka, P. N. Nyaga, J. Gathumbi, Michael Tukei","doi":"10.5897/JVMAH2018.0742","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JVMAH2018.0742","url":null,"abstract":"In Rwanda, rabies is a threat to public health and the control is mainly done by vaccinating pet dogs annually. However, it is unknown whether dogs that received rabies vaccination achieved protective antibody levels. This study assessed factors influencing rabies antibody titres in vaccinated and non-vaccinated pet dogs in Kigali City, Rwanda. A questionnaire was used to gather information on 137 study dogs and clotted blood samples were collected from 93 healthy pet dogs. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) was used to quantify rabies antibody titres. Frequency and geometric mean titres, as well as chi-square and regression analysis, were used to study the data. The results showed that 35% of the vaccinated dogs had antibody titres below 0.5 EU/ml while 53.8% of the non-vaccinated dogs had detectable antibodies varying between 0.133 and 0.238 EU/ml. All types of rabies vaccine (A, B, C, D, and E) used elicited diverse antibody levels and the overall mean titre was 1.071. Vaccinated dogs had a higher mean number of rabies antibodies (11.776059735) than non-vaccinated dogs (1.41579378). Mean titres decreased with time between vaccination and sampling, that is, 1.559, 0.949, and 0.934 in dogs sampled 1-5, 6-9 and 10-12 months following vaccination, respectively. The mean titres increased steadily from the first to the fourth vaccination times, namely 0.608, 1.320, 1,395, and 1.787, respectively. Mean titres increased with dogs’ age and varied between 0.638 and 1.515. Factors including vaccination status, number of vaccination, time elapsed between vaccination and sampling, and age at vaccination influenced rabies antibody titres. Irrespective of the type of rabies vaccine applied, 99% of vaccinated dogs produced rabies antibodies though not all had protective levels. Considering the high number of vaccinated dogs that were poor responders to rabies vaccination, further studies should be undertaken to investigate and understand the phenomenon. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Rabies, vaccination, domestic dogs, seroconversion, Kigali city, Rwanda.","PeriodicalId":17608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84905281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brucellosis is one of the most widespread zoonotic diseases posing a serious obstacle to public health, food safety and security and, socio-economic development in most African countries. A cross-sectional study was conducted to establish practices that may pose occupational risks of transmission of brucellosis to people working in abattoirs in Tanzania. A total of 452 serum samples; 190, 200 and 62 from cattle, goats and human, respectively were collected in animals and workers at Dodoma abattoir, Tanzania. The samples were screened for brucellosis using Rose Bengal Plate test (RBPT) and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA). A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data for assessing the knowledge, awareness and practices related to brucellosis exposure. Data were analyzed to determine the association of brucellosis seropositivity with the knowledge, awareness and practices of the workers. The seroprevalence of brucellosis in cattle, goats and abattoir workers was 7.3, 1.5 and 1.6%, respectively based on Rose Bengal Plate Test. The seroprevalence was 4.7% in cattle, 1.6% in humans and none in goats when samples were tested by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results of this study show that, there is a potential occupational risk of acquisition of brucellosis for abattoir workers and hence, the need for awareness campaigns and taking appropriate precautions to minimize the zoonotic risks is greatly required. Key words: Brucellosis, abattoir, occupational risk, Rose Bengal plate test, indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
{"title":"Occupational hazards associated with human brucellosis in abattoir settings: A case study of Dodoma abattoir in Tanzania","authors":"Denice Luwumba, L. Kusiluka, G. Shirima","doi":"10.5897/JVMAH2019.0752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JVMAH2019.0752","url":null,"abstract":"Brucellosis is one of the most widespread zoonotic diseases posing a serious obstacle to public health, food safety and security and, socio-economic development in most African countries. A cross-sectional study was conducted to establish practices that may pose occupational risks of transmission of brucellosis to people working in abattoirs in Tanzania. A total of 452 serum samples; 190, 200 and 62 from cattle, goats and human, respectively were collected in animals and workers at Dodoma abattoir, Tanzania. The samples were screened for brucellosis using Rose Bengal Plate test (RBPT) and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA). A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data for assessing the knowledge, awareness and practices related to brucellosis exposure. Data were analyzed to determine the association of brucellosis seropositivity with the knowledge, awareness and practices of the workers. The seroprevalence of brucellosis in cattle, goats and abattoir workers was 7.3, 1.5 and 1.6%, respectively based on Rose Bengal Plate Test. The seroprevalence was 4.7% in cattle, 1.6% in humans and none in goats when samples were tested by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results of this study show that, there is a potential occupational risk of acquisition of brucellosis for abattoir workers and hence, the need for awareness campaigns and taking appropriate precautions to minimize the zoonotic risks is greatly required. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Brucellosis, abattoir, occupational risk, Rose Bengal plate test, indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.","PeriodicalId":17608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81590874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A retrospective study was conducted to assess the health and welfare problems of working donkeys at the Merkato Donkey Sanctuary clinic in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Data on 12,991 working donkeys from 2008 to 2010 were analyzed from the data record sheet kept by the clinic. Results on the age distribution of donkeys showed that the average age of the donkeys was around nine years old. Only 7.37% of the donkeys were with good or ideal body condition (≤2.5), while the majority, 90.56% were with poor body condition (≤2). Multiple health problems were a common feature. Among the common health problems encountered parasitosis, hoof problems, wounds, musculoskeletal disorders, colic, ophthalmic cases and traffic accidents accounted for 55.68, 16.71, 14.9, 3.28, 2.59, 2.37, and 1.71%, respectively. Wounds due to ill fitted harnesses and inappropriate harnessing materials accounted for majority of the wounds observed. Back sore due to the absence of paddings, improper padding, inadequate and inappropriate padding materials was a common feature, and accounted for 62.6% of the overall different wounds. Hoof overgrowth and solar puncture and/or abscess due to sharp objects were the common hoof problems recorded, while hoof overgrowth accounts for 13.56%. Traffic accidents leading to death and injuries were common problems. Apart from the health related welfare problems, the questionnaire survey made also revealed that abuses and negligence by the owners, management constraints like overloading and overworking, beating, and shortage of feed, housing problems, wounds due to harnessing and physical injuries mainly due to traffic accidents were the major welfare problems of urban working donkeys. The retrospective study, the questionnaire survey and observations made provided the significant health and welfare problems of working donkeys that need to be addressed in order to improve their health and working efficiency. Key words: Retrospective study; working donkey; health and welfare problems.
{"title":"Common health and welfare problems of working donkeys in Addis Ababa and its surrounding area: Retrospective and questionnaire survey","authors":"S. Terefe, Asnakech Ashine, G. Mulugeta","doi":"10.5897/JVMAH2018.0733","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JVMAH2018.0733","url":null,"abstract":"A retrospective study was conducted to assess the health and welfare problems of working donkeys at the Merkato Donkey Sanctuary clinic in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Data on 12,991 working donkeys from 2008 to 2010 were analyzed from the data record sheet kept by the clinic. Results on the age distribution of donkeys showed that the average age of the donkeys was around nine years old. Only 7.37% of the donkeys were with good or ideal body condition (≤2.5), while the majority, 90.56% were with poor body condition (≤2). Multiple health problems were a common feature. Among the common health problems encountered parasitosis, hoof problems, wounds, musculoskeletal disorders, colic, ophthalmic cases and traffic accidents accounted for 55.68, 16.71, 14.9, 3.28, 2.59, 2.37, and 1.71%, respectively. Wounds due to ill fitted harnesses and inappropriate harnessing materials accounted for majority of the wounds observed. Back sore due to the absence of paddings, improper padding, inadequate and inappropriate padding materials was a common feature, and accounted for 62.6% of the overall different wounds. Hoof overgrowth and solar puncture and/or abscess due to sharp objects were the common hoof problems recorded, while hoof overgrowth accounts for 13.56%. Traffic accidents leading to death and injuries were common problems. Apart from the health related welfare problems, the questionnaire survey made also revealed that abuses and negligence by the owners, management constraints like overloading and overworking, beating, and shortage of feed, housing problems, wounds due to harnessing and physical injuries mainly due to traffic accidents were the major welfare problems of urban working donkeys. The retrospective study, the questionnaire survey and observations made provided the significant health and welfare problems of working donkeys that need to be addressed in order to improve their health and working efficiency. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Retrospective study; working donkey; health and welfare problems.","PeriodicalId":17608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health","volume":"101 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80418383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A case of atresia ani with recto-vaginal fistula was observed in a two-month old Sudanese crossbred lamb. On physical examination, the abdomen was distended, and there was bulging around the perineal region and severe straining. Upon palpation, the anal ring was felt at the anal area, voiding of feaces and urine from the vaginal opening was seen, while the fistula was felt upon vaginal palpation. Reconstructive surgery by incising the bulged, palpable region was done. The rectum was located and sutured to the perineal wall. The patency of the newly constructed anal opening was however maintained with the use of fabricated syringe barrel. Full recovery was attained within 21 days. The animal was relived of pressure strain, pain through the surgical intervention with resultant increase in body condition score. Key words: Atresia ani, fistula, anal, palpation.
{"title":"Atresia ani associated with recto-vaginal fistula in two months old Sudanesse crossbreed lamb","authors":"H. Mana, Z. B. Yusuf, Gapsiso R.H, M. A. Umar","doi":"10.5897/JVMAH2017.0644","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JVMAH2017.0644","url":null,"abstract":"A case of atresia ani with recto-vaginal fistula was observed in a two-month old Sudanese crossbred lamb. On physical examination, the abdomen was distended, and there was bulging around the perineal region and severe straining. Upon palpation, the anal ring was felt at the anal area, voiding of feaces and urine from the vaginal opening was seen, while the fistula was felt upon vaginal palpation. Reconstructive surgery by incising the bulged, palpable region was done. The rectum was located and sutured to the perineal wall. The patency of the newly constructed anal opening was however maintained with the use of fabricated syringe barrel. Full recovery was attained within 21 days. The animal was relived of pressure strain, pain through the surgical intervention with resultant increase in body condition score. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Atresia ani, fistula, anal, palpation.","PeriodicalId":17608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85237589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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