Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7560.11.7.438
Prakash Ch, R. Arya, Priya Bajaj
Different opinions on the use of Species Distribution Models (SDMs) to understand COVID-19 spread resulted in an ongoing debate in the scientific community. We agree SDMs alone cannot suffice the purpose of understanding COVID-19 spread. However, evolutionary studies combined with SDMs can overcome these limitations and, mutational insights gained can aid design of an ideal vaccine against SARS-CoV-2.
{"title":"Evolutionary Studies Combined with Species Distribution Models are Useful to Understand COVID-19 Spread and Aid Vaccine Design","authors":"Prakash Ch, R. Arya, Priya Bajaj","doi":"10.35248/2157-7560.11.7.438","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7560.11.7.438","url":null,"abstract":"Different opinions on the use of Species Distribution Models (SDMs) to understand COVID-19 spread resulted in an ongoing debate in the scientific community. We agree SDMs alone cannot suffice the purpose of understanding COVID-19 spread. However, evolutionary studies combined with SDMs can overcome these limitations and, mutational insights gained can aid design of an ideal vaccine against SARS-CoV-2.","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"60 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79129682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7560.20.11.426
S. nar, Emre Dunder, Nurcan Celik Odabasi
In this study, it was aimed to develop a vaccine attitude scale. This scale has the potential to aid in the advancement of research and immunization policy. We carried out exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to discover the uncovered dimensions and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to validate the obtained structures in vaccine attitude scale. Also, we checked the reliabilities with Cronbach Alpha coefficients for each factor. The results revealed that the vaccine attitude scale can be represented with three factors such as the benefits, acceptance and hesitation of the vaccine. We observed positive relationship between benefits-acceptance and an acceptance-hesitation factor but there is negative relationship between benefits-hesitation in vaccine attitude scale. The dimension of the vaccine attitude scale was found reliable and valid as the results of the statistical analysis. This improved scale was found fairly high in terms of validity and reliability. Besides, it is found that it is a valid and reliable measurement tool to determine vaccine attitude of the individuals.
{"title":"The Vaccine Attitude Scale: Psychometric Properties and Validation","authors":"S. nar, Emre Dunder, Nurcan Celik Odabasi","doi":"10.35248/2157-7560.20.11.426","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7560.20.11.426","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, it was aimed to develop a vaccine attitude scale. This scale has the potential to aid in the advancement of research and immunization policy. We carried out exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to discover the uncovered dimensions and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to validate the obtained structures in vaccine attitude scale. Also, we checked the reliabilities with Cronbach Alpha coefficients for each factor. The results revealed that the vaccine attitude scale can be represented with three factors such as the benefits, acceptance and hesitation of the vaccine. We observed positive relationship between benefits-acceptance and an acceptance-hesitation factor but there is negative relationship between benefits-hesitation in vaccine attitude scale. The dimension of the vaccine attitude scale was found reliable and valid as the results of the statistical analysis. This improved scale was found fairly high in terms of validity and reliability. Besides, it is found that it is a valid and reliable measurement tool to determine vaccine attitude of the individuals.","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"18 4 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72672205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7560.11.7.436
Phillip Lee, J. Moss
Recent news on development of an effective COVID-19 vaccine is encouraging, but hesitancy and misinformation from the Anti-Vaccine movement risks undermining this, if governments do not act to re-build trust in the process of development and the safety of vaccines generally.
{"title":"Why Governments Must Engage in the Vaccine Debate","authors":"Phillip Lee, J. Moss","doi":"10.35248/2157-7560.11.7.436","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7560.11.7.436","url":null,"abstract":"Recent news on development of an effective COVID-19 vaccine is encouraging, but hesitancy and misinformation from the Anti-Vaccine movement risks undermining this, if governments do not act to re-build trust in the process of development and the safety of vaccines generally.","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"76 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74326335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7560.20.11.412
Mostafa Norizadeh Tazehk, O. Hajipour
Coronaviruses are a type of viruses which cause illness ranging from the common cold to other diseases. SARS-CoV-2 is one coronaviruses family that cause respiratory syndrome. The virus first isolated from three people in Wuhan. This virus became known as COVID-19. Common signs of infection comprising of fever, respiratory symptoms, cough, shortness of breath and breathing difficulties. In more severe cases, infection can cause pneumonia, severe acute respiratory syndrome, kidney failure and even death. There is not any vaccine for COVID-19. This study was aimed to design and analysis of recombinant cavvine against COVID-19. In this research the completely sequence of Envelope and Nucleocapsid protein was fused to multi epitopes (B and MHC I epitopes) obtained from Spike protein and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and constructed a fusion vaccine. The vaccine has 621 amino acids which 51 negatively charged residues and 118 positive charged amino acids with 71.906 kDa. The estimated half-life of peptide was found to be greater than 30 hours in mammalian reticulocytes, greater than 20 hours in yeast cells, and greater than 10 hours in E.coli. The instability index II is computed to be 34.81. So, this classifies the protein as stable. The aliphatic index of COVID-19 is found to be 66.86, so the vaccine is probable to be thermostable. The results obtained from protparam and pepcalc analysis revealed that the recombinant antigen is soluble in water. Ramachandran analysis of recombinant antigen showed that 84.3% of amino acids are in most favored regions; this result supported the high-quality structure of the refined model of recombinant vaccine. The result of docking analysis proved that the vaccine has most affinity to HLA B2705-KK10, HLAB3508, HLA-A0201, and HLA B5701. The result of this research revealed that the vaccine has antigenic property and stable structure. The vaccine could be produced by Recombinant DNA technology and expressed in host cells and need to experiment on laboratory animals.
{"title":"Evaluating the Vaccine Potential of a Tetravalent Fusion Protein againstCoronavirus (COVID-19)","authors":"Mostafa Norizadeh Tazehk, O. Hajipour","doi":"10.35248/2157-7560.20.11.412","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7560.20.11.412","url":null,"abstract":"Coronaviruses are a type of viruses which cause illness ranging from the common cold to other diseases. SARS-CoV-2 is one coronaviruses family that cause respiratory syndrome. The virus first isolated from three people in Wuhan. This virus became known as COVID-19. Common signs of infection comprising of fever, respiratory symptoms, cough, shortness of breath and breathing difficulties. In more severe cases, infection can cause pneumonia, severe acute respiratory syndrome, kidney failure and even death. There is not any vaccine for COVID-19. This study was aimed to design and analysis of recombinant cavvine against COVID-19. In this research the completely sequence of Envelope and Nucleocapsid protein was fused to multi epitopes (B and MHC I epitopes) obtained from Spike protein and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and constructed a fusion vaccine. The vaccine has 621 amino acids which 51 negatively charged residues and 118 positive charged amino acids with 71.906 kDa. The estimated half-life of peptide was found to be greater than 30 hours in mammalian reticulocytes, greater than 20 hours in yeast cells, and greater than 10 hours in E.coli. The instability index II is computed to be 34.81. So, this classifies the protein as stable. The aliphatic index of COVID-19 is found to be 66.86, so the vaccine is probable to be thermostable. The results obtained from protparam and pepcalc analysis revealed that the recombinant antigen is soluble in water. Ramachandran analysis of recombinant antigen showed that 84.3% of amino acids are in most favored regions; this result supported the high-quality structure of the refined model of recombinant vaccine. The result of docking analysis proved that the vaccine has most affinity to HLA B2705-KK10, HLAB3508, HLA-A0201, and HLA B5701. The result of this research revealed that the vaccine has antigenic property and stable structure. The vaccine could be produced by Recombinant DNA technology and expressed in host cells and need to experiment on laboratory animals.","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"16 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81013711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7560.20.S5:002
S. Nyundo, E. Adamson, Rowl, Pedro Palermo, L. Salekwa, M. Matiko, G. Bettinger, P. Wambura, J. Morrill, T. Sullivan, Watts D.M
Background: Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an arbovirus that causes morbidity and mortality in livestock and humans throughout Africa and in the Arabian Peninsula. Vaccines are effective for the prevention of Rift Valley fever (RVF) disease, but new and improved vaccines are needed to improve the safety of available vaccines. Also, non-invasive needle free vaccine delivery routes should be evaluated as an alternative for invasive routes of vaccination. Objective: The aim of this proof of concept study was to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of a novel live attenuated recombinant RVFV arMP-12ΔNSm21/384 vaccine candidate following intranasal vaccination of goats, calves, and sheep in Tanzania. Methods: Healthy, 6-9 months old breeds of African sheep (Ovis aeris), goats (Capra aegagrus) and zebu calves (Bos taurus indicus) were used in this study. The animals were purchased from local livestock keepers in the Mvomero district of Morogoro region, Tanzania. Animals were seronegative to both RVFV and antibody at the time of use in the vaccine trials. Animals in the test group included 10 goats, 7 sheep and 10 calves that were vaccinated in the left nares with 50 μl each and 2 sheep were vaccinated with 100 μl each (50 μl each in the left and right nares) of a dose that contained 4 × 105 PFU/50 ul of arMP-12ΔNSm21/384 vaccine, while the control group, including 2 goats, 3 sheep and 2 calves that were injected in the left nares with 50 μl of phosphate buffered saline to serve as placebo controls. Rectal temperature was measured and blood samples were collected on day 14 and 0 before vaccination, and on days 3, 5, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 post vaccinations (PV). Serum samples collected on days 14 and 0 before vaccination were tested for RVFV neutralizing antibody by a plaque reduction neutralization test, and on days 3 and 5 PV, serum samples were tested for virus as possible evidence of a viremia in cell culture and weekly collected samples thereafter were tested for RVFV neutralizing antibody. Results: All animals were negative for RVFV neutralizing antibody at 14 and 0 days before vaccination and none of the animals had detectable viremia on days 3 and 5 PV, and none had clinical manifestations throughout the study. Among the 7 sheep, 10 goats, and 10 calves that received 50 μl each of the vaccine dose, 70% had the first detectable antibody on either day 5, 7 or 14 PV with titers ranging from 1:10 to 1:40. The 2 sheep that received the 100 μl each of the virus dose had the first detectable antibody on day 5 PV with a titer of 1:160. Subsequently, animals vaccinated with the 50 μl dose had antibody titers ranged from 1:10 to 640 on days 21, 28 and 35 PV, while those vaccinated with 100 μl maintained an antibody titer of 1:160 throughout the study. Moreover, there was no difference in the antibody titers between animal species p=0.34, although mean antibody titers of goats were highest. Conclusion: A
{"title":"Assessment of the Immunogenicity of a Novel Live Recombinant Rift Valley Fever arMP-12andDelta;NSm21/384 Vaccine Candidate Following Intranasal Vaccination of Goats, Sheepand Calves in Tanzania","authors":"S. Nyundo, E. Adamson, Rowl, Pedro Palermo, L. Salekwa, M. Matiko, G. Bettinger, P. Wambura, J. Morrill, T. Sullivan, Watts D.M","doi":"10.35248/2157-7560.20.S5:002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7560.20.S5:002","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an arbovirus that causes morbidity and mortality in livestock and humans throughout Africa and in the Arabian Peninsula. Vaccines are effective for the prevention of Rift Valley fever (RVF) disease, but new and improved vaccines are needed to improve the safety of available vaccines. Also, non-invasive needle free vaccine delivery routes should be evaluated as an alternative for invasive routes of vaccination. Objective: The aim of this proof of concept study was to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of a novel live attenuated recombinant RVFV arMP-12ΔNSm21/384 vaccine candidate following intranasal vaccination of goats, calves, and sheep in Tanzania. Methods: Healthy, 6-9 months old breeds of African sheep (Ovis aeris), goats (Capra aegagrus) and zebu calves (Bos taurus indicus) were used in this study. The animals were purchased from local livestock keepers in the Mvomero district of Morogoro region, Tanzania. Animals were seronegative to both RVFV and antibody at the time of use in the vaccine trials. Animals in the test group included 10 goats, 7 sheep and 10 calves that were vaccinated in the left nares with 50 μl each and 2 sheep were vaccinated with 100 μl each (50 μl each in the left and right nares) of a dose that contained 4 × 105 PFU/50 ul of arMP-12ΔNSm21/384 vaccine, while the control group, including 2 goats, 3 sheep and 2 calves that were injected in the left nares with 50 μl of phosphate buffered saline to serve as placebo controls. Rectal temperature was measured and blood samples were collected on day 14 and 0 before vaccination, and on days 3, 5, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 post vaccinations (PV). Serum samples collected on days 14 and 0 before vaccination were tested for RVFV neutralizing antibody by a plaque reduction neutralization test, and on days 3 and 5 PV, serum samples were tested for virus as possible evidence of a viremia in cell culture and weekly collected samples thereafter were tested for RVFV neutralizing antibody. Results: All animals were negative for RVFV neutralizing antibody at 14 and 0 days before vaccination and none of the animals had detectable viremia on days 3 and 5 PV, and none had clinical manifestations throughout the study. Among the 7 sheep, 10 goats, and 10 calves that received 50 μl each of the vaccine dose, 70% had the first detectable antibody on either day 5, 7 or 14 PV with titers ranging from 1:10 to 1:40. The 2 sheep that received the 100 μl each of the virus dose had the first detectable antibody on day 5 PV with a titer of 1:160. Subsequently, animals vaccinated with the 50 μl dose had antibody titers ranged from 1:10 to 640 on days 21, 28 and 35 PV, while those vaccinated with 100 μl maintained an antibody titer of 1:160 throughout the study. Moreover, there was no difference in the antibody titers between animal species p=0.34, although mean antibody titers of goats were highest. Conclusion: A","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"44 1","pages":"2-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87328222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7560.20.S7:E002
A. Bentzon
The virus are often transmitted through contact with infected blood, semen or vaginal fluids. Within a couple of weeks of HIV infection, flu-like symptoms like fever, pharyngitis and fatigue can occur [1]. Then the disease is typically asymptomatic until it progresses to AIDS. AIDS symptoms include weight loss, fever or night sweats, fatigue and recurrent infections. No cure exists for AIDS, but strict adherence to antiretroviral regimens (ARVs) can dramatically slow the disease's progress also as prevent secondary infections and complications.
{"title":"Awareness about Human Immunodeficiency Virus","authors":"A. Bentzon","doi":"10.35248/2157-7560.20.S7:E002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7560.20.S7:E002","url":null,"abstract":"The virus are often transmitted through contact with infected blood, semen or vaginal fluids. Within a couple of weeks of HIV infection, flu-like symptoms like fever, pharyngitis and fatigue can occur [1]. Then the disease is typically asymptomatic until it progresses to AIDS. AIDS symptoms include weight loss, fever or night sweats, fatigue and recurrent infections. No cure exists for AIDS, but strict adherence to antiretroviral regimens (ARVs) can dramatically slow the disease's progress also as prevent secondary infections and complications.","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"8 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90597079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7560.20.S5:003
Getu Ayele
Vaccines are the most feasible and cost-effective strategy for protecting, controlling and reducing infectious disease in both animal species and humans. Despite, the significant use of vaccines, formulation of effective and safe vaccine is needed to afford sufficient protection through usage of appropriate adjuvants. Adjuvants are chemicals, proteins or derivatives of microbial formulated with vaccines to enhance innate and adaptive immune response to vaccine antigens by a variety of mechanisms. The term adjuvant comes from Latin word “adjuvare” which means to help and discovered in early 1920s. Many molecules have been considered as an adjuvant including aluminium salts (alum), oil emulsions, saponins, ISCOMs, liposomes, VLPs, cytokines, combined adjuvants and derivatives of bacteria are among in use and explored vaccine adjuvants. Mainly they have been classified according to their mechanism of action as: delivery system and immunostimulatory adjuvants. The mode of action of these compounds is different. Their action is not yet fully understood due to the complexity of the immune response, but general mechanism has been explained. Recent advances of vaccine adjuvants reveal their ability to activate innate immune system by targeting receptors (PRR) expressed on immune cells. Therefore, discovering new adjuvant that are essential components of vaccine formulations helps the development of more potent vaccine, which induce strong immune response. Better understanding of new adjuvant also improves the future design of effective vaccine against infectious pathogens. This review, provide an overview on current knowledge about the effect of adjuvants, general mechanisms and characteristics of recent vaccine adjuvants.
{"title":"Review on Recent Advance of Vaccine Adjuvants","authors":"Getu Ayele","doi":"10.35248/2157-7560.20.S5:003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7560.20.S5:003","url":null,"abstract":"Vaccines are the most feasible and cost-effective strategy for protecting, controlling and reducing infectious disease in both animal species and humans. Despite, the significant use of vaccines, formulation of effective and safe vaccine is needed to afford sufficient protection through usage of appropriate adjuvants. Adjuvants are chemicals, proteins or derivatives of microbial formulated with vaccines to enhance innate and adaptive immune response to vaccine antigens by a variety of mechanisms. The term adjuvant comes from Latin word “adjuvare” which means to help and discovered in early 1920s. Many molecules have been considered as an adjuvant including aluminium salts (alum), oil emulsions, saponins, ISCOMs, liposomes, VLPs, cytokines, combined adjuvants and derivatives of bacteria are among in use and explored vaccine adjuvants. Mainly they have been classified according to their mechanism of action as: delivery system and immunostimulatory adjuvants. The mode of action of these compounds is different. Their action is not yet fully understood due to the complexity of the immune response, but general mechanism has been explained. Recent advances of vaccine adjuvants reveal their ability to activate innate immune system by targeting receptors (PRR) expressed on immune cells. Therefore, discovering new adjuvant that are essential components of vaccine formulations helps the development of more potent vaccine, which induce strong immune response. Better understanding of new adjuvant also improves the future design of effective vaccine against infectious pathogens. This review, provide an overview on current knowledge about the effect of adjuvants, general mechanisms and characteristics of recent vaccine adjuvants.","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"108 1","pages":"11-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85689483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7560.20.S6.004
D. Quinn
The exposure of commutable immunity in relation to the new coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), attacks with the 7 days of its infection to the person. Evaluating and analysing the important factors and evolution of B-cell– and T-cell–linked adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2 is required in predicting coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and for designing successful measures to eradicate and reduce effect of this pandemic situation. The role of B-cell and T-cell antibodies immunological memory against SARS-CoV-2 is also crucial in perfecting durable protection.
{"title":"Covid-19 and immunity","authors":"D. Quinn","doi":"10.35248/2157-7560.20.S6.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7560.20.S6.004","url":null,"abstract":"The exposure of commutable immunity in relation to the new coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), attacks with the 7 days of its infection to the person. Evaluating and analysing the important factors and evolution of B-cell– and T-cell–linked adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2 is required in predicting coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and for designing successful measures to eradicate and reduce effect of this pandemic situation. The role of B-cell and T-cell antibodies immunological memory against SARS-CoV-2 is also crucial in perfecting durable protection.","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"19 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78400936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7560.20.S4.003
Natasha Dawa, J. Narain, R. Bhatia
The COVID-19 pandemic is a global health and economic crisis of a scale never witnessed before. Beginning in China, it has within a few months devastated many countries across the globe, requiring an unprecedented mobilization of health systems. The pandemic is yet another reminder that we need to ramp up national capacities to detect a disease early and respond rapidly, strengthen national institutions and rely on evidence base for policymaking. It is high time that we paid heed to these lessons and be ready for future imminent epidemics and pandemics.
{"title":"COVID-19 Pandemic and the Crucial Role of Health System Preparedness","authors":"Natasha Dawa, J. Narain, R. Bhatia","doi":"10.35248/2157-7560.20.S4.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7560.20.S4.003","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic is a global health and economic crisis of a scale never witnessed before. Beginning in China, it has within a few months devastated many countries across the globe, requiring an unprecedented mobilization of health systems. The pandemic is yet another reminder that we need to ramp up national capacities to detect a disease early and respond rapidly, strengthen national institutions and rely on evidence base for policymaking. It is high time that we paid heed to these lessons and be ready for future imminent epidemics and pandemics.","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"42 1","pages":"13-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76696009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7560.20.11.419
N. Ibadullaeva, Musabaev, R. Latipov, S. Sharapov, L. Lokteva, E. Kazakova, Elizaveta Joldasova, A. Khikmatullaeva, M. Khodjaeva, U. Yusupov, Ilkhom Norbaev
Introduction: Rotaviruses are one of the most leading causes of severe gastroenteritis in children less than five years of age worldwide. This study describes prevalence of rotavirus A (RVA) genotypes in Uzbekistan during for the period October-December in 2014 and2015-2016 after introduction of rotavirus vaccination. Methods: In total, 17546 stool specimens testing for the presence of rotavirus antigen by EIA was performed by using the Prospect Rotavirus Kit (Oxoid Ltd.UK). In total 318 EIA positive samples were randomly selected and genotyped by using one-step conventional reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RT-PCR was performed using a Qiagen One-Step RT-PCR kit (Qiagen, Inc., Valencia, CA) and Rotavirus Genotyping Oligonucleotide Primers (CDC, Atlanta). Results: The results showed a change in the circulating genotypes towards the prevalence of the genotype G2P[4] and a decrease in the prevalence of the genotype G1P[8]. Conclusion: The prevalence of the genotype G2P[4] is not necessarily due to vaccine escape, but can also occur in the course of the natural fluctuation of RVA genotypes, both geographically and temporally and this tendency requires further monitoring.
{"title":"Prevalence of Rotavirus Genotypes after Introduction of Monovalent Rotavirus Vaccine in Uzbekistan during 2014-2016","authors":"N. Ibadullaeva, Musabaev, R. Latipov, S. Sharapov, L. Lokteva, E. Kazakova, Elizaveta Joldasova, A. Khikmatullaeva, M. Khodjaeva, U. Yusupov, Ilkhom Norbaev","doi":"10.35248/2157-7560.20.11.419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7560.20.11.419","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Rotaviruses are one of the most leading causes of severe gastroenteritis in children less than five years of age worldwide. This study describes prevalence of rotavirus A (RVA) genotypes in Uzbekistan during for the period October-December in 2014 and2015-2016 after introduction of rotavirus vaccination. Methods: In total, 17546 stool specimens testing for the presence of rotavirus antigen by EIA was performed by using the Prospect Rotavirus Kit (Oxoid Ltd.UK). In total 318 EIA positive samples were randomly selected and genotyped by using one-step conventional reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RT-PCR was performed using a Qiagen One-Step RT-PCR kit (Qiagen, Inc., Valencia, CA) and Rotavirus Genotyping Oligonucleotide Primers (CDC, Atlanta). Results: The results showed a change in the circulating genotypes towards the prevalence of the genotype G2P[4] and a decrease in the prevalence of the genotype G1P[8]. Conclusion: The prevalence of the genotype G2P[4] is not necessarily due to vaccine escape, but can also occur in the course of the natural fluctuation of RVA genotypes, both geographically and temporally and this tendency requires further monitoring.","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"57 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76924966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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