Pub Date : 2017-11-16DOI: 10.4172/2157-7560.1000375
M. Afzal
The capacity of bacteria to resist against the effects of an antibiotic is called antibiotic resistance. Antibiotic resistance is due to the change in bacteria by some approach that eliminates or reduces the efficiency of chemicals, drugs, or other agents designed for treatment against infections. The survival and continuously multiplication of bacteria causes more destruction in human body
{"title":"Emergence of Antibiotic Resistance in Pakistan; A Clear Problem for Future","authors":"M. Afzal","doi":"10.4172/2157-7560.1000375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7560.1000375","url":null,"abstract":"The capacity of bacteria to resist against the effects of an antibiotic is called antibiotic resistance. Antibiotic resistance is due to the change in bacteria by some approach that eliminates or reduces the efficiency of chemicals, drugs, or other agents designed for treatment against infections. The survival and continuously multiplication of bacteria causes more destruction in human body","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"42 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89206373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-10DOI: 10.4172/2157-7560.1000373
C. Stoecker, L. Kim, R. Gierke, T. Pilishvili
Background: In 2014 the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) approved a dose of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) for all adults at age 65 years. This further complicated the pneumococcal vaccination schedule, which was already one of the most complicated schedules. Objective: This study documents simplified schedules that were considered and discarded by the pneumococcal working group before making the most recent recommendation. We examined the marginal cost-effectiveness of several simplified schedules for older adults (age 50+ years) when compared with current recommendations. Our primary outcome was the cost-effectiveness ratio of quality-adjusted life years to cost. Methods: We used a probabilistic model following a cohort of 50 year-olds with separate vaccination coverage and disease incidence data for healthy adults and adults at increased risk of pneumococcal disease. We compared incremental cost-effectiveness ratios from the schedule that was ultimately recommended with each potential simplified vaccination strategy. Results: Most schedules analyzed resulted in several hundred additional deaths. While several possible schedules resulted in cost savings, these cost savings were modest compared to the health costs associated with them. Conclusion: The schedule recommended by the ACIP in 2014, while complex, is the most health promoting compared to the modeled alternative schedules. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of the current schedule when compared to simplified alternatives is comparable to other vaccine-related interventions.
{"title":"Simplified Pneumococcal Vaccination Schedules for Adults Age 50 and Over Lead to Worse Health","authors":"C. Stoecker, L. Kim, R. Gierke, T. Pilishvili","doi":"10.4172/2157-7560.1000373","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7560.1000373","url":null,"abstract":"Background: In 2014 the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) approved a dose of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) for all adults at age 65 years. This further complicated the pneumococcal vaccination schedule, which was already one of the most complicated schedules. Objective: This study documents simplified schedules that were considered and discarded by the pneumococcal working group before making the most recent recommendation. We examined the marginal cost-effectiveness of several simplified schedules for older adults (age 50+ years) when compared with current recommendations. Our primary outcome was the cost-effectiveness ratio of quality-adjusted life years to cost. Methods: We used a probabilistic model following a cohort of 50 year-olds with separate vaccination coverage and disease incidence data for healthy adults and adults at increased risk of pneumococcal disease. We compared incremental cost-effectiveness ratios from the schedule that was ultimately recommended with each potential simplified vaccination strategy. Results: Most schedules analyzed resulted in several hundred additional deaths. While several possible schedules resulted in cost savings, these cost savings were modest compared to the health costs associated with them. Conclusion: The schedule recommended by the ACIP in 2014, while complex, is the most health promoting compared to the modeled alternative schedules. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of the current schedule when compared to simplified alternatives is comparable to other vaccine-related interventions.","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"8 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78596488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-10-31DOI: 10.4172/2157-7560.1000372
W. Saeed, E. Khalil
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a major cause of morbidity/mortality in remote areas of East Africa. Vaccines for VL can provide an effective control measure to help control/eliminate this fatal disease. To date there is no effective anti-leishmanial vaccine. There is an urgent need to develop effective adjuvants-potentiated anti-leishmanial vaccines. Bee venom protein, melittin is a natural substance that is reported to boost the immune system providing rapid non–specific defense against infections. This study aimed to determine the immune response modifying effects of melittin and melittin/Autoclaved Leishmania donovani [ALD] complex on Swiss CD1 Albino mice. One hundred and eighty five CD1 mice were divided into control [no vaccine] and vaccine groups [3 doses of ALD alone, melittin, melittin/ALD mixture or melittin-adsorbed ALD]. Whole blood cytokines levels [IL-10, IFN-γ and TNF-α] were measured using commercial ELISA kits. ALD alone group showed significant increase in mean levels of IL-10, IFN-γ and TNF-α compared to controls [p=0.00004, p=0.01 and p=0.00001 respectively]. The Melittin and Melittin/ALD mixture-vaccinated mice showed significant increase in IL-10 and IFN-γ mean levels [IL-10 p=0.00001, p=0.00003; IFN-γ p=0.03, p=0.035 respectively], while the mean levels of TNF-α decreased significantly [p=0.00009, p=0.001] compared to controls. Melittin-adsorbed ALD reduced significantly the mean levels of IL-10, IFN-γ and TNF-α [p=0.00001, p=0.00008 and p=0.000001 respectively]. In conclusion, melittin alone and Melittin/ALD complex affected significantly Th1 and Th2 immune responses in Swiss CD1 Albino mice. Meltttin could be a potentially effective adjuvant for future anti-leishmania vaccines.
{"title":"Immune Response Modifying Effects of Bee Venom Protein [Melittin]/Autoclaved L. donovani complex in CD1 Mice: The Search for New Vaccine Adjuvants","authors":"W. Saeed, E. Khalil","doi":"10.4172/2157-7560.1000372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7560.1000372","url":null,"abstract":"Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a major cause of morbidity/mortality in remote areas of East Africa. Vaccines for VL can provide an effective control measure to help control/eliminate this fatal disease. To date there is no effective anti-leishmanial vaccine. There is an urgent need to develop effective adjuvants-potentiated anti-leishmanial vaccines. Bee venom protein, melittin is a natural substance that is reported to boost the immune system providing rapid non–specific defense against infections. This study aimed to determine the immune response modifying effects of melittin and melittin/Autoclaved Leishmania donovani [ALD] complex on Swiss CD1 Albino mice. One hundred and eighty five CD1 mice were divided into control [no vaccine] and vaccine groups [3 doses of ALD alone, melittin, melittin/ALD mixture or melittin-adsorbed ALD]. Whole blood cytokines levels [IL-10, IFN-γ and TNF-α] were measured using commercial ELISA kits. ALD alone group showed significant increase in mean levels of IL-10, IFN-γ and TNF-α compared to controls [p=0.00004, p=0.01 and p=0.00001 respectively]. The Melittin and Melittin/ALD mixture-vaccinated mice showed significant increase in IL-10 and IFN-γ mean levels [IL-10 p=0.00001, p=0.00003; IFN-γ p=0.03, p=0.035 respectively], while the mean levels of TNF-α decreased significantly [p=0.00009, p=0.001] compared to controls. Melittin-adsorbed ALD reduced significantly the mean levels of IL-10, IFN-γ and TNF-α [p=0.00001, p=0.00008 and p=0.000001 respectively]. In conclusion, melittin alone and Melittin/ALD complex affected significantly Th1 and Th2 immune responses in Swiss CD1 Albino mice. Meltttin could be a potentially effective adjuvant for future anti-leishmania vaccines.","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"40 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77139976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-10-30DOI: 10.4172/2157-7560.1000370
R. Sutter, Sherine Ensan, K. Murali-Krishna
Progress toward polio eradication has shifted attention to developing and implementing the endgame strategies. The process of replacing oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) with inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) has begun, starting with the withdrawal of Sabin type 2 poliovirus from OPV in April 2016, and the simultaneous introduction of IPV in routine immunization schedules. The addition of a single dose of IPV to the bivalent type 1 and type 3 OPV (bOPV) schedule was recommended as a risk mitigation strategy to prevent paralytic disease due to poliovirus type 2. Single-dose IPV, however, is insufficient for inducing seroconversion in a majority of the vaccinees, despite immune priming ability. In this report we review studies that explore immune priming and memory conferred by single-dose IPV even in situations where seroconversion is not achieved, and discuss the current knowledge gaps and their implications for sustaining global polio eradication and for refining of the endgame strategies.
{"title":"Priming after Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine: Implications for Polio Eradication","authors":"R. Sutter, Sherine Ensan, K. Murali-Krishna","doi":"10.4172/2157-7560.1000370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7560.1000370","url":null,"abstract":"Progress toward polio eradication has shifted attention to developing and implementing the endgame strategies. The process of replacing oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) with inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) has begun, starting with the withdrawal of Sabin type 2 poliovirus from OPV in April 2016, and the simultaneous introduction of IPV in routine immunization schedules. The addition of a single dose of IPV to the bivalent type 1 and type 3 OPV (bOPV) schedule was recommended as a risk mitigation strategy to prevent paralytic disease due to poliovirus type 2. Single-dose IPV, however, is insufficient for inducing seroconversion in a majority of the vaccinees, despite immune priming ability. In this report we review studies that explore immune priming and memory conferred by single-dose IPV even in situations where seroconversion is not achieved, and discuss the current knowledge gaps and their implications for sustaining global polio eradication and for refining of the endgame strategies.","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"23 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86983090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-10-26DOI: 10.15406/IJVV.2017.04.00090
M. Francis
Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com humans are contracted from animals [2]. In addition, it is estimated that at least 70% of emerging and re-emerging diseases are either zoonotic (spread from animals to humans) or vector-born (carried from infected animals to others through insects). Furthermore, at least 20% of livestock production globally is affected by morbidity and mortality losses due to animal diseases. This represents in the order of 60 million tonnes of meat and 150 million tonnes of milk with a value of approximately $300 billion US dollars annually. It is certainly true to say that there are significant similarities between humans and animal health throughout society. They have a number of diseases in common, including certain cancers, kidney disease, osteoarthritis, cardiovascular diseases and numerous infectious diseases. Indeed, veterinary surgeons play an important role in not only the health of animals but also that of their human contacts and the environment. Their expertise and broad impact on the One Health agenda often goes unrecognised.
{"title":"Vaccination for One Health","authors":"M. Francis","doi":"10.15406/IJVV.2017.04.00090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/IJVV.2017.04.00090","url":null,"abstract":"Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com humans are contracted from animals [2]. In addition, it is estimated that at least 70% of emerging and re-emerging diseases are either zoonotic (spread from animals to humans) or vector-born (carried from infected animals to others through insects). Furthermore, at least 20% of livestock production globally is affected by morbidity and mortality losses due to animal diseases. This represents in the order of 60 million tonnes of meat and 150 million tonnes of milk with a value of approximately $300 billion US dollars annually. It is certainly true to say that there are significant similarities between humans and animal health throughout society. They have a number of diseases in common, including certain cancers, kidney disease, osteoarthritis, cardiovascular diseases and numerous infectious diseases. Indeed, veterinary surgeons play an important role in not only the health of animals but also that of their human contacts and the environment. Their expertise and broad impact on the One Health agenda often goes unrecognised.","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"79 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91025687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-10-19DOI: 10.4172/2157-7560.1000369
H. Buttlar, M. Protschka, M. Muhsen, G. Köhler, H. Lang, G. Alber, M. Bttner, Sabine Siegemund
Objective: Promising vector vaccine candidates derive from parapoxvirus ovis (PPVO) strain D1701. Thorough analysis of their safety is therefore of great relevance. We investigated the safety of and the immune response induced by the reporter gene β-galactosidase-expressing vector PPVO D1701-VrV. It is important to define the life span of the vector in vaccinated hosts. We chose non-permissive mice for a first study of PPVO longevity and clearence. Methods: Mice were inoculated i.m. with a TCID50 of 106.5 PPVO D1701-VrV and with PBS into the quadriceps and contralateral quadriceps muscle, respectively. The muscles were analyzed for viral genome, infective virus particles and infiltrating leukocytes. Day 21 was fixed as a late vector virus clearance option. The immune cell content of the draining lymph nodes, IFN-γ production by in vitro restimulated splenocytes, and expression of β- galactosidase in myoblasts in vitro was characterized. Results: Upon i.m. application infective PPVO D1701-VrV particles were detectable at the inoculation site for at least seven days but cleared at the fixed late time point. Among the re-isolated vector virus aberrantly shaped PPVO particles were detected, but the reporter gene expression remained stable. The PPVO D1701-VrV-induced local immune activation was characterized by the presence of inflammatory infiltrates and, even more important for the priming capability of the viral vector, significantly enhanced numbers of CD11c+ B220- conventional DC, CD11c+ B220+ plasmacytoid DC, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and B220+ B cells in the muscle-draining inguinal lymph nodes. Elevated interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) production by splenocytes of PPVO D1701-VrV-inoculated mice indicated a systemic immunostimulatory effect. The detection of β-galactosidase expression by inoculated myoblasts shows that PPVO D1701-VrV is able to enter murine myoblasts and express the foreign antigen. Conclusions: Our data support the safety of PPVO D1701 as a vector virus under non-permissive conditions.
{"title":"Life Span of a Parapoxvirus Ovis Vector and Local Immune Activation in a Non-Permissive Host","authors":"H. Buttlar, M. Protschka, M. Muhsen, G. Köhler, H. Lang, G. Alber, M. Bttner, Sabine Siegemund","doi":"10.4172/2157-7560.1000369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7560.1000369","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Promising vector vaccine candidates derive from parapoxvirus ovis (PPVO) strain D1701. Thorough analysis of their safety is therefore of great relevance. We investigated the safety of and the immune response induced by the reporter gene β-galactosidase-expressing vector PPVO D1701-VrV. It is important to define the life span of the vector in vaccinated hosts. We chose non-permissive mice for a first study of PPVO longevity and clearence. \u0000Methods: Mice were inoculated i.m. with a TCID50 of 106.5 PPVO D1701-VrV and with PBS into the quadriceps and contralateral quadriceps muscle, respectively. The muscles were analyzed for viral genome, infective virus particles and infiltrating leukocytes. Day 21 was fixed as a late vector virus clearance option. The immune cell content of the draining lymph nodes, IFN-γ production by in vitro restimulated splenocytes, and expression of β- galactosidase in myoblasts in vitro was characterized. \u0000Results: Upon i.m. application infective PPVO D1701-VrV particles were detectable at the inoculation site for at least seven days but cleared at the fixed late time point. Among the re-isolated vector virus aberrantly shaped PPVO particles were detected, but the reporter gene expression remained stable. The PPVO D1701-VrV-induced local immune activation was characterized by the presence of inflammatory infiltrates and, even more important for the priming capability of the viral vector, significantly enhanced numbers of CD11c+ B220- conventional DC, CD11c+ B220+ plasmacytoid DC, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and B220+ B cells in the muscle-draining inguinal lymph nodes. Elevated interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) production by splenocytes of PPVO D1701-VrV-inoculated mice indicated a systemic immunostimulatory effect. The detection of β-galactosidase expression by inoculated myoblasts shows that PPVO D1701-VrV is able to enter murine myoblasts and express the foreign antigen. \u0000Conclusions: Our data support the safety of PPVO D1701 as a vector virus under non-permissive conditions.","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"3 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74425545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-21DOI: 10.15406/IJVV.2017.04.00089
M. Sarwar
Ticks are distributed worldwide and have an enormous medical and veterinary importance owing to the direct damage they cause to their hosts, and especially because these are vectors of a large variety of human and animal pathogens. In fact, ticks are second to mosquitoes as vectors of human pathogens and the most important vectors of pathogens affecting cattle worldwide [1-3]. Tick species can be grouped in two main families, the Argasidae (soft ticks), and the Ixodidae (hard ticks). A third tick family, Nuttalliellidae, only has one species, Nuttalliella namaqua (represented by a monotypic species restricted to South Africa). These three families share common basic properties that are modified distinctively inside each family according to their particular behavior patterns and life-style [4]. They transmit a variety of pathogens of medical and veterinary interest, including viruses, bacteria, rickettsiae, helminthes, and protozoans, all of which are able to cause damage to livestock production and human health. The global threat of tick-borne diseases is increasing, with new pathogens identified continuously. In humans, tick infestations typically involve few specimens and the greatest risk for people bitten by a tick lies in infection due to tick-borne pathogens. Such pathogens are diverse and mainly include viruses, bacteria, and protozoa [5]. The most commonly observed human tick-borne diseases are reportedly Lyme disease, tick-borne encephalitis, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Q fever, tularemia, and North-Asia tick-borne spotted fever. Epidemiologically important tick-borne diseases, such as human granulocytic anaplasmosis and severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome, have also emerged in recent years. The characterization of a new bunyavirus (associated with fever, thrombocytopenia and leukopenia syndrome) has prompted greater attention to ticks and tick-borne diseases [6].
{"title":"Status of Argasid (Soft) Ticks (Acari: Parasitiformes: Argasidae) In Relation to Transmission of Human Pathogens","authors":"M. Sarwar","doi":"10.15406/IJVV.2017.04.00089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/IJVV.2017.04.00089","url":null,"abstract":"Ticks are distributed worldwide and have an enormous medical and veterinary importance owing to the direct damage they cause to their hosts, and especially because these are vectors of a large variety of human and animal pathogens. In fact, ticks are second to mosquitoes as vectors of human pathogens and the most important vectors of pathogens affecting cattle worldwide [1-3]. Tick species can be grouped in two main families, the Argasidae (soft ticks), and the Ixodidae (hard ticks). A third tick family, Nuttalliellidae, only has one species, Nuttalliella namaqua (represented by a monotypic species restricted to South Africa). These three families share common basic properties that are modified distinctively inside each family according to their particular behavior patterns and life-style [4]. They transmit a variety of pathogens of medical and veterinary interest, including viruses, bacteria, rickettsiae, helminthes, and protozoans, all of which are able to cause damage to livestock production and human health. The global threat of tick-borne diseases is increasing, with new pathogens identified continuously. In humans, tick infestations typically involve few specimens and the greatest risk for people bitten by a tick lies in infection due to tick-borne pathogens. Such pathogens are diverse and mainly include viruses, bacteria, and protozoa [5]. The most commonly observed human tick-borne diseases are reportedly Lyme disease, tick-borne encephalitis, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Q fever, tularemia, and North-Asia tick-borne spotted fever. Epidemiologically important tick-borne diseases, such as human granulocytic anaplasmosis and severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome, have also emerged in recent years. The characterization of a new bunyavirus (associated with fever, thrombocytopenia and leukopenia syndrome) has prompted greater attention to ticks and tick-borne diseases [6].","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88343784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Application of Wireless Temperature Monitors in Vaccine Clinical Trials and the Statistical Concerns Related to the Continuous Dependent Data","authors":"Qi Liang, Q. Dai, Yuemei Hu, Fangyue Meng, Jing-xin Li, F. Zhu","doi":"10.4172/2157-7560.1000366","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7560.1000366","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"358 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76383567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-08-19DOI: 10.4172/2157-7560.1000365
Seulki Song, J. Bang
According to the ‘Immunization Summary’ published by the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and the World Health Organization (WHO), the number of infants who died within one year of life in 2013 was 8,000 in North Korea (Democratic Peoples’ Republic of Korea, DPRK) and 1,000 in South Korea (Republic of Korea, ROK) [1]. The number of infant deaths per 1,000 in DPRK is 22, the number of infant deaths under the age of 5 is 27, while ROK is 3 and 4, respectively.
{"title":"Preliminary Study on Restoration of the Immunization System of the Democratic Peoplesâ Republic of Korea after Reunification","authors":"Seulki Song, J. Bang","doi":"10.4172/2157-7560.1000365","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7560.1000365","url":null,"abstract":"According to the ‘Immunization Summary’ published by the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and the World Health Organization (WHO), the number of infants who died within one year of life in 2013 was 8,000 in North Korea (Democratic Peoples’ Republic of Korea, DPRK) and 1,000 in South Korea (Republic of Korea, ROK) [1]. The number of infant deaths per 1,000 in DPRK is 22, the number of infant deaths under the age of 5 is 27, while ROK is 3 and 4, respectively.","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"48 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81143648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-08-07DOI: 10.15406/IJVV.2017.04.00088
Michel Leclerc Henrik
{"title":"Immunocyto chemical Reactions in the Brittle-Star: Ophiocomina Nigra after Immunization","authors":"Michel Leclerc Henrik","doi":"10.15406/IJVV.2017.04.00088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/IJVV.2017.04.00088","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75388017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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