Pub Date : 2024-01-08DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01342-9
Jie Li, Kui Li, Xiaoshi Zhang, Dimitar Popmintchev, Hao Xu, Yutong Wang, Ruixuan Li, Guangyin Zhang, Jiyue Tang, Jin Niu, Yongjun Ma, Runyu Meng, Changjun Ke, Jisi Qiu, Yunfeng Ma, Tenio Popmintchev, Zhongwei Fan
We demonstrate a novel flat-field, dual-optic imaging EUV-soft X-ray spectrometer and monochromator that attains an unprecedented throughput efficiency exceeding 60% by design, along with a superb spectral resolution of λ/Δλ > 200 accomplished without employing variable line spacing gratings. Exploiting the benefits of the conical diffraction geometry, the optical system is globally optimized in multidimensional parameter space to guarantee optimal imaging performance over a broad spectral range while maintaining circular and elliptical polarization states at the first, second, and third diffraction orders. Moreover, our analysis indicates minimal temporal dispersion, with pulse broadening confined within 80 fs tail-to-tail and an FWHM value of 29 fs, which enables ultrafast spectroscopic and pump-probe studies with femtosecond accuracy. Furthermore, the spectrometer can be effortlessly transformed into a monochromator spanning the EUV-soft X-ray spectral region using a single grating with an aberration-free spatial profile. Such capability allows coherent diffractive imaging applications to be conducted with highly monochromatic light in a broad spectral range and extended to the soft X-ray region with minimal photon loss, thus facilitating state-of-the-art imaging of intricate nano- and bio-systems, with a significantly enhanced spatiotemporal resolution, down to the nanometer-femtosecond level.
我们展示了一种新颖的平场双光学成像超紫外软X射线光谱仪和单色仪,其设计实现了前所未有的超过60%的吞吐效率,同时在不使用可变线间距光栅的情况下实现了λ/Δλ > 200的超高光谱分辨率。利用锥形衍射几何的优势,光学系统在多维参数空间中进行了全局优化,以确保在宽光谱范围内实现最佳成像性能,同时在第一、第二和第三衍射阶保持圆偏振和椭圆偏振状态。此外,我们的分析表明时间色散极小,脉冲展宽限制在 80 fs 尾对尾范围内,FWHM 值为 29 fs,从而实现了飞秒级精度的超快光谱和泵探研究。此外,该光谱仪还可以毫不费力地转化为单色仪,使用无像差空间轮廓的单个光栅,横跨超紫外-软 X 射线光谱区域。这种能力使相干衍射成像应用能够在宽光谱范围内使用高度单色光,并以最小的光子损耗扩展到软 X 射线区域,从而促进对复杂的纳米和生物系统进行最先进的成像,并显著提高时空分辨率,达到纳米-飞秒级别。
{"title":"Highly efficient and aberration-free off-plane grating spectrometer and monochromator for EUV-soft X-ray applications.","authors":"Jie Li, Kui Li, Xiaoshi Zhang, Dimitar Popmintchev, Hao Xu, Yutong Wang, Ruixuan Li, Guangyin Zhang, Jiyue Tang, Jin Niu, Yongjun Ma, Runyu Meng, Changjun Ke, Jisi Qiu, Yunfeng Ma, Tenio Popmintchev, Zhongwei Fan","doi":"10.1038/s41377-023-01342-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41377-023-01342-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We demonstrate a novel flat-field, dual-optic imaging EUV-soft X-ray spectrometer and monochromator that attains an unprecedented throughput efficiency exceeding 60% by design, along with a superb spectral resolution of λ/Δλ > 200 accomplished without employing variable line spacing gratings. Exploiting the benefits of the conical diffraction geometry, the optical system is globally optimized in multidimensional parameter space to guarantee optimal imaging performance over a broad spectral range while maintaining circular and elliptical polarization states at the first, second, and third diffraction orders. Moreover, our analysis indicates minimal temporal dispersion, with pulse broadening confined within 80 fs tail-to-tail and an FWHM value of 29 fs, which enables ultrafast spectroscopic and pump-probe studies with femtosecond accuracy. Furthermore, the spectrometer can be effortlessly transformed into a monochromator spanning the EUV-soft X-ray spectral region using a single grating with an aberration-free spatial profile. Such capability allows coherent diffractive imaging applications to be conducted with highly monochromatic light in a broad spectral range and extended to the soft X-ray region with minimal photon loss, thus facilitating state-of-the-art imaging of intricate nano- and bio-systems, with a significantly enhanced spatiotemporal resolution, down to the nanometer-femtosecond level.</p>","PeriodicalId":18093,"journal":{"name":"Light, science & applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":19.4,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10772113/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139377949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-08DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01347-4
Wenjie Wan
Exceptional points (EPs), singularities of non-Hermitian systems, often exhibit exotic behaviors by engineering the balance between the system gain and loss. Now, EPs have been demonstrated to enable unidirectional perfect absorption/reflection at the visible light spectrum.
{"title":"Exceptional dynamics at exceptional points.","authors":"Wenjie Wan","doi":"10.1038/s41377-023-01347-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41377-023-01347-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Exceptional points (EPs), singularities of non-Hermitian systems, often exhibit exotic behaviors by engineering the balance between the system gain and loss. Now, EPs have been demonstrated to enable unidirectional perfect absorption/reflection at the visible light spectrum.</p>","PeriodicalId":18093,"journal":{"name":"Light, science & applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":19.4,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10772088/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139377948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-05DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01351-8
Yifei Ma, Zimo Zhao, Stephen M Morris, Chao He
Polarization-independent phase modulators based upon liquid crystals (LCs) with a simple device architecture have long been desired for a range of optical applications. Recently, researchers have demonstrated a novel fabrication procedure using cholesteric LCs as a primer for achieving low polarization dependence coupled with a large phase modulation depth.
{"title":"Twisted microdomains in liquid crystals for polarization-insensitive phase modulation.","authors":"Yifei Ma, Zimo Zhao, Stephen M Morris, Chao He","doi":"10.1038/s41377-023-01351-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41377-023-01351-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Polarization-independent phase modulators based upon liquid crystals (LCs) with a simple device architecture have long been desired for a range of optical applications. Recently, researchers have demonstrated a novel fabrication procedure using cholesteric LCs as a primer for achieving low polarization dependence coupled with a large phase modulation depth.</p>","PeriodicalId":18093,"journal":{"name":"Light, science & applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":19.4,"publicationDate":"2024-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10766621/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139098149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-05DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01353-6
Zhen Wang, Qinxue Nie, Haojia Sun, Qiang Wang, Simone Borri, Paolo De Natale, Wei Ren
Photoacoustic dual-comb spectroscopy (DCS), converting spectral information in the optical frequency domain to the audio frequency domain via multi-heterodyne beating, enables background-free spectral measurements with high resolution and broad bandwidth. However, the detection sensitivity remains limited due to the low power of individual comb lines and the lack of broadband acoustic resonators. Here, we develop cavity-enhanced photoacoustic DCS, which overcomes these limitations by using a high-finesse optical cavity for the power amplification of dual-frequency combs and a broadband acoustic resonator with a flat-top frequency response. We demonstrate high-resolution spectroscopic measurements of trace amounts of C2H2, NH3 and CO in the entire telecommunications C-band. The method shows a minimum detection limit of 0.6 ppb C2H2 at the measurement time of 100 s, corresponding to the noise equivalent absorption coefficient of 7 × 10-10 cm-1. The proposed cavity-enhanced photoacoustic DCS may open new avenues for ultrasensitive, high-resolution, and multi-species gas detection with widespread applications.
光声双梳状光谱(DCS)通过多外差跳动将光学频域的光谱信息转换到音频频域,从而实现了高分辨率和宽带宽的无背景光谱测量。然而,由于单个梳状线的功率较低,且缺乏宽带声共振,因此探测灵敏度仍然有限。在此,我们开发了空腔增强型光声 DCS,通过使用高精细度光腔对双频梳状线进行功率放大,以及使用具有平顶频率响应的宽带声学谐振器,克服了这些限制。我们展示了在整个电信 C 波段对痕量 C2H2、NH3 和 CO 的高分辨率光谱测量。测量时间为 100 秒时,该方法的最低检测限为 0.6 ppb C2H2,对应的噪声等效吸收系数为 7 × 10-10 cm-1。所提出的空腔增强型光声 DCS 可为超灵敏、高分辨率和多种类气体检测开辟新的途径,具有广泛的应用前景。
{"title":"Cavity-enhanced photoacoustic dual-comb spectroscopy.","authors":"Zhen Wang, Qinxue Nie, Haojia Sun, Qiang Wang, Simone Borri, Paolo De Natale, Wei Ren","doi":"10.1038/s41377-023-01353-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41377-023-01353-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Photoacoustic dual-comb spectroscopy (DCS), converting spectral information in the optical frequency domain to the audio frequency domain via multi-heterodyne beating, enables background-free spectral measurements with high resolution and broad bandwidth. However, the detection sensitivity remains limited due to the low power of individual comb lines and the lack of broadband acoustic resonators. Here, we develop cavity-enhanced photoacoustic DCS, which overcomes these limitations by using a high-finesse optical cavity for the power amplification of dual-frequency combs and a broadband acoustic resonator with a flat-top frequency response. We demonstrate high-resolution spectroscopic measurements of trace amounts of C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub>, NH<sub>3</sub> and CO in the entire telecommunications C-band. The method shows a minimum detection limit of 0.6 ppb C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub> at the measurement time of 100 s, corresponding to the noise equivalent absorption coefficient of 7 × 10<sup>-10 </sup>cm<sup>-1</sup>. The proposed cavity-enhanced photoacoustic DCS may open new avenues for ultrasensitive, high-resolution, and multi-species gas detection with widespread applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":18093,"journal":{"name":"Light, science & applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":19.4,"publicationDate":"2024-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10767139/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139098148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-05DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01355-4
Chuangchuang Chen, Honggang Gu, Shiyuan Liu
Miniaturizing spectrometers for compact and cost-effective mobile platforms is a major challenge in current spectroscopy research, where conventional spectrometers are impractical due to their bulky footprint. Existing miniaturized designs primarily rely on precalibrated response functions of nanophotonic structures to encode spectral information captured in a snapshot by detector arrays. Accurate spectrum reconstruction is achieved through computational techniques, but this requires precise component design, high-precision fabrication, and calibration. We propose an ultra-simplified computational spectrometer that employs a one-to-broadband diffraction decomposition strategy facilitated by a numerical regularized transform that depends only on the spectrum of the diffracted radiation. The key feature of our design is the use of a simple, arbitrarily shaped pinhole as the partial disperser, eliminating the need for complex encoding designs and full spectrum calibration. Our spectrometer achieves a reconstructed spectral peak location accuracy of better than 1 nm over a 200 nm bandwidth and excellent resolution for peaks separated by 3 nm in a bimodal spectrum, all within a compact footprint of under half an inch. Notably, our approach also reveals a breakthrough in broadband coherent diffractive imaging without requiring any prior knowledge of the broadband illumination spectrum, assumptions of non-dispersive specimens, or correction for detector quantum efficiency.
{"title":"Ultra-simplified diffraction-based computational spectrometer.","authors":"Chuangchuang Chen, Honggang Gu, Shiyuan Liu","doi":"10.1038/s41377-023-01355-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41377-023-01355-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Miniaturizing spectrometers for compact and cost-effective mobile platforms is a major challenge in current spectroscopy research, where conventional spectrometers are impractical due to their bulky footprint. Existing miniaturized designs primarily rely on precalibrated response functions of nanophotonic structures to encode spectral information captured in a snapshot by detector arrays. Accurate spectrum reconstruction is achieved through computational techniques, but this requires precise component design, high-precision fabrication, and calibration. We propose an ultra-simplified computational spectrometer that employs a one-to-broadband diffraction decomposition strategy facilitated by a numerical regularized transform that depends only on the spectrum of the diffracted radiation. The key feature of our design is the use of a simple, arbitrarily shaped pinhole as the partial disperser, eliminating the need for complex encoding designs and full spectrum calibration. Our spectrometer achieves a reconstructed spectral peak location accuracy of better than 1 nm over a 200 nm bandwidth and excellent resolution for peaks separated by 3 nm in a bimodal spectrum, all within a compact footprint of under half an inch. Notably, our approach also reveals a breakthrough in broadband coherent diffractive imaging without requiring any prior knowledge of the broadband illumination spectrum, assumptions of non-dispersive specimens, or correction for detector quantum efficiency.</p>","PeriodicalId":18093,"journal":{"name":"Light, science & applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":19.4,"publicationDate":"2024-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10766968/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139098151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-05DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01336-7
Qianke Wang, Jun Liu, Dawei Lyu, Jian Wang
While the spatial mode of photons is widely used in quantum cryptography, its potential for quantum computation remains largely unexplored. Here, we showcase the use of the multi-dimensional spatial mode of photons to construct a series of high-dimensional quantum gates, achieved through the use of diffractive deep neural networks (D2NNs). Notably, our gates demonstrate high fidelity of up to 99.6(2)%, as characterized by quantum process tomography. Our experimental implementation of these gates involves a programmable array of phase layers in a compact and scalable device, capable of performing complex operations or even quantum circuits. We also demonstrate the efficacy of the D2NN gates by successfully implementing the Deutsch algorithm and propose an intelligent deployment protocol that involves self-configuration and self-optimization. Moreover, we conduct a comparative analysis of the D2NN gate's performance to the wave-front matching approach. Overall, our work opens a door for designing specific quantum gates using deep learning, with the potential for reliable execution of quantum computation.
{"title":"Ultrahigh-fidelity spatial mode quantum gates in high-dimensional space by diffractive deep neural networks.","authors":"Qianke Wang, Jun Liu, Dawei Lyu, Jian Wang","doi":"10.1038/s41377-023-01336-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41377-023-01336-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>While the spatial mode of photons is widely used in quantum cryptography, its potential for quantum computation remains largely unexplored. Here, we showcase the use of the multi-dimensional spatial mode of photons to construct a series of high-dimensional quantum gates, achieved through the use of diffractive deep neural networks (D<sup>2</sup>NNs). Notably, our gates demonstrate high fidelity of up to 99.6(2)%, as characterized by quantum process tomography. Our experimental implementation of these gates involves a programmable array of phase layers in a compact and scalable device, capable of performing complex operations or even quantum circuits. We also demonstrate the efficacy of the D<sup>2</sup>NN gates by successfully implementing the Deutsch algorithm and propose an intelligent deployment protocol that involves self-configuration and self-optimization. Moreover, we conduct a comparative analysis of the D<sup>2</sup>NN gate's performance to the wave-front matching approach. Overall, our work opens a door for designing specific quantum gates using deep learning, with the potential for reliable execution of quantum computation.</p>","PeriodicalId":18093,"journal":{"name":"Light, science & applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":19.4,"publicationDate":"2024-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10767004/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139098150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We report the development of a head-mounted photoacoustic fiberscope for cerebral imaging in a freely behaving mouse. The 4.5-gram imaging probe has a 9-µm lateral resolution and 0.2-Hz frame rate over a 1.2-mm wide area. The probe can continuously monitor cerebral oxygenation and hemodynamic responses at single-vessel resolution, showing significantly different cerebrovascular responses to external stimuli under anesthesia and in the freely moving state. For example, when subjected to high-concentration CO2 respiration, enhanced oxygenation to compensate for hypercapnia can be visualized due to cerebral regulation in the freely moving state. Comparative studies exhibit significantly weakened compensation capabilities in obese rodents. This new imaging modality can be used for investigating both normal and pathological cerebrovascular functions and shows great promise for studying cerebral activity, disorders and their treatments.
{"title":"Free-moving-state microscopic imaging of cerebral oxygenation and hemodynamics with a photoacoustic fiberscope.","authors":"Xiaoxuan Zhong, Yizhi Liang, Xiaoyu Wang, Haoying Lan, Xue Bai, Long Jin, Bai-Ou Guan","doi":"10.1038/s41377-023-01348-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41377-023-01348-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We report the development of a head-mounted photoacoustic fiberscope for cerebral imaging in a freely behaving mouse. The 4.5-gram imaging probe has a 9-µm lateral resolution and 0.2-Hz frame rate over a 1.2-mm wide area. The probe can continuously monitor cerebral oxygenation and hemodynamic responses at single-vessel resolution, showing significantly different cerebrovascular responses to external stimuli under anesthesia and in the freely moving state. For example, when subjected to high-concentration CO<sub>2</sub> respiration, enhanced oxygenation to compensate for hypercapnia can be visualized due to cerebral regulation in the freely moving state. Comparative studies exhibit significantly weakened compensation capabilities in obese rodents. This new imaging modality can be used for investigating both normal and pathological cerebrovascular functions and shows great promise for studying cerebral activity, disorders and their treatments.</p>","PeriodicalId":18093,"journal":{"name":"Light, science & applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":19.4,"publicationDate":"2024-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10758391/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139074474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-02DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01354-5
Xiao-Jie Wang, Hong-Hua Fang, Zhen-Ze Li, Dan Wang, Hong-Bo Sun
Atomic and close-to-atom scale manufacturing is a promising avenue toward single-photon emitters, single-electron transistors, single-atom memory, and quantum-bit devices for future communication, computation, and sensing applications. Laser manufacturing is outstanding to this end for ease of beam manipulation, batch production, and no requirement for photomasks. It is, however, suffering from optical diffraction limits. Herein, we report a spatial resolution improved to the quantum limit by exploiting a threshold tracing and lock-in method, whereby the two-order gap between atomic point defect complexes and optical diffraction limit is surpassed, and a feature size of <5 nm is realized. The underlying physics is that the uncertainty of local atom thermal motion dominates electron excitation, rather than the power density slope of the incident laser. We show that the colour centre yield in hexagonal boron nitride is transformed from stochastic to deterministic, and the emission from individual sites becomes polychromatic to monochromatic. As a result, single colour centres in the regular array are deterministically created with a unity yield and high positional accuracy, serving as a step forward for integrated quantum technological applications.
{"title":"Laser manufacturing of spatial resolution approaching quantum limit.","authors":"Xiao-Jie Wang, Hong-Hua Fang, Zhen-Ze Li, Dan Wang, Hong-Bo Sun","doi":"10.1038/s41377-023-01354-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41377-023-01354-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Atomic and close-to-atom scale manufacturing is a promising avenue toward single-photon emitters, single-electron transistors, single-atom memory, and quantum-bit devices for future communication, computation, and sensing applications. Laser manufacturing is outstanding to this end for ease of beam manipulation, batch production, and no requirement for photomasks. It is, however, suffering from optical diffraction limits. Herein, we report a spatial resolution improved to the quantum limit by exploiting a threshold tracing and lock-in method, whereby the two-order gap between atomic point defect complexes and optical diffraction limit is surpassed, and a feature size of <5 nm is realized. The underlying physics is that the uncertainty of local atom thermal motion dominates electron excitation, rather than the power density slope of the incident laser. We show that the colour centre yield in hexagonal boron nitride is transformed from stochastic to deterministic, and the emission from individual sites becomes polychromatic to monochromatic. As a result, single colour centres in the regular array are deterministically created with a unity yield and high positional accuracy, serving as a step forward for integrated quantum technological applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":18093,"journal":{"name":"Light, science & applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":19.4,"publicationDate":"2024-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10758390/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139074475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01340-x
Kaiqiang Wang, Li Song, Chutian Wang, Zhenbo Ren, Guangyuan Zhao, Jiazhen Dou, Jianglei Di, George Barbastathis, Renjie Zhou, Jianlin Zhao, Edmund Y Lam
Phase recovery (PR) refers to calculating the phase of the light field from its intensity measurements. As exemplified from quantitative phase imaging and coherent diffraction imaging to adaptive optics, PR is essential for reconstructing the refractive index distribution or topography of an object and correcting the aberration of an imaging system. In recent years, deep learning (DL), often implemented through deep neural networks, has provided unprecedented support for computational imaging, leading to more efficient solutions for various PR problems. In this review, we first briefly introduce conventional methods for PR. Then, we review how DL provides support for PR from the following three stages, namely, pre-processing, in-processing, and post-processing. We also review how DL is used in phase image processing. Finally, we summarize the work in DL for PR and provide an outlook on how to better use DL to improve the reliability and efficiency of PR. Furthermore, we present a live-updating resource ( https://github.com/kqwang/phase-recovery ) for readers to learn more about PR.
{"title":"On the use of deep learning for phase recovery.","authors":"Kaiqiang Wang, Li Song, Chutian Wang, Zhenbo Ren, Guangyuan Zhao, Jiazhen Dou, Jianglei Di, George Barbastathis, Renjie Zhou, Jianlin Zhao, Edmund Y Lam","doi":"10.1038/s41377-023-01340-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41377-023-01340-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Phase recovery (PR) refers to calculating the phase of the light field from its intensity measurements. As exemplified from quantitative phase imaging and coherent diffraction imaging to adaptive optics, PR is essential for reconstructing the refractive index distribution or topography of an object and correcting the aberration of an imaging system. In recent years, deep learning (DL), often implemented through deep neural networks, has provided unprecedented support for computational imaging, leading to more efficient solutions for various PR problems. In this review, we first briefly introduce conventional methods for PR. Then, we review how DL provides support for PR from the following three stages, namely, pre-processing, in-processing, and post-processing. We also review how DL is used in phase image processing. Finally, we summarize the work in DL for PR and provide an outlook on how to better use DL to improve the reliability and efficiency of PR. Furthermore, we present a live-updating resource ( https://github.com/kqwang/phase-recovery ) for readers to learn more about PR.</p>","PeriodicalId":18093,"journal":{"name":"Light, science & applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":19.4,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10758000/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139074476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Various exciton species in transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), such as neutral excitons, trions (charged excitons), dark excitons, and biexcitons, have been individually discovered with distinct light-matter interactions. In terms of valley-spin locked band structures and electron-hole configurations, these exciton species demonstrate flexible control of emission light with degrees of freedom (DOFs) such as intensity, polarization, frequency, and dynamics. However, it remains elusive to fully manipulate different exciton species on demand for practical photonic applications. Here, we investigate the contrasting light-matter interactions to control multiple DOFs of emission light in a hybrid monolayer WSe2-Ag nanowire (NW) structure by taking advantage of various exciton species. These excitons, including trions, dark excitons, and biexcitons, are found to couple independently with propagating surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) of Ag NW in quite different ways, thanks to the orientations of transition dipoles. Consistent with the simulations, the dark excitons and dark trions show extremely high coupling efficiency with SPPs, while the trions demonstrate directional chiral-coupling features. This study presents a crucial step towards the ultimate goal of exploiting the comprehensive spectrum of TMD excitons for optical information processing and quantum optics.
{"title":"Versatile optical manipulation of trions, dark excitons and biexcitons through contrasting exciton-photon coupling.","authors":"Zhe Li, Xin-Yuan Zhang, Rundong Ma, Tong Fu, Yan Zeng, Chong Hu, Yufeng Cheng, Cheng Wang, Yun Wang, Yuhua Feng, Takashi Taniguchi, Kenji Watanabe, Ti Wang, Xiaoze Liu, Hongxing Xu","doi":"10.1038/s41377-023-01338-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41377-023-01338-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Various exciton species in transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), such as neutral excitons, trions (charged excitons), dark excitons, and biexcitons, have been individually discovered with distinct light-matter interactions. In terms of valley-spin locked band structures and electron-hole configurations, these exciton species demonstrate flexible control of emission light with degrees of freedom (DOFs) such as intensity, polarization, frequency, and dynamics. However, it remains elusive to fully manipulate different exciton species on demand for practical photonic applications. Here, we investigate the contrasting light-matter interactions to control multiple DOFs of emission light in a hybrid monolayer WSe<sub>2</sub>-Ag nanowire (NW) structure by taking advantage of various exciton species. These excitons, including trions, dark excitons, and biexcitons, are found to couple independently with propagating surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) of Ag NW in quite different ways, thanks to the orientations of transition dipoles. Consistent with the simulations, the dark excitons and dark trions show extremely high coupling efficiency with SPPs, while the trions demonstrate directional chiral-coupling features. This study presents a crucial step towards the ultimate goal of exploiting the comprehensive spectrum of TMD excitons for optical information processing and quantum optics.</p>","PeriodicalId":18093,"journal":{"name":"Light, science & applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":19.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10700377/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138498806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}