Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7560.21.12.E444
E. Fujita
{"title":"Biological and Clinical Features of COVID-19","authors":"E. Fujita","doi":"10.35248/2157-7560.21.12.E444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7560.21.12.E444","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"66 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76967555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7560.21.S14.005
Z. Safina
{"title":"Short Note on Oral Cholera Vaccine","authors":"Z. Safina","doi":"10.35248/2157-7560.21.S14.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7560.21.S14.005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"95 5","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72615647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7560.21.S11.E002
T. Paul
DESCRIPTION Multiple sclerosis is a T-cell–mediated autoimmune disease and chronic disease that affects the central nervous system, especially the brain, medulla spinalis, and optic nerves. This can cause a good range of symptoms throughout the body. It is impossible to predict how MS (MS) will progress in anyone. Sclerosis is usually caused by underlying diseases, like diabetes and scleroderma. Treatment is directed toward the cause.
{"title":"T-Cell-Mediated Autoimmune Disease","authors":"T. Paul","doi":"10.35248/2157-7560.21.S11.E002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7560.21.S11.E002","url":null,"abstract":"DESCRIPTION Multiple sclerosis is a T-cell–mediated autoimmune disease and chronic disease that affects the central nervous system, especially the brain, medulla spinalis, and optic nerves. This can cause a good range of symptoms throughout the body. It is impossible to predict how MS (MS) will progress in anyone. Sclerosis is usually caused by underlying diseases, like diabetes and scleroderma. Treatment is directed toward the cause.","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"42 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77312951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7560.21.12.448
M. Hasan, M. Shaikh, M. J. Malik, B. Jamil, N. Nasir, Kiren Habib, Adil Aziz, I. Khanum, Andrew Ilyas, Ramla Ghafoor, S. Hamid, Anila Anjum, N. Ali, F. Mahmood
Introduction: The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) occurred initially in December 2019 in the city of Wuhan, Hubei province, China where patients mainly presented with respiratory symptoms. In Pakistan the first case was identified on February 26, 2020 and since then Aga Khan University Karachi is at the forefront of the fight against COVID-19. After receiving all required approvals, this trial was undertaken to determine safety and efficacy of transfusing Convalescent Plasma (CP) in patients admitted with COVID-19. Methods: This was a non-randomized, open label, phase II clinical trial with 110 cases and 34 controls recruited during April 2020 till July 2020. Convalescent plasma donors and patients who received it were recruited using donor eligibility criteria issued by U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration. All donors were screened for transfusion transmitted diseases and tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection by rRT-PCR. Documentation of IgG antibody in donors was done through Novel Coronavirus COVID-19 IgG ELISA Kits. Patients in the intervention group received 500 ml of CP along with concomitant therapies. Patients in the control group received concomitant therapies only. Outcome measures included assessment of safety, decreased length of stay and decrease in values of inflammatory makers (CRP, D-Dimer, procalcitonin, serum ferritin). Results: We recruited 96 males and 48 females during the study period. The median age was 60.2 years. Age was found to be a significant prognostic marker in both groups as patients less than 60 years had increased overall survival (hazard ratio: 0.33, p-value: 0.001). Presence of two or more co-morbidities provided disadvantage to the overall outcome. Survival was increased by 10 days in patients who received plasma as compared to controls. However, it was not significant. The overall survival in cases was 68% while in controls it was 62%. There was an improvement seen in all inflammatory markers after transfusion of convalescent plasma in cases. Use of concomitant therapies e.g. tocilizumab (hazard ratio: 1.09, 95% CI: 0.54-2.23) and methylprednisolone (hazard ratio: 1.3, 95% CI: 0.6-2.88) did not affect overall survival. There was no serious adverse event reported after transfusion of convalescent plasma. Conclusion: Transfusion of CP was found to be safe as no adverse event was reported. There was a significant decrease in the inflammatory marker levels in cases. There was no significant difference in length of stay and overall survival in both groups.
{"title":"Safety and Efficacy of Convalescent Plasma Treatment in COVID-19 Patients: Collate Trial","authors":"M. Hasan, M. Shaikh, M. J. Malik, B. Jamil, N. Nasir, Kiren Habib, Adil Aziz, I. Khanum, Andrew Ilyas, Ramla Ghafoor, S. Hamid, Anila Anjum, N. Ali, F. Mahmood","doi":"10.35248/2157-7560.21.12.448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7560.21.12.448","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) occurred initially in December 2019 in the city of Wuhan, Hubei province, China where patients mainly presented with respiratory symptoms. In Pakistan the first case was identified on February 26, 2020 and since then Aga Khan University Karachi is at the forefront of the fight against COVID-19. After receiving all required approvals, this trial was undertaken to determine safety and efficacy of transfusing Convalescent Plasma (CP) in patients admitted with COVID-19. Methods: This was a non-randomized, open label, phase II clinical trial with 110 cases and 34 controls recruited during April 2020 till July 2020. Convalescent plasma donors and patients who received it were recruited using donor eligibility criteria issued by U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration. All donors were screened for transfusion transmitted diseases and tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection by rRT-PCR. Documentation of IgG antibody in donors was done through Novel Coronavirus COVID-19 IgG ELISA Kits. Patients in the intervention group received 500 ml of CP along with concomitant therapies. Patients in the control group received concomitant therapies only. Outcome measures included assessment of safety, decreased length of stay and decrease in values of inflammatory makers (CRP, D-Dimer, procalcitonin, serum ferritin). Results: We recruited 96 males and 48 females during the study period. The median age was 60.2 years. Age was found to be a significant prognostic marker in both groups as patients less than 60 years had increased overall survival (hazard ratio: 0.33, p-value: 0.001). Presence of two or more co-morbidities provided disadvantage to the overall outcome. Survival was increased by 10 days in patients who received plasma as compared to controls. However, it was not significant. The overall survival in cases was 68% while in controls it was 62%. There was an improvement seen in all inflammatory markers after transfusion of convalescent plasma in cases. Use of concomitant therapies e.g. tocilizumab (hazard ratio: 1.09, 95% CI: 0.54-2.23) and methylprednisolone (hazard ratio: 1.3, 95% CI: 0.6-2.88) did not affect overall survival. There was no serious adverse event reported after transfusion of convalescent plasma. Conclusion: Transfusion of CP was found to be safe as no adverse event was reported. There was a significant decrease in the inflammatory marker levels in cases. There was no significant difference in length of stay and overall survival in both groups.","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"77 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75310451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7560.21.S14.004
M. Lobo
{"title":"Insight and Challenges in BCG Vaccination","authors":"M. Lobo","doi":"10.35248/2157-7560.21.S14.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7560.21.S14.004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"14 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91402492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7560.21.12.452
W. Aardt
The COVID-19 infection fatality rate for children under the age of 17 is less than 0,003%. Children are at extremely low risk of severe illness from COVID-19, and children do not spread the illness in any significant way. Once a vaccine becomes widely available for schoolchildren, will lawmakers leave it up to parents and guardians to choose whether to vaccinate their children or will they mandate schoolchildren to get a COVID-19 vaccine to attend school? This article assesses both arguments for and against mandatory COVID-19 vaccination for school children. The article further analyzes applicable international bioethical and human rights norms and standards with regard to informed consent as contained in the various international treaties to hold states legally accountable for their actions under international law. To determine whether states may impose vaccine mandates for school children in terms of international human rights law, a proportionality test is applied. The critical focus of this article is explicating the rudiments of the bioethical and human rights standards relating to the mandatory COVID-19 vaccination of schoolchildren that must be confronted to ensure that children, that is, humanity’s most valuable asset for the future, are afforded their fundamental human rights. Ultimately, it highlights the importance that these international bioethical norms are built into decision-making by public authorities when measures to prevent the spread of infectious disease with a case fatality rate of less than 0,003% in children are instituted.
{"title":"The Mandatory COVID-19 Vaccination of School Children: A Bioethical and Human Rights Assessment","authors":"W. Aardt","doi":"10.35248/2157-7560.21.12.452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7560.21.12.452","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 infection fatality rate for children under the age of 17 is less than 0,003%. Children are at extremely low risk of severe illness from COVID-19, and children do not spread the illness in any significant way. Once a vaccine becomes widely available for schoolchildren, will lawmakers leave it up to parents and guardians to choose whether to vaccinate their children or will they mandate schoolchildren to get a COVID-19 vaccine to attend school? This article assesses both arguments for and against mandatory COVID-19 vaccination for school children. The article further analyzes applicable international bioethical and human rights norms and standards with regard to informed consent as contained in the various international treaties to hold states legally accountable for their actions under international law. To determine whether states may impose vaccine mandates for school children in terms of international human rights law, a proportionality test is applied. The critical focus of this article is explicating the rudiments of the bioethical and human rights standards relating to the mandatory COVID-19 vaccination of schoolchildren that must be confronted to ensure that children, that is, humanity’s most valuable asset for the future, are afforded their fundamental human rights. Ultimately, it highlights the importance that these international bioethical norms are built into decision-making by public authorities when measures to prevent the spread of infectious disease with a case fatality rate of less than 0,003% in children are instituted.","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"181 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74084887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7560.21.S14.003
N. Safini, Z. Bamouh, J. Hamdi, K. Tadlaoui, D. Watts, M. E. Harrak
Small Ruminants (SR) are an important source of nutrition and economies for sustaining the livelihoods of vulnerable human population in many rural regions of Africa. The health of these animals continues to be threatened by the highly infectious trans boundary viral diseases, such as Peste des Petit Ruminants (PPR) and Rift Valley fever (RVF) as well as other infectious diseases that cause high rates of disease and death in these animals. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop and evaluate a combined vaccine for PPR and RVF in sheep and goats in Morocco. The vaccine was prepared by propagating the viruses together in Vero cells and the selection of different infectious doses for conducting vaccine trials in the animals. Safety was assessed based on rectal temperature, clinical manifestations and possible adverse reaction at the vaccine injection site. Immunogenicity was determined by testing sera samples obtained Post-Vaccination (PV) for PPRV and RVFV ELISA IgG and serum neutralizing antibodies. The results indicated that the vaccine was safe and immunogenic in the animals with minimal auto-interference between the 2 viruses. Sheep vaccinated with different doses of the combined PPRV/RVFV vaccine developed detectable PPRV antibody by day 7 pv, including 80% of the groups of animals that received the same doses and 100% that received a low and high dose. In the goats that received the combined PPRV/RVFV, RVFV antibody was detected in all vaccinated animals at day 7 pv, including 70% of the animals that received the low dose, 100% that received the high dose and 20% of the animals that received the same dose. Our finding revealed that the combined live PPRV/RVFV vaccine can be used safely as a one dose vaccination in sheep and goat for large vaccination campaign to prevent both PPRV and RVFV diseases in enzootic countries.
{"title":"Evaluation of a Combined Peste des Petits Ruminants and Rift Valley Fever LiveVaccine in Sheep and Goats","authors":"N. Safini, Z. Bamouh, J. Hamdi, K. Tadlaoui, D. Watts, M. E. Harrak","doi":"10.35248/2157-7560.21.S14.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7560.21.S14.003","url":null,"abstract":"Small Ruminants (SR) are an important source of nutrition and economies for sustaining the livelihoods of vulnerable human population in many rural regions of Africa. The health of these animals continues to be threatened by the highly infectious trans boundary viral diseases, such as Peste des Petit Ruminants (PPR) and Rift Valley fever (RVF) as well as other infectious diseases that cause high rates of disease and death in these animals. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop and evaluate a combined vaccine for PPR and RVF in sheep and goats in Morocco. The vaccine was prepared by propagating the viruses together in Vero cells and the selection of different infectious doses for conducting vaccine trials in the animals. Safety was assessed based on rectal temperature, clinical manifestations and possible adverse reaction at the vaccine injection site. Immunogenicity was determined by testing sera samples obtained Post-Vaccination (PV) for PPRV and RVFV ELISA IgG and serum neutralizing antibodies. The results indicated that the vaccine was safe and immunogenic in the animals with minimal auto-interference between the 2 viruses. Sheep vaccinated with different doses of the combined PPRV/RVFV vaccine developed detectable PPRV antibody by day 7 pv, including 80% of the groups of animals that received the same doses and 100% that received a low and high dose. In the goats that received the combined PPRV/RVFV, RVFV antibody was detected in all vaccinated animals at day 7 pv, including 70% of the animals that received the low dose, 100% that received the high dose and 20% of the animals that received the same dose. Our finding revealed that the combined live PPRV/RVFV vaccine can be used safely as a one dose vaccination in sheep and goat for large vaccination campaign to prevent both PPRV and RVFV diseases in enzootic countries.","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"17 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74577191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7560.21.12.464
Rabnawaz Khan
This study presents the dynamic boost of the COVID-19 vaccines. The intensive approach is indicating how the effective COVID-19 vaccine promotes and distributes into various official channels. The Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA) approach is used with Quality-Adjusted Life Years (QALYs). The key findings are revealing the length of life improves the quality of life of the middle family. The QALYs show that Utility Value (UV) by health and the value of statistics in countries in the term of coexistent causation of vaccines. The Pfizer (BNT162b2) and Moderna (mRNA- 1273) have instantly created favourable and significant effects probably on many patients, comparatively SARSCoV- 2, AstraZeneca (AZD1222), Russia’s Sputnik (AstraZeneca), and Sinopharm Sinovac Biotech. The opportunity cost provides a valuable benefit in the future.
{"title":"Which COVID-19 Vaccine is Efficiently Most Cost-Effective and Why?","authors":"Rabnawaz Khan","doi":"10.35248/2157-7560.21.12.464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7560.21.12.464","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents the dynamic boost of the COVID-19 vaccines. The intensive approach is indicating how the effective COVID-19 vaccine promotes and distributes into various official channels. The Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA) approach is used with Quality-Adjusted Life Years (QALYs). The key findings are revealing the length of life improves the quality of life of the middle family. The QALYs show that Utility Value (UV) by health and the value of statistics in countries in the term of coexistent causation of vaccines. The Pfizer (BNT162b2) and Moderna (mRNA- 1273) have instantly created favourable and significant effects probably on many patients, comparatively SARSCoV- 2, AstraZeneca (AZD1222), Russia’s Sputnik (AstraZeneca), and Sinopharm Sinovac Biotech. The opportunity cost provides a valuable benefit in the future.","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"12 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78200725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7560.21.12.449
Aziz Rodan Sarohan
Although more than a year has passed since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the pathogenesis of the disease has not yet been clarified. For this reason, no significant improvement has been achieved regarding the treatment of the disease. The way to develop effective vaccines and drugs against COVID-19 is also through a clear understanding of the pathogenesis. The very frequent mutating nature of SARS-CoV-2 and the emergence of new variants have raised concerns that vaccines against COVID-19 may not work. In the defense mechanism of COVID-19, retinol and retinoic acids are used in the synthesis of Type I interferon and suppression of inflammation. However, due to the extremely large viral genome in COVID-19, retinol is used too much and is consumed quickly. Due to the retinoid signaling defect that develops, as a result, both Type I interferon synthesis is interrupted and the inflammation process gets out of control by exacerbating. In COVID-19, since low retinol causes suppression of the immune system, sufficient antibody titer cannot develop in the host during primary infection. Therefore, reinfections can be seen in COVID-19. Low retinol may also be the cause of inadequate antibody responses to vaccines. Another possible cause of reinfections is the frequent mutation of SARS-CoV-2 and the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants. Some COVID-19 vaccines against these new variants were found to be unable to generate sufficient antibody titer. This shows that revising existing COVID-19 vaccines may not be enough against COVID-19. All these developments show that different vaccine and adjuvant applications are needed to cope with COVID-19. For this purpose, strengthening existing vaccines with adjuvants, combined and pure adjuvant vaccine applications, through the community's vitamin A screening by giving vitamin A supplements to those with vitamin A deficiency such as enhancing the vaccine response prophylactic adjuvant applications should be brought to the agenda and discussed in scientific circles.
{"title":"New Strategies for COVID-19 Vaccination and Adjuvant Prophylaxis","authors":"Aziz Rodan Sarohan","doi":"10.35248/2157-7560.21.12.449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7560.21.12.449","url":null,"abstract":"Although more than a year has passed since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the pathogenesis of the disease has not yet been clarified. For this reason, no significant improvement has been achieved regarding the treatment of the disease. The way to develop effective vaccines and drugs against COVID-19 is also through a clear understanding of the pathogenesis. The very frequent mutating nature of SARS-CoV-2 and the emergence of new variants have raised concerns that vaccines against COVID-19 may not work. In the defense mechanism of COVID-19, retinol and retinoic acids are used in the synthesis of Type I interferon and suppression of inflammation. However, due to the extremely large viral genome in COVID-19, retinol is used too much and is consumed quickly. Due to the retinoid signaling defect that develops, as a result, both Type I interferon synthesis is interrupted and the inflammation process gets out of control by exacerbating. In COVID-19, since low retinol causes suppression of the immune system, sufficient antibody titer cannot develop in the host during primary infection. Therefore, reinfections can be seen in COVID-19. Low retinol may also be the cause of inadequate antibody responses to vaccines. Another possible cause of reinfections is the frequent mutation of SARS-CoV-2 and the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants. Some COVID-19 vaccines against these new variants were found to be unable to generate sufficient antibody titer. This shows that revising existing COVID-19 vaccines may not be enough against COVID-19. All these developments show that different vaccine and adjuvant applications are needed to cope with COVID-19. For this purpose, strengthening existing vaccines with adjuvants, combined and pure adjuvant vaccine applications, through the community's vitamin A screening by giving vitamin A supplements to those with vitamin A deficiency such as enhancing the vaccine response prophylactic adjuvant applications should be brought to the agenda and discussed in scientific circles.","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"2 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86860119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7560.21.S10.E001
N. Ekong
The first generation covid-19 vaccine was expected to come by the end of 2020 or beginning of 2021. The vaccine was developed to provide immunity to the population and to reduce the spread of the infection or the virus. There are more than 5 vaccines which are developed and under the phase 3 clinical trials to test the safety, efficacy, quality and purity of vaccine. The WHO recommends that the vaccine need to show at least 50% risk reduction for causing infection and 95% efficacy in treating and curing the infected patient and100% safety rate to be approved [3].
{"title":"Research and Development of Covid-19 Vaccine","authors":"N. Ekong","doi":"10.35248/2157-7560.21.S10.E001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7560.21.S10.E001","url":null,"abstract":"The first generation covid-19 vaccine was expected to come by the end of 2020 or beginning of 2021. The vaccine was developed to provide immunity to the population and to reduce the spread of the infection or the virus. There are more than 5 vaccines which are developed and under the phase 3 clinical trials to test the safety, efficacy, quality and purity of vaccine. The WHO recommends that the vaccine need to show at least 50% risk reduction for causing infection and 95% efficacy in treating and curing the infected patient and100% safety rate to be approved [3].","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"112 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78620112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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