Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7560.21.S12.003
E. Schaefer, F. Comite, L. Dulipsingh, M. Lang, Jessica Jimison, M. Grajower, N. Lebowitz, A. Geller, M. Diffenderfer, Lihong He, G. Breton, M. Dansinger, B. Saida, C. Yuan, R. Wilkes
Objective: About 80% of corona virus disease-19 (COVID-19) deaths due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection occur in subject’s ≥ 65 years of age, even though subjects in this age group only account for about 10% of COVID-19 cases. Our objectives were to assess age effects and the clinical utility of COVID-19 antibody levels in health, disease, and post-vaccination. Methods: We measured serum SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin M (IgM), IgG and neutralizing antibodies using immunoassay kits obtained from Diazyme (Poway, CA) and spike (S) protein antibodies using immunoassay kits obtained from Roche Diagnostics (Indianapolis, IN). Results: In 79,005 subjects, IgG and IgM levels were positive (≥1.0 arbitrary units [AU]/mL) in 5.29% and 3.25% of subjects, respectively, with median IgG levels being 3.93AU/mL, 10.18 AU/mL, and 10.85 AU/mL in positive subjects <45 years, 45-64 years, and ≥65 years of age, respectively (p<0.0001). IgG antibody testing was found to be valuable for case finding in 1,111 exposed subjects with a wide variability in response. Persistently positive IgM levels were associated with chronic symptoms. Median IgG levels were 0.05 in 100 controls, 14.83 in 129 COVID-19 outpatients, and 30.61AU/mL in 49 COVID-19 hospitalized patients (p<0.0001). Neutralizing antibody levels correlated with IgG levels (r=0.875; p 2 weeks after second vaccine for Moderna, Pfizer, and AstraZeneca) in 105 subjects S protein antibody levels were all >250 U/mL and neutralizing antibodies were positive in all subjects except for 2 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and 1 subject after the Johnson & Johnson vaccine. However, in all subjects, antibodies measured with the Diazyme IgG and IgM antibody and Roche total antibody levels were negative. S protein antibody levels were accurately assessed by fingerstick and micro-testing devices (Seventh Sense) in COVID-19 positive and negative subjects. Conclusions: Our data indicate that: 1) IgG levels are significantly higher in positive older subjects than in younger positive subjects, possibly in order to compensate for the decreased cellular immunity observed in the elderly, 2) IgG levels are important for case finding and there is a wide variability in response, 3) persistently elevated IgM levels are associated with chronic symptoms, 4) IgG levels are correlated with neutralizing antibody levels, both of which are significantly elevated in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, and 5) S protein antibody levels are >250 U/mL after full vaccination except for those with leukemia, and can be accurately assessed by fingerstick or micro-testing technology.
{"title":"Clinical Utility of Corona Virus Disease-19 Immunoglobulin G, M, Spike Protein, and Neutralizing Antibodies in Health, Disease and Post-Vaccination","authors":"E. Schaefer, F. Comite, L. Dulipsingh, M. Lang, Jessica Jimison, M. Grajower, N. Lebowitz, A. Geller, M. Diffenderfer, Lihong He, G. Breton, M. Dansinger, B. Saida, C. Yuan, R. Wilkes","doi":"10.35248/2157-7560.21.S12.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7560.21.S12.003","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: About 80% of corona virus disease-19 (COVID-19) deaths due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection occur in subject’s ≥ 65 years of age, even though subjects in this age group only account for about 10% of COVID-19 cases. Our objectives were to assess age effects and the clinical utility of COVID-19 antibody levels in health, disease, and post-vaccination. Methods: We measured serum SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin M (IgM), IgG and neutralizing antibodies using immunoassay kits obtained from Diazyme (Poway, CA) and spike (S) protein antibodies using immunoassay kits obtained from Roche Diagnostics (Indianapolis, IN). Results: In 79,005 subjects, IgG and IgM levels were positive (≥1.0 arbitrary units [AU]/mL) in 5.29% and 3.25% of subjects, respectively, with median IgG levels being 3.93AU/mL, 10.18 AU/mL, and 10.85 AU/mL in positive subjects <45 years, 45-64 years, and ≥65 years of age, respectively (p<0.0001). IgG antibody testing was found to be valuable for case finding in 1,111 exposed subjects with a wide variability in response. Persistently positive IgM levels were associated with chronic symptoms. Median IgG levels were 0.05 in 100 controls, 14.83 in 129 COVID-19 outpatients, and 30.61AU/mL in 49 COVID-19 hospitalized patients (p<0.0001). Neutralizing antibody levels correlated with IgG levels (r=0.875; p 2 weeks after second vaccine for Moderna, Pfizer, and AstraZeneca) in 105 subjects S protein antibody levels were all >250 U/mL and neutralizing antibodies were positive in all subjects except for 2 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and 1 subject after the Johnson & Johnson vaccine. However, in all subjects, antibodies measured with the Diazyme IgG and IgM antibody and Roche total antibody levels were negative. S protein antibody levels were accurately assessed by fingerstick and micro-testing devices (Seventh Sense) in COVID-19 positive and negative subjects. Conclusions: Our data indicate that: 1) IgG levels are significantly higher in positive older subjects than in younger positive subjects, possibly in order to compensate for the decreased cellular immunity observed in the elderly, 2) IgG levels are important for case finding and there is a wide variability in response, 3) persistently elevated IgM levels are associated with chronic symptoms, 4) IgG levels are correlated with neutralizing antibody levels, both of which are significantly elevated in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, and 5) S protein antibody levels are >250 U/mL after full vaccination except for those with leukemia, and can be accurately assessed by fingerstick or micro-testing technology.","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"205 1","pages":"18-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80357323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7560.21.S11.E003
Patty Lee
{"title":"Autoimmune Mechanisms in Graves' Disease","authors":"Patty Lee","doi":"10.35248/2157-7560.21.S11.E003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7560.21.S11.E003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"80 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84112670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7560.21.S14.E001
W. Lee
Vaccines prevent the spread of contagious and deadly diseases. The early and nonspecific innate immune response, which can cause adverse effects like tiredness, malaise, and irritability, causes inflammatory markers to rise within hours following vaccination. The inflammatory reaction, as the first stage of the immune response, normally lasts a few days but can last longer in some people, such as those who are depressed. The adaptive immune system is in charge of the immune response's second prong. Because it focuses on certain vaccine components, it takes longer to deploy. Vaccines are intended to imbue the adaptive immune system with a long-term memory of viral or bacterial components, allowing it to respond rapidly and efficiently when challenged with infections. The adaptive immune system responds to the vaccination by (a) multiplying T cells, which can be programmed to recognize and kill pathogen-infected cells, and (b) producing antibodies, which are proteins that neutralize viruses and bacteria.
{"title":"Risk Factors of COVID 19 Vaccination","authors":"W. Lee","doi":"10.35248/2157-7560.21.S14.E001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7560.21.S14.E001","url":null,"abstract":"Vaccines prevent the spread of contagious and deadly diseases. The early and nonspecific innate immune response, which can cause adverse effects like tiredness, malaise, and irritability, causes inflammatory markers to rise within hours following vaccination. The inflammatory reaction, as the first stage of the immune response, normally lasts a few days but can last longer in some people, such as those who are depressed. The adaptive immune system is in charge of the immune response's second prong. Because it focuses on certain vaccine components, it takes longer to deploy. Vaccines are intended to imbue the adaptive immune system with a long-term memory of viral or bacterial components, allowing it to respond rapidly and efficiently when challenged with infections. The adaptive immune system responds to the vaccination by (a) multiplying T cells, which can be programmed to recognize and kill pathogen-infected cells, and (b) producing antibodies, which are proteins that neutralize viruses and bacteria.","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"105 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75693541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7560.21.12.450
A. Lemenuel-Diot, B. Clinch, A. Hurt, Paul Boutry, Johann Laurent, M. Leddin, S. Frings, J. Charoin
Objective: We present a country-specific, modified Susceptible, Exposed, Infectious, and Removed (SEIR) model of SARS-CoV-2 transmission aiming to provide accurate prediction of COVID-19 cases to optimize clinical trial recruitment, inform mitigation strategies, and facilitate rapid medication development. Methods: Epidemiological data from more than 170 countries were obtained from the Johns Hopkins University COVID-19 Dashboard. Intercountry differences in initial exposure, cultural/environmental factors, and stringency of mitigation strategies were incorporated. Asymptomatic patients and “super-spreaders” were also factored into our model. Simulations were limited to a period of 2 months considering that the effects of certain parameters (e.g. seasonality of virus transmission, wearing of face masks, and deployment of vaccines) were sufficiently ambiguous to limit confidence in a longer simulation period. Results: Using these data, our model estimated 71.5% of cases as asymptomatic. Without mitigation, a mean maximum infection rate of 1.08 cases/day (Intercountry range, 0.68–1.65) was estimated in symptomatic cases. From here, symptomatic and asymptomatic people were estimated to infect 3.39 and 7.71 other people, respectively, suggesting that asymptomatic persons could be responsible for 85% of new infections. An estimated 10.6% of cases were super-spreaders with a 2.86-fold higher transmission rate than average. Mitigation strategies with a stringency index value of ≥ 45% were estimated to be required to reduce the reproduction ratio below 1 for symptomatic cases. Simulated cases over the next 2 months differed between countries, with certain countries (eg, Argentina and Japan) likely to experience an accelerated accumulation of cases. Conclusion: Together, results from our model can guide the distribution of diagnostic tests, impact clinical trial development, support medication development and distribution, and inform mitigation strategies to reduce COVID-19 spread. The large contribution of asymptomatic cases in the transmission also suggests that measures such as wearing masks, social distancing, testing, and vaccination deployment are foundational to slowing the spread of COVID-19.
{"title":"Insights of How Lung Microbiome can Contribute to COVID-19 Severity in Intensive Care Unit Patients","authors":"A. Lemenuel-Diot, B. Clinch, A. Hurt, Paul Boutry, Johann Laurent, M. Leddin, S. Frings, J. Charoin","doi":"10.35248/2157-7560.21.12.450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7560.21.12.450","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: We present a country-specific, modified Susceptible, Exposed, Infectious, and Removed (SEIR) model of SARS-CoV-2 transmission aiming to provide accurate prediction of COVID-19 cases to optimize clinical trial recruitment, inform mitigation strategies, and facilitate rapid medication development. Methods: Epidemiological data from more than 170 countries were obtained from the Johns Hopkins University COVID-19 Dashboard. Intercountry differences in initial exposure, cultural/environmental factors, and stringency of mitigation strategies were incorporated. Asymptomatic patients and “super-spreaders” were also factored into our model. Simulations were limited to a period of 2 months considering that the effects of certain parameters (e.g. seasonality of virus transmission, wearing of face masks, and deployment of vaccines) were sufficiently ambiguous to limit confidence in a longer simulation period. Results: Using these data, our model estimated 71.5% of cases as asymptomatic. Without mitigation, a mean maximum infection rate of 1.08 cases/day (Intercountry range, 0.68–1.65) was estimated in symptomatic cases. From here, symptomatic and asymptomatic people were estimated to infect 3.39 and 7.71 other people, respectively, suggesting that asymptomatic persons could be responsible for 85% of new infections. An estimated 10.6% of cases were super-spreaders with a 2.86-fold higher transmission rate than average. Mitigation strategies with a stringency index value of ≥ 45% were estimated to be required to reduce the reproduction ratio below 1 for symptomatic cases. Simulated cases over the next 2 months differed between countries, with certain countries (eg, Argentina and Japan) likely to experience an accelerated accumulation of cases. Conclusion: Together, results from our model can guide the distribution of diagnostic tests, impact clinical trial development, support medication development and distribution, and inform mitigation strategies to reduce COVID-19 spread. The large contribution of asymptomatic cases in the transmission also suggests that measures such as wearing masks, social distancing, testing, and vaccination deployment are foundational to slowing the spread of COVID-19.","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"10 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85302260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7560.21.S10.002
S. Mor, Monika Devanaboyina, C. Fung, Rachel Royfman, L. Filipiak, L. Stanbery, DanaeHamouda, J. Nemunaitis
A primary focus of cancer therapeutics today is precision, or target directed, therapy. Combination treatment with precision therapy can involve both immune and signal pathway targets. One approach involving the chemokine GMCSF involves enhancement of the immune system. Herein is a review of the literature and the current therapeutic role of GM-CSF, including the proposed immune mechanisms and potential applications of GM-CSF to enhance anticancer immunotherapy. GM-CSF’s potent effects on dendritic cell activation and subsequent stimulation of T-lymphocyte activity make it an attractive potential addition to combination therapeutic regimens, including radiation therapy, oncolytic viral therapy, immune checkpoint inhibition, and autologous tumor vaccines, and warrants further clinical exploration, with an emphasis on identifying concomitant molecular pathways that mediate resistance and sensitivity to the GM-CSF effect.
{"title":"GM-CSF: Anti-Cancer Immune Response and Therapeutic Application","authors":"S. Mor, Monika Devanaboyina, C. Fung, Rachel Royfman, L. Filipiak, L. Stanbery, DanaeHamouda, J. Nemunaitis","doi":"10.35248/2157-7560.21.S10.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7560.21.S10.002","url":null,"abstract":"A primary focus of cancer therapeutics today is precision, or target directed, therapy. Combination treatment with precision therapy can involve both immune and signal pathway targets. One approach involving the chemokine GMCSF involves enhancement of the immune system. Herein is a review of the literature and the current therapeutic role of GM-CSF, including the proposed immune mechanisms and potential applications of GM-CSF to enhance anticancer immunotherapy. GM-CSF’s potent effects on dendritic cell activation and subsequent stimulation of T-lymphocyte activity make it an attractive potential addition to combination therapeutic regimens, including radiation therapy, oncolytic viral therapy, immune checkpoint inhibition, and autologous tumor vaccines, and warrants further clinical exploration, with an emphasis on identifying concomitant molecular pathways that mediate resistance and sensitivity to the GM-CSF effect.","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"179 1","pages":"2-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77007982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7560.21.S14.E002
M. Steven
{"title":"Polyvaccine: Tying up the Loose Ends in the Type 1 Diabetes Chain","authors":"M. Steven","doi":"10.35248/2157-7560.21.S14.E002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7560.21.S14.E002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"7 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77774075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7560.21.12.442
Eduarda Doralice Alves Braz Da Silva, Dallynne B rbara Ramos Ven ncio, R. D. Albuquerque, Robson daSilva RamosPierre Teod sio Felix
In this work, 37 haplotypes of spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 from Hong Kong, China, were used. All sequences were publicly available on the platform of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and were analyzed for their Molecular Variance (AMOVA), haplotypic diversity, mismatch, demographic and spatial expansion, molecular diversity and time of evolutionary divergence. The results suggested that there was a low diversity among haplotypes, with very low numbers of transitions, transversions, indels-type mutations and with total absence of population expansion perceived in the neutrality tests. The estimators used in this study supported the uniformity among all the results found and confirm the evolutionary conservation of the gene, as well as its protein product, a fact that stimulates the use of therapies based on neutralizing antibodies, such as vaccines based on protein S.
{"title":"Molecular Diversity Analysis of the Spike (S) Glycoprotein Gene from Hong Kong-China","authors":"Eduarda Doralice Alves Braz Da Silva, Dallynne B rbara Ramos Ven ncio, R. D. Albuquerque, Robson daSilva RamosPierre Teod sio Felix","doi":"10.35248/2157-7560.21.12.442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7560.21.12.442","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, 37 haplotypes of spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 from Hong Kong, China, were used. All sequences were publicly available on the platform of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and were analyzed for their Molecular Variance (AMOVA), haplotypic diversity, mismatch, demographic and spatial expansion, molecular diversity and time of evolutionary divergence. The results suggested that there was a low diversity among haplotypes, with very low numbers of transitions, transversions, indels-type mutations and with total absence of population expansion perceived in the neutrality tests. The estimators used in this study supported the uniformity among all the results found and confirm the evolutionary conservation of the gene, as well as its protein product, a fact that stimulates the use of therapies based on neutralizing antibodies, such as vaccines based on protein S.","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"63 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88472892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7560.21.S10.004
C. Incorvaia, Francesco Pucciarini, Bruena L. Gritti, Aless, Rosalba Barone, E. Ridolo
Allergen Immunotherapy (AIT) is aimed at treating allergy by modifying the immunological response to allergens. However, administration of the causative allergen by Subcutaneous Immunotherapy (SCIT) to a sensitized patient may result in severe, and rarely fatal, systemic reactions. The identification of risk factors for anaphylaxis, especially concomitant uncontrolled asthma, has led to a significant reduction, but not yet elimination, in fatalities. The option of Sublingual Immunotherapy (SLIT) has been shown to be safer, with no fatalities reported thus far and including rare episodes of anaphylaxis, but the fact that the treatment is self-administered by the patient requires precautions and careful education.
{"title":"The Current State of Safety of Allergen Immunotherapy","authors":"C. Incorvaia, Francesco Pucciarini, Bruena L. Gritti, Aless, Rosalba Barone, E. Ridolo","doi":"10.35248/2157-7560.21.S10.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7560.21.S10.004","url":null,"abstract":"Allergen Immunotherapy (AIT) is aimed at treating allergy by modifying the immunological response to allergens. However, administration of the causative allergen by Subcutaneous Immunotherapy (SCIT) to a sensitized patient may result in severe, and rarely fatal, systemic reactions. The identification of risk factors for anaphylaxis, especially concomitant uncontrolled asthma, has led to a significant reduction, but not yet elimination, in fatalities. The option of Sublingual Immunotherapy (SLIT) has been shown to be safer, with no fatalities reported thus far and including rare episodes of anaphylaxis, but the fact that the treatment is self-administered by the patient requires precautions and careful education.","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"5 1","pages":"21-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89735540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-18DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-69394/v1
K. Zoltán
Background: Aerosolization of respiratory droplets is considered the main route of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Therefore, reducing the viral load of Severe Acute Respiratory SyndromeCoronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) shed via respiratory dropletsis potentially an ideal strategy to prevent the spread of the pandemic. The in vitro virucidal activity of intranasal Povidone-Iodine (PVP-I) has been demonstrated recently to reduce SARS-CoV-2 viral titres. This study evaluated the virucidal activity of the aqueous solution of Iodine-V (a clathrate complex formed by elemental iodine and fulvic acid) as in Essential Iodine Drops (EID) with 200 µg elemental iodine/ml content against SARS-CoV-2 to ascertain whether it is a better alternative to PVP-I. Methods: SARS-CoV-2 (USAWA1/2020 strain) virus stock was prepared by infecting Vero 76 cells (ATCC CRL-1587) until cytopathic effect (CPE). The virucidal activity of EID against SARS-CoV-2 was tested in three dilutions (1:1; 2:1 and 3:1) in triplicates by incubating at room temperature (22 ± 2°C) for either 60 or 90 seconds. The surviving viruses from each sample were quantified by a standard end-point dilution assay. Results: EID (200 µg iodine/ml) after exposure for 60 and 90 seconds was compared to controls. In both cases, the viral titre was reduced by 99% (LRV 2.0). The 1:1 dilution of EID with virus reduced SARS-CoV-2 virus from 31,623 cell culture infectious dose 50% (CCCID50) to 316 CCID50 within 90 seconds. Conclusion: Substantial reductions in LRV by Iodine-V in EID confirmed the activity of EID against SARSCoV-2 in vitro, demonstrating that Iodine-V in EID is effective at inactivating the virus in vitro and therefore suggesting its potential application intranasally to reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission from known or suspected COVID-19 patients.
{"title":"Efficacy of “Essential Iodine Drops” Against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","authors":"K. Zoltán","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-69394/v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-69394/v1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Background: Aerosolization of respiratory droplets is considered the main route of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Therefore, reducing the viral load of Severe Acute Respiratory SyndromeCoronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) shed via respiratory dropletsis potentially an ideal strategy to prevent the spread of the pandemic. The in vitro virucidal activity of intranasal Povidone-Iodine (PVP-I) has been demonstrated recently to reduce SARS-CoV-2 viral titres. This study evaluated the virucidal activity of the aqueous solution of Iodine-V (a clathrate complex formed by elemental iodine and fulvic acid) as in Essential Iodine Drops (EID) with 200 µg elemental iodine/ml content against SARS-CoV-2 to ascertain whether it is a better alternative to PVP-I. Methods: SARS-CoV-2 (USAWA1/2020 strain) virus stock was prepared by infecting Vero 76 cells (ATCC CRL-1587) until cytopathic effect (CPE). The virucidal activity of EID against SARS-CoV-2 was tested in three dilutions (1:1; 2:1 and 3:1) in triplicates by incubating at room temperature (22 ± 2°C) for either 60 or 90 seconds. The surviving viruses from each sample were quantified by a standard end-point dilution assay. Results: EID (200 µg iodine/ml) after exposure for 60 and 90 seconds was compared to controls. In both cases, the viral titre was reduced by 99% (LRV 2.0). The 1:1 dilution of EID with virus reduced SARS-CoV-2 virus from 31,623 cell culture infectious dose 50% (CCCID50) to 316 CCID50 within 90 seconds. Conclusion: Substantial reductions in LRV by Iodine-V in EID confirmed the activity of EID against SARSCoV-2 in vitro, demonstrating that Iodine-V in EID is effective at inactivating the virus in vitro and therefore suggesting its potential application intranasally to reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission from known or suspected COVID-19 patients.","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"405 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83382498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-17DOI: 10.1101/2020.07.12.20152017
V. A. Retamales, Oswaldo Madrid Suarez, O. Lara-Garcia, S. Ranjha, R. Maini, S. Hingle, V. Sundareshan, Robert Robinson
Importance: COVID-19 has affected millions of people worldwide. Furthermore, with its increasing incidence, more has been learned about the risk factors that can make certain groups more at risk of contracting the disease or have worse outcomes. We aim to identify any discrepancy in the hospitalization rate by race/ethnicity of patients who tested positive for COVID-19, and through this, analyze the risks of these groups in an effort to call out for attention to the circumstances that make them more vulnerable and susceptible to disease. Observations: Analysis indicates that patients identified as non-Hispanic White and Asian/Pacific Islander in hospital admission data are underrepresented in COVID-19 admissions. Patients identified as non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic/Latino, and American Indian have a disproportionate burden of hospital admissions, suggesting an increased risk of more severe disease. Conclusions and Relevance: There is a disproportionate rate of COVID-19 hospitalizations found among non-Hispanic Blacks. Further investigation is imperative to identify and remediate the reason(s) for increased vulnerability to COVID-19 infections requiring hospital admission. These efforts would likely reduce the COVID-19 morbidity and mortality in the non-Hispanic Black population.
{"title":"Racial/Ethnic Disparities in COVID-19 Hospital Admissions","authors":"V. A. Retamales, Oswaldo Madrid Suarez, O. Lara-Garcia, S. Ranjha, R. Maini, S. Hingle, V. Sundareshan, Robert Robinson","doi":"10.1101/2020.07.12.20152017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.12.20152017","url":null,"abstract":"Importance: COVID-19 has affected millions of people worldwide. Furthermore, with its increasing incidence, more has been learned about the risk factors that can make certain groups more at risk of contracting the disease or have worse outcomes. We aim to identify any discrepancy in the hospitalization rate by race/ethnicity of patients who tested positive for COVID-19, and through this, analyze the risks of these groups in an effort to call out for attention to the circumstances that make them more vulnerable and susceptible to disease. Observations: Analysis indicates that patients identified as non-Hispanic White and Asian/Pacific Islander in hospital admission data are underrepresented in COVID-19 admissions. Patients identified as non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic/Latino, and American Indian have a disproportionate burden of hospital admissions, suggesting an increased risk of more severe disease. Conclusions and Relevance: There is a disproportionate rate of COVID-19 hospitalizations found among non-Hispanic Blacks. Further investigation is imperative to identify and remediate the reason(s) for increased vulnerability to COVID-19 infections requiring hospital admission. These efforts would likely reduce the COVID-19 morbidity and mortality in the non-Hispanic Black population.","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"21 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87673670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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