Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7560.20.11.430
R. Popovian
{"title":"How to Ensure Equitable Access to Covid-19 Vaccine","authors":"R. Popovian","doi":"10.35248/2157-7560.20.11.430","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7560.20.11.430","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"22 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76288375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7560.20.S8.E003
R. Ferner
For the treatment of established infections, attempts to shift the immune reaction toward a Th1-type phenotype are desirable. For the treatment of cancer, efforts have focused mainly in making the cancer the well-liked target of the system of the patient. To the present effect, a spread of approaches are used, including cytokines, anti-CTL-4, tumor-specific antibodies and cellular therapies using tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and even somatic cell transplantation.
{"title":"Immunomodulation and its Therapeutic Applications","authors":"R. Ferner","doi":"10.35248/2157-7560.20.S8.E003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7560.20.S8.E003","url":null,"abstract":"For the treatment of established infections, attempts to shift the immune reaction toward a Th1-type phenotype are desirable. For the treatment of cancer, efforts have focused mainly in making the cancer the well-liked target of the system of the patient. To the present effect, a spread of approaches are used, including cytokines, anti-CTL-4, tumor-specific antibodies and cellular therapies using tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and even somatic cell transplantation.","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"20 1","pages":"5-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77108985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7560.20.11.E422
G. Kharroubi
Vaccination coverage among expectants remains suboptimal worldwide. To achieve a successful vaccination program, it is essential to understand reasons behind the acceptance of vaccination or its rejection. The present study aimed to describe knowledge and attitudes related to flu vaccine during pregnancy among Tunisian women. A national survey type Knowledge, and Attitudes was conducted during the 2018-19 flu season using a self-weighted two stages sampling method. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews with pregnant women present at the obstetrics outpatient consultations of the selected primary or secondary health care facilities. A total of 1157 pregnant women agreed to be interviewed. More than half of participants (60.3%) had heard about the influenza vaccine before. Among them, only 75 (10.9%) declared that they had enough information about safety and side effects of influenza vaccine. When asked about flu vaccine safety, most than half disagreed with those statements in disfavor of vaccine during pregnancy: the vaccine can be dangerous for pregnant women (62.2%), for the fetus (64.7%), for the newborn (66.7%) and can cause the flu (82.5%). Whereas, less than half were in agreement with those statements in favor of influenza vaccine effectiveness: flu vaccination of pregnant women helps to protect the mother (47.8%), the fetus (36.0%) and the unborn child (34.2%) against influenza.
{"title":"Knowledge and Attitudes regarding influenza vaccination among pregnant women in Tunisia","authors":"G. Kharroubi","doi":"10.35248/2157-7560.20.11.E422","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7560.20.11.E422","url":null,"abstract":"Vaccination coverage among expectants remains suboptimal worldwide. To achieve a successful vaccination program, it is essential to understand reasons behind the acceptance of vaccination or its rejection. The present study aimed to describe knowledge and attitudes related to flu vaccine during pregnancy among Tunisian women. A national survey type Knowledge, and Attitudes was conducted during the 2018-19 flu season using a self-weighted two stages sampling method. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews with pregnant women present at the obstetrics outpatient consultations of the selected primary or secondary health care facilities. A total of 1157 pregnant women agreed to be interviewed. More than half of participants (60.3%) had heard about the influenza vaccine before. Among them, only 75 (10.9%) declared that they had enough information about safety and side effects of influenza vaccine. When asked about flu vaccine safety, most than half disagreed with those statements in disfavor of vaccine during pregnancy: the vaccine can be dangerous for pregnant women (62.2%), for the fetus (64.7%), for the newborn (66.7%) and can cause the flu (82.5%). Whereas, less than half were in agreement with those statements in favor of influenza vaccine effectiveness: flu vaccination of pregnant women helps to protect the mother (47.8%), the fetus (36.0%) and the unborn child (34.2%) against influenza.","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"20 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82359923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7560.20.S5:005
R. Gorczynski
Current approaches to vaccination have several underlying assumptions, namely that following immunization most individuals are at similar risk of the disease considered; will react immunologically in the same way (with protective antibodies and/or cell-mediated reactivity) with equivalent and minimal side effects; and that vaccination dosing and frequency of administration does not vary in the population at large. As a result, a widespread delivery of vaccines has been achieved for a number of infectious diseases, with effective control for many of those. It is clear that a weakness of this approach, made manifest with our increasing knowledge of the genomic and proteomic approach to medicine which has come to the fore in the last decade or so, is that it discounts the growing evidence for individual variability in risk; in immune responsiveness; and in response to different doses of vaccine. While this evidence grew from a focus on tailoring individual approaches to cancer therapy, and has revolutionized our thoughts on drug therapy, drug pharmacogenomics and toxicity and the importance of understanding at the individual, not population level, unique responses to treatment, application of the same approach to vaccines for infectious disease has not had a similar attention. Indeed, not only does consideration of individual specific factors challenge a traditional public-health level paradigm of infectious disease vaccinology, and confront newer approaches based on genetically encoded individuality in response to pathogen challenge, but the cost-benefit of such an approach has, to the author’s knowledge, not been considered at all. The review below will consider these issues in greater detail, with a final focus on how this might dictate our global responses to emerging infections.
{"title":"Personalizing Vaccination for Infectious Disease in the 21st Century","authors":"R. Gorczynski","doi":"10.35248/2157-7560.20.S5:005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7560.20.S5:005","url":null,"abstract":"Current approaches to vaccination have several underlying assumptions, namely that following immunization most individuals are at similar risk of the disease considered; will react immunologically in the same way (with protective antibodies and/or cell-mediated reactivity) with equivalent and minimal side effects; and that vaccination dosing and frequency of administration does not vary in the population at large. As a result, a widespread delivery of vaccines has been achieved for a number of infectious diseases, with effective control for many of those. It is clear that a weakness of this approach, made manifest with our increasing knowledge of the genomic and proteomic approach to medicine which has come to the fore in the last decade or so, is that it discounts the growing evidence for individual variability in risk; in immune responsiveness; and in response to different doses of vaccine. While this evidence grew from a focus on tailoring individual approaches to cancer therapy, and has revolutionized our thoughts on drug therapy, drug pharmacogenomics and toxicity and the importance of understanding at the individual, not population level, unique responses to treatment, application of the same approach to vaccines for infectious disease has not had a similar attention. Indeed, not only does consideration of individual specific factors challenge a traditional public-health level paradigm of infectious disease vaccinology, and confront newer approaches based on genetically encoded individuality in response to pathogen challenge, but the cost-benefit of such an approach has, to the author’s knowledge, not been considered at all. The review below will consider these issues in greater detail, with a final focus on how this might dictate our global responses to emerging infections.","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"95 1","pages":"23-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82891260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7560.20.S6.002
Debasis Datta, S. Ghosal, B. Sinha, S. Datta, Twisha Chakraborty, K. Gangopadhyay, A. Dutta
The COVID-19 pandemic is being tackled on two fronts-prevention and treatment. In addition to behavioural strategies and vaccines (eagerly awaited), pharmacotherapy is also being employed in certain regions as a preventive strategy. In India, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), ivermectin, a variety of vitamin supplements are being used, with HCQ being the most popular among healthcare professionals. In addition to the evidence-based recommendations, it is important to ascertain the situation on the ground. We conducted a multicentric survey among physicians from a wide range of specialities to ascertain the usage on HCQ and its effects of COVID-19 prevention. We did not find any significant impact of HCQ on the prevention of COVID-19 (p=0.54) independent of the duration of its usage. This pilot project has the potential to act as a backbone for a larger study exploring the impact of pharmacological intervention on COVID-19 prevention.
{"title":"No Role of HCQ in COVID-19 Prophylaxis: A Survey amongst Indian Doctors","authors":"Debasis Datta, S. Ghosal, B. Sinha, S. Datta, Twisha Chakraborty, K. Gangopadhyay, A. Dutta","doi":"10.35248/2157-7560.20.S6.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7560.20.S6.002","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic is being tackled on two fronts-prevention and treatment. In addition to behavioural strategies and vaccines (eagerly awaited), pharmacotherapy is also being employed in certain regions as a preventive strategy. In India, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), ivermectin, a variety of vitamin supplements are being used, with HCQ being the most popular among healthcare professionals. In addition to the evidence-based recommendations, it is important to ascertain the situation on the ground. We conducted a multicentric survey among physicians from a wide range of specialities to ascertain the usage on HCQ and its effects of COVID-19 prevention. We did not find any significant impact of HCQ on the prevention of COVID-19 (p=0.54) independent of the duration of its usage. This pilot project has the potential to act as a backbone for a larger study exploring the impact of pharmacological intervention on COVID-19 prevention.","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"2012 1","pages":"5-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83159279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7560.20.S5:006
R. Popovian, David Hering
If recent events have taught us one thing, it is that vaccines are a critical tool to help combat today’s public health challenges and prevent those yet to come. The recent drop in pediatric vaccination rates has led to a resurgence of vaccine-preventable diseases such as measles. Meanwhile, the coronavirus outbreak shows us that when pandemics occur, our healthcare system needs to have a way to quickly react and get preventative treatments to a broad population in a timely manner.
{"title":"Enhance and Expand Access to Vaccines","authors":"R. Popovian, David Hering","doi":"10.35248/2157-7560.20.S5:006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7560.20.S5:006","url":null,"abstract":"If recent events have taught us one thing, it is that vaccines are a critical tool to help combat today’s public health challenges and prevent those yet to come. The recent drop in pediatric vaccination rates has led to a resurgence of vaccine-preventable diseases such as measles. Meanwhile, the coronavirus outbreak shows us that when pandemics occur, our healthcare system needs to have a way to quickly react and get preventative treatments to a broad population in a timely manner.","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"42 1","pages":"31-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90900470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7560.20.11.427
G. Ghosh
Introduction: The Covid-19 actuated lockdown in India had put huge number of People who use drugs (PWUD) in panicky over their hankering for substance use with flexibly chain interruptions. Point of this paper was to comprehend the Covid-19 incited issues looked by PWUD and those with Substance Use Disorders (SUD) in India. Techniques: A fast subjective exploration was directed distantly from May to early June 2020, during lockdown period in India, with assent situated inside and out meetings with key partners from national organizations and medication deaddiction focus in East and Northern-East India. Results: The current general wellbeing emergency raises genuine extra worries for the prosperity of PWUD as they run similar dangers of disease by COVID-19 because of fundamental ceaseless ailments. During the current Covid-19 pandemic, there has been steady missing of treatment administrations for Patients with Substance Use Disorders (SUD). The individuals who required treatment during lockdowns confronted issues as government upheld sedate deaddiction habitats, which halted new affirmation however of late began new confirmation yet in diminished numbers. The outpatient administrations of medication treatment focuses (DTC) at some administration emergency clinics couldn't work. The Opioid Substitution Therapy focuses, however began apportioning of methadone on fortnightly and buprenorphine on seven-day top off premise, yet there remained travel related issues and detailed badgering during lockdown stage. Conclusion: Specific measures to mitigating health service needs of PWUD in India should be put inplace, taking lessons from the current pandemic situation.
{"title":"COVID-19 in India: Health Implications and Treatment Needs of People Who Use Drugs (PWUD) and Patients with Substance Use Disorders (SUD)","authors":"G. Ghosh","doi":"10.35248/2157-7560.20.11.427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7560.20.11.427","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The Covid-19 actuated lockdown in India had put huge number of People who use drugs (PWUD) in panicky over their hankering for substance use with flexibly chain interruptions. Point of this paper was to comprehend the Covid-19 incited issues looked by PWUD and those with Substance Use Disorders (SUD) in India. Techniques: A fast subjective exploration was directed distantly from May to early June 2020, during lockdown period in India, with assent situated inside and out meetings with key partners from national organizations and medication deaddiction focus in East and Northern-East India. Results: The current general wellbeing emergency raises genuine extra worries for the prosperity of PWUD as they run similar dangers of disease by COVID-19 because of fundamental ceaseless ailments. During the current Covid-19 pandemic, there has been steady missing of treatment administrations for Patients with Substance Use Disorders (SUD). The individuals who required treatment during lockdowns confronted issues as government upheld sedate deaddiction habitats, which halted new affirmation however of late began new confirmation yet in diminished numbers. The outpatient administrations of medication treatment focuses (DTC) at some administration emergency clinics couldn't work. The Opioid Substitution Therapy focuses, however began apportioning of methadone on fortnightly and buprenorphine on seven-day top off premise, yet there remained travel related issues and detailed badgering during lockdown stage. Conclusion: Specific measures to mitigating health service needs of PWUD in India should be put inplace, taking lessons from the current pandemic situation.","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"22 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78090726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7560.20.S6.003
M. Scialpi, A. Blasi, Longo Ferdin
An increase of confirmed asymptomatic COVID-19 patients emerges from the second phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. Waiting for the vaccine, the employment of large-scale testing to identify and isolate asymptomatic individuals is the only solution to contain and control the spread of the disease.
{"title":"COVID-19: Waiting for the Vaccine. What Needs to be Done","authors":"M. Scialpi, A. Blasi, Longo Ferdin","doi":"10.35248/2157-7560.20.S6.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7560.20.S6.003","url":null,"abstract":"An increase of confirmed asymptomatic COVID-19 patients emerges from the second phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. Waiting for the vaccine, the employment of large-scale testing to identify and isolate asymptomatic individuals is the only solution to contain and control the spread of the disease.","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"21 1","pages":"7-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81780801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7560.20.S4.002
E. Farshi
A vaccine is described which elicits a protective immune response against SARS-Cov-2. Designed engineered peptides that could strongly bind to the spike protein of coronavirus inside cells, and to use these peptides to trigger the cells to break down the viral proteins. In this vaccine the mRNA (encoding Ribonucleic Acid) encodes a stable perfused form (the form before being fused to the cell membrane of the host cell) of Spike protein (S). In this vaccine the main problem of short time remaining of antibodies of SARS-Cov-2 virus in body could be compensated by activation of T cells that causes long term immunity because memory T cells remain in body at least 11 years. A peptide based vaccine with encoding mRNA of virus along the activation of T cells through MHC class-II which elicits protection against SARS-Cov-2 through immune cells from the lymph nodes process the mRNA and synthesize specific viral protein antigens so that other immune cells recognize them. In this vaccine that comprising peptide encoding mRNA along activation of T cells by MHC class-II which immunize body against SARS-Cov-2 are also described. Methods of protecting a host against coronavirus infection will be discussed. Our invented vaccine is type of mRNA vaccine (but combined with other components) against SARS-COV-2 is based on a relatively new genetic method that does not require growing the virus in the laboratory. The technique transforms the human body into a 'living laboratory'. Monkeys given our coronavirus vaccine and then deliberately infected were able to fight off the virus, quickly clearing it from their lungs.
{"title":"Peptide-mRNA Vaccine for SARS-Cov-2","authors":"E. Farshi","doi":"10.35248/2157-7560.20.S4.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7560.20.S4.002","url":null,"abstract":"A vaccine is described which elicits a protective immune response against SARS-Cov-2. Designed engineered peptides that could strongly bind to the spike protein of coronavirus inside cells, and to use these peptides to trigger the cells to break down the viral proteins. In this vaccine the mRNA (encoding Ribonucleic Acid) encodes a stable perfused form (the form before being fused to the cell membrane of the host cell) of Spike protein (S). In this vaccine the main problem of short time remaining of antibodies of SARS-Cov-2 virus in body could be compensated by activation of T cells that causes long term immunity because memory T cells remain in body at least 11 years. A peptide based vaccine with encoding mRNA of virus along the activation of T cells through MHC class-II which elicits protection against SARS-Cov-2 through immune cells from the lymph nodes process the mRNA and synthesize specific viral protein antigens so that other immune cells recognize them. In this vaccine that comprising peptide encoding mRNA along activation of T cells by MHC class-II which immunize body against SARS-Cov-2 are also described. Methods of protecting a host against coronavirus infection will be discussed. Our invented vaccine is type of mRNA vaccine (but combined with other components) against SARS-COV-2 is based on a relatively new genetic method that does not require growing the virus in the laboratory. The technique transforms the human body into a 'living laboratory'. Monkeys given our coronavirus vaccine and then deliberately infected were able to fight off the virus, quickly clearing it from their lungs.","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"59 1","pages":"7-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88713215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2157-7560.20.11.428
Soma Ghosh, P. Ghosh
Novel coronavirus identified as SARS-CoV-2 has brought unprecedented sufferings to people in almost all countries across the globe during the recent time. Efforts are continued to develop effective vaccines against the disease. Presently, the efforts of six groups namely, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Sinovac, China; Moderna Inc., USA; Wuhan Institute, China; Beijing Institute, China; and Bio N Tech, Germany are more significant. Noteworthy progress in the development of vaccines is in sight, and by the mid-2021 new vaccines may start appearing in the market. All these six vaccines are deployed through intramuscular route. There are a few others which are in the developmental stage and are to be delivered through intradermal, intranasal and event through the oral route. Specialized adjuvants have been used to elicit stronger immune response in certain types of candidates. Sensitized immune cells and genetically modified cells are also being experimented upon to contain the virus through immunological mode.
最近一段时间，新型冠状病毒SARS-CoV-2给全球几乎所有国家的人民带来了前所未有的痛苦。正在继续努力研制有效的疫苗来预防这种疾病。目前，英国牛津大学;科兴生物制品公司,中国;美国Moderna Inc.;武汉研究所;北京研究所，中国;和德国的Bio N Tech更为重要。在疫苗开发方面取得了显著进展，到2021年中期，新疫苗可能开始出现在市场上。所有这六种疫苗都是通过肌肉注射途径接种的。还有一些还在发育阶段通过皮内，鼻内和口服途径来传递。专门的佐剂已被用于在某些类型的候选人中引起更强的免疫反应。敏化的免疫细胞和基因修饰的细胞也正在进行实验，以通过免疫方式控制病毒。
{"title":"Effective SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines on the Horizon","authors":"Soma Ghosh, P. Ghosh","doi":"10.35248/2157-7560.20.11.428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7560.20.11.428","url":null,"abstract":"Novel coronavirus identified as SARS-CoV-2 has brought unprecedented sufferings to people in almost all countries across the globe during the recent time. Efforts are continued to develop effective vaccines against the disease. Presently, the efforts of six groups namely, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Sinovac, China; Moderna Inc., USA; Wuhan Institute, China; Beijing Institute, China; and Bio N Tech, Germany are more significant. Noteworthy progress in the development of vaccines is in sight, and by the mid-2021 new vaccines may start appearing in the market. All these six vaccines are deployed through intramuscular route. There are a few others which are in the developmental stage and are to be delivered through intradermal, intranasal and event through the oral route. Specialized adjuvants have been used to elicit stronger immune response in certain types of candidates. Sensitized immune cells and genetically modified cells are also being experimented upon to contain the virus through immunological mode.","PeriodicalId":17656,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination","volume":"47 1","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90550244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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