Catalytic hydroisomerization of n-paraffin aims to produce branched paraffin isomers and suppress cracking reactions in the production of the low cloud point of biodiesel. The development of the type of metal and catalyst support, amount of metal loading, and reaction conditions are important to increase the catalyst activity. A high performace catalyst for hydroisomerization bears bifunctional characteristics with a high level of hydrogenation active sites and low acidity, maximizing the progress of hydroisomerization compared to the competitive cracking reaction. In addition, a catalyst support with smaller pore size can hinder large molecular structure isoparaffins to react on the acid site in the pore thus providing good selectivity for converting n-paraffin. Catalysts loaded with noble metals (Pt or Pd) showed significantly higher selectivity for hydroisomerization than non-noble transition metals such as Ni, Co, Mo and W. The reaction temperature and contact time are also important parameters in hydroisomerization of long chain paraffin, because long contact times and high temperatures tend to produce undesired byproducts of cracking. This review reports several examples of supported metal catalyst used in the hydroisomerization of long chain hydrocarbon n-paraffins under optimized reaction conditions, providing the best isomerization selectivity results with the lowest amount of byproducts. The role of various metals and their supports will be explained mainly for bifunctional catalysts.
{"title":"A Review on the Hydroisomerisasion of n-Parafins over Supported Metal Catalysts","authors":"M. Safaat, I. B. Adilina, S. Tursiloadi","doi":"10.22146/jrekpros.67587","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/jrekpros.67587","url":null,"abstract":"Catalytic hydroisomerization of n-paraffin aims to produce branched paraffin isomers and suppress cracking reactions in the production of the low cloud point of biodiesel. The development of the type of metal and catalyst support, amount of metal loading, and reaction conditions are important to increase the catalyst activity. A high performace catalyst for hydroisomerization bears bifunctional characteristics with a high level of hydrogenation active sites and low acidity, maximizing the progress of hydroisomerization compared to the competitive cracking reaction. In addition, a catalyst support with smaller pore size can hinder large molecular structure isoparaffins to react on the acid site in the pore thus providing good selectivity for converting n-paraffin. Catalysts loaded with noble metals (Pt or Pd) showed significantly higher selectivity for hydroisomerization than non-noble transition metals such as Ni, Co, Mo and W. The reaction temperature and contact time are also important parameters in hydroisomerization of long chain paraffin, because long contact times and high temperatures tend to produce undesired byproducts of cracking. This review reports several examples of supported metal catalyst used in the hydroisomerization of long chain hydrocarbon n-paraffins under optimized reaction conditions, providing the best isomerization selectivity results with the lowest amount of byproducts. The role of various metals and their supports will be explained mainly for bifunctional catalysts.","PeriodicalId":17711,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Rekayasa Proses","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45545660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gingerol is a chemical compound found in red ginger, with pharmaceutical use as an analgesic drug. Generally, gingerol separation in ginger uses the Soxhlet extraction method, but this process has a weakness. It requires a long process and unsatisfactory yield. This research aims to study ultrasonic frequency effect on increasing gingerol yield in the extraction process. The variables studied were extraction times with variations of 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes. In addition, the ultrasonic effect was also observed with variations in the ultrasonic frequency of 40 and 50 kHz compared to the solvent extraction method. This study used 70% (v/v) ethanol as a solvent and an operating temperature of 50 ºC as fixed variables.Furthermore, it used a rotary vacuum evaporator at a pressure of 350 mmHg to separate the resulting gingerol extract. Qualitative sample analysis used Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) while quantitative analysis used high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Waters Alliance e2695 brand with X-Terra RP18 column 100 x 4.6 mm, five μm to determine the total gingerol extract. The results showed that ultrasonic power had a significant effect on the results obtained, with the highest yield was 24.71% at the ultrasonic frequency of 50 kHz with an extraction time of 120 minutes.
姜辣素是一种在红姜中发现的化合物，是一种镇痛药。生姜中姜辣素的分离一般采用索氏提取法，但这种方法存在缺点。它需要一个漫长的过程和令人不满意的产量。本研究旨在研究超声频率对提取过程中提高姜辣素得率的影响。研究的变量为提取时间，分别为30,60,90,120分钟。此外，与溶剂萃取法相比，超声波频率在40和50 kHz时的变化也观察到了超声波的效果。本研究以70% (v/v)乙醇为溶剂，操作温度为50℃为固定变量。此外，它使用350毫米汞柱压力的旋转真空蒸发器分离得到的姜辣素提取物。定性样品分析采用薄层色谱(TLC)和扫描电镜(SEM)，定量分析采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)， Waters Alliance e2695品牌采用x - terra RP18色谱柱100 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm测定姜姜酚总提取物。结果表明，超声功率对提取结果影响显著，超声频率为50 kHz，提取时间为120 min时提取率最高，为24.71%。
{"title":"Separation of 6-Gingerol in Zingiber Officinale Rubrum Varieties Using an Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction Method","authors":"Herliati Rahman, S. Pambudi, Wahyu Endrunaka","doi":"10.22146/jrekpros.67955","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/jrekpros.67955","url":null,"abstract":"Gingerol is a chemical compound found in red ginger, with pharmaceutical use as an analgesic drug. Generally, gingerol separation in ginger uses the Soxhlet extraction method, but this process has a weakness. It requires a long process and unsatisfactory yield. This research aims to study ultrasonic frequency effect on increasing gingerol yield in the extraction process. The variables studied were extraction times with variations of 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes. In addition, the ultrasonic effect was also observed with variations in the ultrasonic frequency of 40 and 50 kHz compared to the solvent extraction method. This study used 70% (v/v) ethanol as a solvent and an operating temperature of 50 ºC as fixed variables.Furthermore, it used a rotary vacuum evaporator at a pressure of 350 mmHg to separate the resulting gingerol extract. Qualitative sample analysis used Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) while quantitative analysis used high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Waters Alliance e2695 brand with X-Terra RP18 column 100 x 4.6 mm, five μm to determine the total gingerol extract. The results showed that ultrasonic power had a significant effect on the results obtained, with the highest yield was 24.71% at the ultrasonic frequency of 50 kHz with an extraction time of 120 minutes.","PeriodicalId":17711,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Rekayasa Proses","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43284513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rice straw is a waste from rice plants that contains 37.71% cellulose, 21.99% hemicellulose, and 16.62% lignin. High cellulose content in rice straw can be used as raw material for the manufacture of Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC). CMC is a cellulose derivative widely used in food, pharmaceutical, detergent, textile and cosmetic products industries as a thickener, stabilizer of emulsions, or suspensions and bonding. This study aims to process rice straw waste into CMC with variations in sodium monochloroacetate of 5,6,7,8 and 9 grams. The method used in this research is by synthesis using 15% NaOH solvent, with a reaction time of 3.5 hours and 5 grams of rice straw. The results showed that the best CMC was obtained at a concentration of 9 grams of sodium monochloroacete with a yield characterization of 94%, pH 6, water content of 13.39%, degree of substitution (Ds) of 0.80, and viscosity of 1.265 cP.
{"title":"Pemanfaatan Jerami Padi (Oryza Sativa L.) Sebagai Bahan Baku Dalam Pembuatan CMC (Carboximetil Cellulose)","authors":"Rizka Nurlaila","doi":"10.22146/jrekpros.69569","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/jrekpros.69569","url":null,"abstract":"Rice straw is a waste from rice plants that contains 37.71% cellulose, 21.99% hemicellulose, and 16.62% lignin. High cellulose content in rice straw can be used as raw material for the manufacture of Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC). CMC is a cellulose derivative widely used in food, pharmaceutical, detergent, textile and cosmetic products industries as a thickener, stabilizer of emulsions, or suspensions and bonding. This study aims to process rice straw waste into CMC with variations in sodium monochloroacetate of 5,6,7,8 and 9 grams. The method used in this research is by synthesis using 15% NaOH solvent, with a reaction time of 3.5 hours and 5 grams of rice straw. The results showed that the best CMC was obtained at a concentration of 9 grams of sodium monochloroacete with a yield characterization of 94%, pH 6, water content of 13.39%, degree of substitution (Ds) of 0.80, and viscosity of 1.265 cP.","PeriodicalId":17711,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Rekayasa Proses","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49149155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. C. Wanta, S. Lim, R. F. Susanti, G. P. Gemilar, W. Astuti, H. T. Petrus
Nickel hydroxide has a vital role in various applications, especially as a support material for energy storage materials. Nickel hydroxide can be synthesized through the hydroxide precipitation method. However, the product formed by this method may be large or more than 100 nm because the agglomeration step can occur easily. This present work aims to study the effect of surfactant types in the synthesis and characterization of nickel hydroxide nanoparticle. Nickel sulfate (NiSO4) solution was used as a precursor solution, while 5M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution was used as a precipitation agent. The surfactants studied were alkyl benzene sulfonate (ABS), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). The nickel hydroxide synthesis process was carried out at 50 oC for 1 hour. The surfactant concentration used was at the critical micelle concentration (CMC), where the CMC for ABS, SDS, CTAB, and PVP were 0.01; 0.05; 3; and 0.5 %w/v, respectively. The synthesis of nickel hydroxide nanoparticle was carried out successfully precipitated almost 100% of Ni2+ ions. The product characterization that has been carried out shows that ABS surfactant produces the best nickel hydroxide nanoparticle product where the particle size is 3.12–4.47 nm.
{"title":"Effect of Surfactant Type on Synthesis and Characteristics of Nanonickel Hydroxide","authors":"K. C. Wanta, S. Lim, R. F. Susanti, G. P. Gemilar, W. Astuti, H. T. Petrus","doi":"10.22146/jrekpros.69723","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/jrekpros.69723","url":null,"abstract":"Nickel hydroxide has a vital role in various applications, especially as a support material for energy storage materials. Nickel hydroxide can be synthesized through the hydroxide precipitation method. However, the product formed by this method may be large or more than 100 nm because the agglomeration step can occur easily. This present work aims to study the effect of surfactant types in the synthesis and characterization of nickel hydroxide nanoparticle. Nickel sulfate (NiSO4) solution was used as a precursor solution, while 5M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution was used as a precipitation agent. The surfactants studied were alkyl benzene sulfonate (ABS), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). The nickel hydroxide synthesis process was carried out at 50 oC for 1 hour. The surfactant concentration used was at the critical micelle concentration (CMC), where the CMC for ABS, SDS, CTAB, and PVP were 0.01; 0.05; 3; and 0.5 %w/v, respectively. The synthesis of nickel hydroxide nanoparticle was carried out successfully precipitated almost 100% of Ni2+ ions. The product characterization that has been carried out shows that ABS surfactant produces the best nickel hydroxide nanoparticle product where the particle size is 3.12–4.47 nm.","PeriodicalId":17711,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Rekayasa Proses","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47499788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rosin is a natural resin from the coniferous tree sap, which separated from its oil content (terpenes). Rosin is brittle. Therefore modifications are needed to improve its mechanical properties. The main content of rosin is abietic acid which has a carboxylic group, so it can form an ester group when reacted with polyhydric alcohol (polyalcohol) such as glycerol. The research aimed to study the kinetics of the esterification reaction between the hydroxyl group in glycerol and the carboxylic group in abietic acid from rosin at various reaction temperatures and reactant compositions. This reaction is carried out in a three-neck flask at atmospheric pressure without a catalyst. The reaction temperatures used were 180˚C, 200˚C, and 220˚C, and the ratio of rosin and glycerol was 1:1, 1:3, and 1:5. The reaction kinetics calculations were analyzed with acid number data over the reaction time using three different models. The calculations showed that this reaction involves positioning a hydroxyl group on glycerol, which the primary and secondary hydroxyl groups contribute to forming a rosin ester (glycerolabietate). The rate of reaction constants of primary hydroxyl of glycerol and abietic acid were in the range 6.25x10-4 - 3.90x10-3 g/(mgeq.min), while reaction rate constants of secondary hydroxyl and abietic acid were in the range 1.06x10-5 - 1.15x10-4 g/(mgeq.min). FTIR analysis showed a change in the hydroxyl, carboxylate, and ester groups which were assigned by a shift of wavenumber and a difference of intensity at 3200-3570 cm-1, 1697.36 cm-1, and 1273.02 cm-1.
{"title":"Characteristics and Kinetics Study of Glycerolabietate from Glycerol and Abietic Acid from Rosin","authors":"Danang Tri Hartanto","doi":"10.22146/jrekpros.69206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/jrekpros.69206","url":null,"abstract":"Rosin is a natural resin from the coniferous tree sap, which separated from its oil content (terpenes). Rosin is brittle. Therefore modifications are needed to improve its mechanical properties. The main content of rosin is abietic acid which has a carboxylic group, so it can form an ester group when reacted with polyhydric alcohol (polyalcohol) such as glycerol. The research aimed to study the kinetics of the esterification reaction between the hydroxyl group in glycerol and the carboxylic group in abietic acid from rosin at various reaction temperatures and reactant compositions. This reaction is carried out in a three-neck flask at atmospheric pressure without a catalyst. The reaction temperatures used were 180˚C, 200˚C, and 220˚C, and the ratio of rosin and glycerol was 1:1, 1:3, and 1:5. The reaction kinetics calculations were analyzed with acid number data over the reaction time using three different models. The calculations showed that this reaction involves positioning a hydroxyl group on glycerol, which the primary and secondary hydroxyl groups contribute to forming a rosin ester (glycerolabietate). The rate of reaction constants of primary hydroxyl of glycerol and abietic acid were in the range 6.25x10-4 - 3.90x10-3 g/(mgeq.min), while reaction rate constants of secondary hydroxyl and abietic acid were in the range 1.06x10-5 - 1.15x10-4 g/(mgeq.min). FTIR analysis showed a change in the hydroxyl, carboxylate, and ester groups which were assigned by a shift of wavenumber and a difference of intensity at 3200-3570 cm-1, 1697.36 cm-1, and 1273.02 cm-1.","PeriodicalId":17711,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Rekayasa Proses","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41818117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-30DOI: 10.37037/jrftsp.v11i2.90
J. Ginting
La Nina adalah pola cuaca yang rumit dan kompleks yang terjadi tiap beberapa tahun sekali. Fenomena La Nina telah terjadi selama ratusan tahun dan biasanya terjadi teratur. Tercatat mulai dari tahun 1998 hingga tahun 2018 telah terjadi 7 kali kejadian La Nina. Salah satu wilayah yang berada di sebelah barat Pasifik yang mengalami peningkatan curah hujan akibat Fenomena La Nina adalah wilayah Indonesia. Fenomena La Nina mengakibatkan terjadinya peningkatan puncak kedalaman hujan (mm) yang menyebabkan perubahan kondisi hidrologi di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa perubahan pola curah hujan akibat kejadian La Nina selama kurun waktu tahun 1998 hingga 2018 di Indonesia. Data curah hujan yang digunakan adalah observasi curah hujan per hari dari Satelit PERSIANN pada tahun 1998-2018. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah jika ditinjau dari tahun kejadian La Nina, puncak kedalaman hujan yang melampaui dari frekuensi rata-rata yang terjadi Indonesia, terjadi pada tahun 2010 dengan yang mencapai 10 kali hujan melampaui hujan rata-rata. Jika ditinjau dari bulan selama terjadinya fenomena La Nina, Kedalaman hujan yang melampaui kedalaman rata-rata paling sering terjadi pada November dengan frekuensi 12 kali. Oleh karena itu, pola hujan pada bulan November harus paling diwaspadai dibandingkan bulan lainnya. Selama terjadi fenomena La Nina, Bulan November mencapai hujan maksimum pada kedalaman 1104,84 mm dengan rata-rata hujan bulanan yang terjadi adalah 841,99 mm.
{"title":"PERUBAHAN POLA DAN KEDALAMAN CURAH HUJAN KEJADIAN LA NINA TAHUN 1998-2018 DI INDONESIA MENGGUNAKAN DATA SATELIT PERSIANN","authors":"J. Ginting","doi":"10.37037/jrftsp.v11i2.90","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37037/jrftsp.v11i2.90","url":null,"abstract":"La Nina adalah pola cuaca yang rumit dan kompleks yang terjadi tiap beberapa tahun sekali. Fenomena La Nina telah terjadi selama ratusan tahun dan biasanya terjadi teratur. Tercatat mulai dari tahun 1998 hingga tahun 2018 telah terjadi 7 kali kejadian La Nina. Salah satu wilayah yang berada di sebelah barat Pasifik yang mengalami peningkatan curah hujan akibat Fenomena La Nina adalah wilayah Indonesia. Fenomena La Nina mengakibatkan terjadinya peningkatan puncak kedalaman hujan (mm) yang menyebabkan perubahan kondisi hidrologi di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa perubahan pola curah hujan akibat kejadian La Nina selama kurun waktu tahun 1998 hingga 2018 di Indonesia. Data curah hujan yang digunakan adalah observasi curah hujan per hari dari Satelit PERSIANN pada tahun 1998-2018. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah jika ditinjau dari tahun kejadian La Nina, puncak kedalaman hujan yang melampaui dari frekuensi rata-rata yang terjadi Indonesia, terjadi pada tahun 2010 dengan yang mencapai 10 kali hujan melampaui hujan rata-rata. Jika ditinjau dari bulan selama terjadinya fenomena La Nina, Kedalaman hujan yang melampaui kedalaman rata-rata paling sering terjadi pada November dengan frekuensi 12 kali. Oleh karena itu, pola hujan pada bulan November harus paling diwaspadai dibandingkan bulan lainnya. Selama terjadi fenomena La Nina, Bulan November mencapai hujan maksimum pada kedalaman 1104,84 mm dengan rata-rata hujan bulanan yang terjadi adalah 841,99 mm.","PeriodicalId":17711,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Rekayasa Proses","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90916892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-27DOI: 10.37037/jrftsp.v11i1.52
Deni Chandra, Firdaus
Beton Geopolymer merupakan beton ramah lingkungan yang mana bahan utama yang digunakan memanfaatkan limbah B3 fly ash Batubara yang dijadikan sebagai pengganti semen. Material yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini dilakukan pemanasan dengan oven. Dan aktivator yang digunakan sebagai pembentuk beton geopolymer adalah Kalium. Tujuannya untuk mengetahui pengaruh aktivator untuk mencapai mutu beton yang di rencanakan berupa beton ringan dengan mutu yang tinggi. Sehingga penelitian ini dapat dijadikan pedoman dalam pembuatan beton ringan dengan mutu tinggi dan ramah lingkungan. Adapun secara spesifik tujuan yang ingin diketahui berapa besar perbedaan mutu beton geopolymer yang menggunakan aktivator Kalium dengan prilaku semua material kering oven. Dengan Mutu beton rencana 30 Mpa, pengujian di laboratorium Fakultas Teknik Sipil Universitas Bina Darma Palembang dengan membuat 18 benda uji silinder diameter 100 mm x 200 mm. Pembuatan benda uji dilakukan kondisi material aggregat dalam kondisi Saturated Surface Dry (SSD) dan kering oven pada suhu 60°C dengan waktu 1 jam, dengan perawatan benda silinder dengan suhu ruangan sampai waktu benda uji akan di uji. Produk penelitian yang dilakukan adalah grafik hubungan perilaku material kondisi SSD dan kering oven pada material beton gopolymer dengan aktivator Kalium dalam menerima beban tekan. Dari grafik tersebut dapat dilihat pengaruh kondisi material dan aktivator Kalium sebagai material beton geopolymer dalam menerima beban tekan dengan nilai kuat tekan fc 30 Mpa.
{"title":"ANALISA PENGARUH AKTIVATOR KALIUM DAN KONDISI MATERIAL PADA BETON GEOPOLYMER DARI LIMBAH B3 FLY ASH BATUBARA TERHADAP KUAT TEKAN","authors":"Deni Chandra, Firdaus","doi":"10.37037/jrftsp.v11i1.52","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37037/jrftsp.v11i1.52","url":null,"abstract":"Beton Geopolymer merupakan beton ramah lingkungan yang mana bahan utama yang digunakan memanfaatkan limbah B3 fly ash Batubara yang dijadikan sebagai pengganti semen. Material yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini dilakukan pemanasan dengan oven. Dan aktivator yang digunakan sebagai pembentuk beton geopolymer adalah Kalium. Tujuannya untuk mengetahui pengaruh aktivator untuk mencapai mutu beton yang di rencanakan berupa beton ringan dengan mutu yang tinggi. Sehingga penelitian ini dapat dijadikan pedoman dalam pembuatan beton ringan dengan mutu tinggi dan ramah lingkungan. Adapun secara spesifik tujuan yang ingin diketahui berapa besar perbedaan mutu beton geopolymer yang menggunakan aktivator Kalium dengan prilaku semua material kering oven. Dengan Mutu beton rencana 30 Mpa, pengujian di laboratorium Fakultas Teknik Sipil Universitas Bina Darma Palembang dengan membuat 18 benda uji silinder diameter 100 mm x 200 mm. Pembuatan benda uji dilakukan kondisi material aggregat dalam kondisi Saturated Surface Dry (SSD) dan kering oven pada suhu 60°C dengan waktu 1 jam, dengan perawatan benda silinder dengan suhu ruangan sampai waktu benda uji akan di uji. Produk penelitian yang dilakukan adalah grafik hubungan perilaku material kondisi SSD dan kering oven pada material beton gopolymer dengan aktivator Kalium dalam menerima beban tekan. Dari grafik tersebut dapat dilihat pengaruh kondisi material dan aktivator Kalium sebagai material beton geopolymer dalam menerima beban tekan dengan nilai kuat tekan fc 30 Mpa.","PeriodicalId":17711,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Rekayasa Proses","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73571981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kubu Marapalam is one of the sub-districts located in Padang Timur District in West Sumatera province with a sizeable area of 98 hectares (Ha) and occupied by .886 inhabitants. Based on Padang Mayor Decree Number.163 of 2014, Kubu Marapalam Sub-district is a slum of 1.48 Ha with the number of population is 508 Inhabitants/127 KK. This area is classified as a high density population and rejuvenation of the urban residential environment is required. With a dense population, inappropriate inhabitants’ behavior such as littering, and no green open space as well as open space availability, hence this area is vulnerable for flood. Problem solving with a qualitative descriptive method can produce a concept of restructuring community settlement in a high density and slums occupancy. This restructuring concept is expected to be able to create an appropriate and healthy occupancy with more green space. The purpose of this research is to find out the direction of restructuring concept in the high density and slum area which will be able to improve the quality of a healthy and appropriate settlement environment.
{"title":"KONSEP PENATAAN PERMUKIMAN KUMUH KELURAHAN KUBU MARAPALAM KECAMATAN PADANG TIMUR KOTA PADANG","authors":"Desy Aryanti, Rini Asmariati, Rahmadiansyah, Riri Amrizal","doi":"10.37037/jrftsp.v11i1.85","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37037/jrftsp.v11i1.85","url":null,"abstract":"Kubu Marapalam is one of the sub-districts located in Padang Timur District in West Sumatera province with a sizeable area of 98 hectares (Ha) and occupied by .886 inhabitants. Based on Padang Mayor Decree Number.163 of 2014, Kubu Marapalam Sub-district is a slum of 1.48 Ha with the number of population is 508 Inhabitants/127 KK. This area is classified as a high density population and rejuvenation of the urban residential environment is required. With a dense population, inappropriate inhabitants’ behavior such as littering, and no green open space as well as open space availability, hence this area is vulnerable for flood. Problem solving with a qualitative descriptive method can produce a concept of restructuring community settlement in a high density and slums occupancy. This restructuring concept is expected to be able to create an appropriate and healthy occupancy with more green space. The purpose of this research is to find out the direction of restructuring concept in the high density and slum area which will be able to improve the quality of a healthy and appropriate settlement environment. \u0000 \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":17711,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Rekayasa Proses","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74536784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Setyawan, Ilham Satria Raditya Putra, A. D. Putra, R. B. Cahyono
In power plant industries, boiler feed water (BFW) quality becomes the main parameter for steam generation, which is used for electricity production. To generate standard BFW for power plants, each impurity within water resources should be removed to prevent corrosion and scale deposition by several processes such as sedimentation, coagulation, polishing, and deaeration. Operation conditions that involved high temperature would trigger corrosion as a crucial factor in the maintenance and practical lifetime of the equipment. In the beginning of the operation, PT. Cirebon Electric Power (CEP) used All Volatile Treatment–Reduction (AVT-R) by injection of both ammonia and hydrazine. In order to optimize the operation, the BFW treatment was changed to All Volatile Treatment–Oxidation (AVT-O) that only uses of ammonia and deaerator for removing the dissolved gas. Based on the actual evaluation, AVT technology showed less performance related to corrosion prevention and high chemical consumption. Therefore, PT. CEP tried to implement modification in the BFW treatment, which is AVT technology to Oxygenated Treatment (OT). This paper is to evaluate the effect of those modifications on corrosion prevention and resource-energy saving. The modification into OT showed valuable results that decrease concentration of dissolved Fe from 1 ppb to 0.1 ppb in the deaerator outlet stream. This data reveals that good corrosion prevention can be achieved through the creation of passive layers, hematite Fe2O3. Oxygen injection into the water circulation system yielded an oxidation atmosphere so that the passive layer, Fe2O3, was formed. In addition to corrosion prevention, this modification also cut the amount of ammonia injection into the system from 2 ppm to 0.12 ppm. Reduction of that ammonia injection provides other benefits such as decreasing the volume of resin regeneration, which becomes only twice a month. This situation also created other benefits such as reducing the regeneration water, chemicals, and wastewater. Thus, the modification could establish the electricity production by PT. CEP more environmentally friendly and sustainable.A B S T R A KPada operasi PLTU, kualitas boiler feed water (BFW) menjadi parameter yang krusial untuk menghasilkan steam yang akan digunakan untuk memproduksi listrik. Untuk mendapatkan BFW sesuai dengan standar yang ada, maka pengotor di dalam air baku industri harus dihilangkan karena dapat menyebabkan korosi dan pembentukan kerak, baik pada pipa maupun peralatan. Kondisi operasi yang melibatkan steam pada suhu tinggi menyebabkan korosi menjadi masalah yang krusial terutama terkait dengan maintenance dan umur efektif pabrik. Pada awal berdirinya, PT. Cirebon Electric Power (CEP) menggunakan teknologi All Volatile Treatment–Reduction (AVT-R) dengan injeksi amonia dan hidrazin. Selanjutnya, dilakukan optimasi melalui perubahan proses menjadi All Volatile Treatment–Oxidation (AVT-O) dengan hanya menginjeksikan amonia dan mengoptimal
在发电厂工业中，锅炉给水（BFW）质量成为用于发电的蒸汽产生的主要参数。为了为发电厂生产标准的锅炉给水，应通过沉淀、混凝、抛光和除氧等几个过程去除水资源中的每一种杂质，以防止腐蚀和水垢沉积。涉及高温的操作条件会引发腐蚀，这是设备维护和实际寿命的一个关键因素。在运营初期，井里汶电力公司（CEP）通过注入氨和肼使用全挥发性处理-还原（AVT-R）。为了优化操作，锅炉给水处理改为全挥发性处理-氧化（AVT-O），仅使用氨和除氧器去除溶解气体。根据实际评估，AVT技术表现出较少的防腐性能和较高的化学品消耗。因此，PT。CEP试图在BFW处理中实施改进，即AVT技术对氧合处理（OT）。本文旨在评价这些改性剂在防腐和资源节能方面的效果。对OT的修改显示出有价值的结果，将除氧器出口流中的溶解Fe浓度从1ppb降低到0.1ppb。该数据表明，可以通过形成钝化层（赤铁矿Fe2O3）来实现良好的防腐效果。向水循环系统中注入氧气产生氧化气氛，从而形成钝化层Fe2O3。除了防腐之外，这种改进还将注入系统的氨的量从2ppm减少到0.12ppm。减少氨注入提供了其他好处，如减少树脂再生量，树脂再生量每月仅两次。这种情况还带来了其他好处，如减少再生水、化学品和废水。因此，改造可以使PT CEP的电力生产更加环保和可持续。B S T R A KPada操作PLTU，优质锅炉给水（BFW）成为生产用于发电的蒸汽的关键参数。为了根据现有标准获得BFW，必须消除工业污水中的发动机，因为它会对管道或设备造成腐蚀和结皮。涉及高温蒸汽的操作条件导致腐蚀成为一个关键问题，尤其是与维护和有效的工厂寿命有关的问题。最初，井里汶电力公司（CEP）使用所有挥发性处理还原（AVT-R）技术，注入氨和肼。接下来，通过注入氨将工艺改为全挥发性处理氧化（AVT-O），并优化除氧器功能以消除溶解气体发动机，从而进行优化。根据现场数据，使用较少的AVT技术提供了良好的防腐效果，而且使用的化学品数量仍然相对较大。为了更加环保和友好，PT.CEP正试图对锅炉给水（BFW）的排斥进行改造，而不是使用AVT-O技术进行充氧处理（OT）。本研究旨在评估AVT改性OT对防腐和资源稀缺的影响。将AVT-O系统改为OT成功地将BFW上的溶解Fe浓度从1ppb降低到0.1ppb。这表明，通过形成由磁铁矿（Fe3O4）和赤铁矿（Fe2O3）组成的双重保护层，可以提高防腐效果。向系统中注入氧气将水条件转化为氧化气氛，从而可以转化并形成新的防腐层。除了防止腐蚀外，这种改进还设法将现有水循环中的氨注入量从2ppm减少到0.12ppm。氨注入量的减少将使树脂再生的频率从每月8次减少到2次，从而产生幸运的好处。这种情况将导致资源的扩张，如再生所需的水、氨化学品和污染负担。因此，这种改造使PT。CEP的电力生产过程更加环保和连续。关键词：全挥发性处理；高效能源；corosis锅炉；氧合治疗（OT）
{"title":"Modifikasi Proses Pengolahan Boiler Feed Water (BFW) dari All Volatile Treatment (AVT) menjadi Oxygenated Treatment (OT) untuk Produksi Listrik Ramah Lingkungan","authors":"S. Setyawan, Ilham Satria Raditya Putra, A. D. Putra, R. B. Cahyono","doi":"10.22146/JREKPROS.65976","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/JREKPROS.65976","url":null,"abstract":"In power plant industries, boiler feed water (BFW) quality becomes the main parameter for steam generation, which is used for electricity production. To generate standard BFW for power plants, each impurity within water resources should be removed to prevent corrosion and scale deposition by several processes such as sedimentation, coagulation, polishing, and deaeration. Operation conditions that involved high temperature would trigger corrosion as a crucial factor in the maintenance and practical lifetime of the equipment. In the beginning of the operation, PT. Cirebon Electric Power (CEP) used All Volatile Treatment–Reduction (AVT-R) by injection of both ammonia and hydrazine. In order to optimize the operation, the BFW treatment was changed to All Volatile Treatment–Oxidation (AVT-O) that only uses of ammonia and deaerator for removing the dissolved gas. Based on the actual evaluation, AVT technology showed less performance related to corrosion prevention and high chemical consumption. Therefore, PT. CEP tried to implement modification in the BFW treatment, which is AVT technology to Oxygenated Treatment (OT). This paper is to evaluate the effect of those modifications on corrosion prevention and resource-energy saving. The modification into OT showed valuable results that decrease concentration of dissolved Fe from 1 ppb to 0.1 ppb in the deaerator outlet stream. This data reveals that good corrosion prevention can be achieved through the creation of passive layers, hematite Fe2O3. Oxygen injection into the water circulation system yielded an oxidation atmosphere so that the passive layer, Fe2O3, was formed. In addition to corrosion prevention, this modification also cut the amount of ammonia injection into the system from 2 ppm to 0.12 ppm. Reduction of that ammonia injection provides other benefits such as decreasing the volume of resin regeneration, which becomes only twice a month. This situation also created other benefits such as reducing the regeneration water, chemicals, and wastewater. Thus, the modification could establish the electricity production by PT. CEP more environmentally friendly and sustainable.A B S T R A KPada operasi PLTU, kualitas boiler feed water (BFW) menjadi parameter yang krusial untuk menghasilkan steam yang akan digunakan untuk memproduksi listrik. Untuk mendapatkan BFW sesuai dengan standar yang ada, maka pengotor di dalam air baku industri harus dihilangkan karena dapat menyebabkan korosi dan pembentukan kerak, baik pada pipa maupun peralatan. Kondisi operasi yang melibatkan steam pada suhu tinggi menyebabkan korosi menjadi masalah yang krusial terutama terkait dengan maintenance dan umur efektif pabrik. Pada awal berdirinya, PT. Cirebon Electric Power (CEP) menggunakan teknologi All Volatile Treatment–Reduction (AVT-R) dengan injeksi amonia dan hidrazin. Selanjutnya, dilakukan optimasi melalui perubahan proses menjadi All Volatile Treatment–Oxidation (AVT-O) dengan hanya menginjeksikan amonia dan mengoptimal","PeriodicalId":17711,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Rekayasa Proses","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42458047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-19DOI: 10.37037/jrftsp.v10i2.71
Fauzan Gumelar, Rika Nuraini
Material yang selalu digunakan sebagai pengisi dari struktur adalah beton, dikarenakan memiliki kuat tekan yang kuat dan pembuatannya mudah. Sampai saat ini, telah banyak dilakukan berbagai inovasi terhadap beton dan salah satunya adalah dengan memanfaatkan bakteri agar beton dapat memiliki kemampuan untuk menutup kerusakan berupa retakan secara mandiri atau biasa disebut dengan self healing concrete. Tujuan pada penelitian kali ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh dari beton dengan bahan tambah bakteri bacillus subtilis yang dienkapsulasi dengan persentase sebesar 0,5% dan 1%. Beton tersebut akan diuji kuat tekan dan dibandingkan dengan beton normal. Setelah itu, beton dengan bahan tambah kapsul bakteri akan direndam dalam air selama 14 hari dengan nilai pH yang berbeda- beda sebagai pengujian self healing concrete. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai kuat tekan beton normal 25,18 Mpa, beton dengan bahan tambah enkapsulasi bakteri sebesar 0,5% memiliki nilai kuat tekan 24,51 Mpa, dan beton dengan bahan tambah enkapsulasi bakteri sebesar 1% memiliki nilai kuat tekan 26,20 Mpa. Pengujian self healing concrete menunjukkan bahwa beton dengan bahan tambah enkapsulasi bakteri sebesar 0,5% pada perendaman air dengan nilai pH 7 selama 14 hari, dinilai yang paling baik dalam menutupi retak pada beton.
{"title":"BAKTERI BACILLUS SUBTILLS SEBAGAI AGEN SELF HEALING CONCRETE DENGAN VARIASI PERSENTASE DAN NILAI PH","authors":"Fauzan Gumelar, Rika Nuraini","doi":"10.37037/jrftsp.v10i2.71","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37037/jrftsp.v10i2.71","url":null,"abstract":"Material yang selalu digunakan sebagai pengisi dari struktur adalah beton, dikarenakan memiliki kuat tekan yang kuat dan pembuatannya mudah. Sampai saat ini, telah banyak dilakukan berbagai inovasi terhadap beton dan salah satunya adalah dengan memanfaatkan bakteri agar beton dapat memiliki kemampuan untuk menutup kerusakan berupa retakan secara mandiri atau biasa disebut dengan self healing concrete. Tujuan pada penelitian kali ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh dari beton dengan bahan tambah bakteri bacillus subtilis yang dienkapsulasi dengan persentase sebesar 0,5% dan 1%. Beton tersebut akan diuji kuat tekan dan dibandingkan dengan beton normal. Setelah itu, beton dengan bahan tambah kapsul bakteri akan direndam dalam air selama 14 hari dengan nilai pH yang berbeda- beda sebagai pengujian self healing concrete. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai kuat tekan beton normal 25,18 Mpa, beton dengan bahan tambah enkapsulasi bakteri sebesar 0,5% memiliki nilai kuat tekan 24,51 Mpa, dan beton dengan bahan tambah enkapsulasi bakteri sebesar 1% memiliki nilai kuat tekan 26,20 Mpa. Pengujian self healing concrete menunjukkan bahwa beton dengan bahan tambah enkapsulasi bakteri sebesar 0,5% pada perendaman air dengan nilai pH 7 selama 14 hari, dinilai yang paling baik dalam menutupi retak pada beton.","PeriodicalId":17711,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Rekayasa Proses","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88547744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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