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A Simplified Non-Hertzian Wheel-Rail Adhesion Model Under Interfacial Contaminations Considering Surface Roughness
IF 1.8 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL Pub Date : 2024-10-27 DOI: 10.1002/ls.1726
Zhaoyang Wang, Bing Wu, Jiaqing Huang

The accuracy and efficiency of the wheel-rail adhesion model are important to the wheel-rail rolling contact issues. The purpose of this study is to develop a simplified non-Hertzian wheel-rail adhesion model under interfacial contaminations to predict the wheel-rail adhesion coefficient. Firstly, a non-Hertzian full elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) model was developed and applied to determine the wheel-rail contact pressure and film thickness under interfacial contaminations. Then, the empirical formula of central film thickness available to non-Hertzian wheel-rail normal contact relating to train speeds, axle loads and material parameters were proposed based on a large number of non-Hertzian full EHL simulation for smooth surface under interfacial contaminations using linear regression. The empirical non-Hertzian central film thickness formula and minimum film thickness formula for wheel-rail contact obtained in this paper show certain differences from the formulas based on Hertzian contact. Using the proposed non-Hertzian central film thickness formula, a simplified non-Hertzian wheel-rail contact adhesion model was developed, and the adhesion coefficient was obtained at different speeds and compared with the field test data. The numerical results showed good agreement with field test data.

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引用次数: 0
Enhancing Lubrication Performance of Ga–In–Sn Liquid Metal via Electrochemical Boronising Treatment 通过电化学硼化处理提高镓铟硒液态金属的润滑性能
IF 1.8 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL Pub Date : 2024-10-11 DOI: 10.1002/ls.1724
Pengfei Li, Hongxing Wu, Jianxin Dong, Shaochong Yin, Ningbo Feng, Ke Hua, Haifeng Wang

As one of the liquid metals, Ga–In–Sn liquid metals can function as an advanced lubricant with high conductivity in a tribology system. It has already revealed advancements in several applications, such as coolants and electromechanical relays. However, Ga–In–Sn liquid metal shows poor lubrication performance on industrial metallic materials, which limits its application in engineering. In this study, the electrochemical boronising strategy was applied to improve the lubrication effect of Ga–In–Sn liquid metal on steel friction pairs. Electrochemical boronising treatment was performed to the base material AISI 52100, and a boronised layer with a thickness of around 64 μm was generated. Tribology tests were carried out on both boronised and original samples with the lubrication of Ga–In–Sn liquid metal (68.5 wt% Ga, 21.5 wt% In and 10 wt% Sn). Results show that the wear resistance of the tribo-system reveals great improvement: The coefficient of friction decreases by 59% and the wear rate drops 85% compared to the steel/steel friction pair. EDS and XPS results show that a tribofilm consisted of Fe/Ga was in situ–generated on the wear scar of the boronised sample, which results in the synergy effect between the boronised layer and the Ga–In–Sn liquid metal. Therefore, we provided a robust strategy to enhance the lubrication performance of Ga–In–Sn liquid metal on a steel friction pair by using electrochemical boronising treatment, which could broaden the application field of Ga–In–Sn liquid metals.

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引用次数: 0
Evaluation of Scuffing Load Capacity of Helical Gear Based on the Tribo-Dynamic Model
IF 1.8 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-23 DOI: 10.1002/ls.1723
Mingyong Liu, Shuchang Chen, Jun Hu, Guogeng Zhang, Lin Zhu, Xue Xiang, Chunai Yan

The scuffing load capacity of gear is closely related to the meshing temperature rise of tooth surface. The key to predict the temperature rise is to establish an accurate meshing temperature rise model. In the paper, a tribo-dynamic model of helical gear is established through coupling of tooth surface lubrication parameters, and the influence of temperature rise on ambient temperature during meshing process is considered. Then, the effects of oil supply temperature, input speed and torque on tooth surface temperature rise, film thickness, friction excitation and gear dynamic characteristics are discussed. The results show that the temperature rise of the gear is higher during the engaging-in and engaging-out regions. Meanwhile, there is local high temperature at the end of the contact line due to the end effect. The vibration of gear along the off-line-of-action direction is mainly determined by friction excitation. With the increase of oil supply temperature, input speed and torque, the risk of scuffing failure increases and the influence of oil supply temperature and input load is more significant. The conclusions of this paper may provide some valuable suggestions for the anti-gluing failure design of gear in engineering.

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引用次数: 0
Investigating the Effects of Oil Additives on the Tribological Performance of Hydrodynamic Journal Bearings: A Study With Hazelnut Oil in Boundary and Mixed Lubrication Regimes
IF 1.8 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-19 DOI: 10.1002/ls.1725
Hasan Baş, Yunus Emre Karabacak

This study investigates the impact of oil additives on the performance of hydrodynamic journal bearings using hazelnut oil. Various additives, including titanium dioxide, hexagonal boron nitride and graphite, are mixed with hazelnut oil in specific concentrations. Experimental tests are conducted in boundary and mixed lubrication regimes using a specialised rig to simulate bearing operating conditions. The friction performance of these oil-additive combinations is evaluated in terms of bearing load, rotating speed and oil temperature. The findings contribute to understanding hazelnut oil as a potential lubricant and optimising its formulation for specific applications, promoting environmentally friendly lubricants and sustainability.

本研究探讨了油添加剂对使用榛子油的流体动力轴颈轴承性能的影响。包括二氧化钛、六方氮化硼和石墨在内的各种添加剂以特定浓度与榛子油混合。实验测试在边界润滑和混合润滑状态下进行,使用专门的钻机模拟轴承的工作条件。根据轴承载荷、转速和油温对这些油添加剂组合的摩擦性能进行了评估。研究结果有助于了解榛子油作为一种潜在润滑剂的作用,优化其在特定应用中的配方,促进环保型润滑剂和可持续发展。
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引用次数: 0
Properties of Bi2S3 Coatings Deposited on the Bionic Leaf Vein Textured Surfaces With Different Surface Densities 沉积在不同表面密度的仿生叶脉纹理表面上的 Bi2S3 涂层的特性
IF 1.8 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-12 DOI: 10.1002/ls.1722
Junyan Wang, Jianxin Deng, Yichen Bao, Kexin Ma, Mingyuan Wang, Runzhou Tian

In order to investigate the impact of micro-textured surfaces with varying surface density on coating properties, the bionic leaf vein micro-texture with different surface densities were prepared on the substrate surface by laser processing. Bi2S3 soft coatings were deposited on the textured surfaces by electrohydrodynamic atomization. The influence of textured surface density on the adhesion and tribological properties of the coatings was analysed and discussed by scratch tests and friction wear tests. The results showed a significant increase in the friction coefficient as the surface density increased. However, after reaching a certain point, the friction coefficient tended to decrease. The coatings deposited on the lower surface density (13.9%, 14.5%) have better tribological performance compared with the higher surface density (35.6%, 36.2%). Meanwhile, the adhesion of coatings on the textured substrate enhanced compared with coatings deposited on the polished substrate. A reasonable textured surface density can effectively improve the adhesion and tribological properties of the coating.

为了研究不同表面密度的微纹理表面对涂层性能的影响,通过激光加工在基底表面制备了不同表面密度的仿生叶脉微纹理。采用电流体动力雾化技术在纹理表面沉积 Bi2S3 软涂层。通过划痕试验和摩擦磨损试验分析和讨论了纹理表面密度对涂层附着力和摩擦学性能的影响。结果表明,随着表面密度的增加,摩擦系数也明显增加。然而,达到一定程度后,摩擦系数趋于下降。与较高的表面密度(35.6%、36.2%)相比,沉积在较低表面密度(13.9%、14.5%)上的涂层具有更好的摩擦学性能。同时,与沉积在抛光基底上的涂层相比,沉积在纹理基底上的涂层附着力更强。合理的纹理表面密度能有效提高涂层的附着力和摩擦学性能。
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引用次数: 0
Investigation on Air Drag Reduction and Stabilisation of Bionic Multiscale Wetting Gradient Surfaces 关于仿生多尺度润湿梯度表面减少空气阻力和稳定性的研究
IF 1.8 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI: 10.1002/ls.1720
Jing Xu, Junyan Yang, GuiMing Zhang, Wissal Mahfoudi, Jiadi Lian

Considering the rapid liquid transport characteristics of bionic dragonfly wings, an experimental investigation into the stability and drag reduction properties of an air film on various textured surfaces is being conducted. The study examines the impact of different wetting gradient textures on the stability and drag reduction properties of air film. Experimental results demonstrate an enhanced fluid transport efficiency, resulting in a maximum drag reduction of 9.1%, attributed to the size effect of the multi-scale structure of bionic dragonfly wings. Surfaces featuring wetting gradients exhibit increased stability of the air film within the texture and the ability to trap air bubbles. Based on a near-wall flow two-phase flow theory model, the simulation considers the morphological changes of the air film at structured interfaces and their influence on near-wall flow characteristics. The results indicate that the drag reduction effect arise from the slippage effect between the internal vortex in the air film inside the texture and the flow field near the wall surface. The synergistic effect of near-wall flow fields among multiple texture layers is evident. This interplay across different regions contributes to the sustained drag reduction within the near wall area.

考虑到仿生蜻蜓翅膀的快速液体传输特性,正在对各种纹理表面上气膜的稳定性和减阻特性进行实验研究。该研究探讨了不同润湿梯度纹理对气膜稳定性和阻力降低性能的影响。实验结果表明,由于仿生蜻蜓翅膀多尺度结构的尺寸效应,流体传输效率得到提高,最大阻力降低了 9.1%。具有润湿梯度的表面显示出纹理内气膜的稳定性和捕获气泡的能力都有所提高。模拟以近壁流两相流理论模型为基础,考虑了结构界面处气膜的形态变化及其对近壁流动特性的影响。结果表明,阻力减小效应源于纹理内气膜内部涡旋与近壁表面流场之间的滑动效应。近壁流场在多个纹理层之间的协同效应显而易见。这种不同区域的相互作用有助于持续降低近壁区域的阻力。
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引用次数: 0
Improving the Performance of Machining Parameters in the Turning Process of Inconel 686 by Using Cryo-MQL Method 使用 Cryo-MQL 方法改善铬镍铁合金 686 车削过程中的加工参数性能
IF 1.8 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.1002/ls.1715
Ahmadreza Hosseini Tazehkandi, Mohammadreza Shabgard, Abolfazl Tutunchi

Regarding its wide range of applications in different industries, such as oil and gas, and for manufacturing equipment used to control pollution and recycle industrial wastes, Inconel 686 turning process is highly important. The alloy is highly resistant to high temperatures and corrosion, and thus it can preserve its properties at high temperatures. Due to its low heat transfer coefficient and work hardening during operation, Inconel 686 is considered a difficult-to-cut material, and hence, turning Inconel 686 is challenged with major limitations regarding input parameter level and cutting fluid and issues such as reduced surface quality. The input parameter level and cutting fluid limitations might severely harm the environment and humans, decrease the machining efficiency and keep cleaner production goals out of reach. Novel cooling methods such as cryo-MQL can contribute to achieving cleaner production goals. Cooling methods improve the machining performance and prohibit any damage to the surface integrity. In this study, cryo-MQL, along with carbide-coated tools and biodegradable vegetable oil, was adopted. The efficiency and success rate of cryo-MQL were evaluated by comparing the results with those of MQL and wet methods. A wide range of output parameters, such as residual stresses, cutting zone temperature, cutting forces, tool wear, surface smoothness, surface defects and micro-hardness, were assessed by changing the cutting speed and feed rate. The results indicated that cryo-MQL could reduce the cutting forces, tool wear rate, cutting zone temperature and residual stresses while improving the surface quality. Moreover, environmental concerns were completely dealt with. Due to the increased possibility of higher input parameter levels, the time and cost of the cutting process were significantly reduced.

Inconel 686 可广泛应用于石油和天然气等不同行业,也可用于制造控制污染和回收工业废料的设备,因此其车削工艺非常重要。这种合金具有很强的耐高温和耐腐蚀性,因此在高温下仍能保持其特性。由于热传导系数低,且在操作过程中会发生加工硬化,Inconel 686 被认为是一种难以切削的材料,因此车削 Inconel 686 时面临着输入参数水平和切削液方面的主要限制,以及表面质量下降等问题。输入参数水平和切削液的限制可能会严重危害环境和人类,降低加工效率,使清洁生产目标遥不可及。新型冷却方法(如低温-MQL)有助于实现清洁生产目标。冷却方法可提高加工性能,并防止对表面完整性造成任何损害。本研究采用了低温-MQL 以及硬质合金涂层刀具和可生物降解植物油。通过与 MQL 和湿法的结果进行比较,评估了低温 MQL 的效率和成功率。通过改变切削速度和进给量,评估了各种输出参数,如残余应力、切削区温度、切削力、刀具磨损、表面光滑度、表面缺陷和微硬度。结果表明,Cryo-MQL 可以降低切削力、刀具磨损率、切削区温度和残余应力,同时提高表面质量。此外,还完全解决了环境问题。由于提高了输入参数水平的可能性,切削过程的时间和成本显著降低。
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引用次数: 0
Improving the Performance of the Machining Process by Using Ultra-Advanced Tools in a Clean Turning of Inconel 686 Using the Minimum Quantity Lubrication Method 在使用最小量润滑法清洁车削铬镍铁合金 686 时使用超先进刀具提高加工工艺性能
IF 1.8 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-02 DOI: 10.1002/ls.1713
Ahmadreza Hosseini Tazehkandi, Mohammadreza Shabgard, Abolfazl Tutunchi

The high tensile strength and high resistance of nickel-based superalloy 686 against high temperatures and corrosion rates have made it a widely used in important applications such as the aerospace industry, high pollution- and corrosion-resistance equipment manufacturing and petrochemical industry. Therefore, the machining of this advanced alloy with its unique properties is extremely important and can be challenging. Significant increase in input parameters levels, reduction of machining costs, improvement of surface and subsurface properties and clean production are among the issues that should be considered in dealing with Inconel 686 turning operations. Simultaneous application of advanced tools such as polycrystalline diamond (PCD) and polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) and optimised minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) method and evaluating the results obtained with a wide range of output parameters related to machining process performance and tribological properties can be proposed as an innovation and a solution to this problem in this article. This study analyses several output parameters with different speeds and feeds to evaluate the effect of cutting insert type on machining process performance and tribological properties. The output parameters include tool wear, residual stress, cutting zone temperature, surface smoothness, machining forces and workpiece surface defects. The results indicated that using the optimised MQL method reduces the size of lubricant droplets and increases the surface covered by cooling. With these changes, the performance of the machining process and the parameters related to the surface integrity increase significantly. Among the parameters associated with the performance of the machining process, the PCD tool reduces the cutting zone temperature by 23%, the tool wear by 19% and the machining forces by 18% compared to the PCBN tool. In the parameters related to surface integrity, this method reduces the residual stress by 19% and the surface roughness by 9% compared to the PCBN tool. From the production index perspective, the PCD tool can significantly increase the cutting speed and feed rate, reducing production time and costs.

镍基超级合金 686 具有高抗拉强度和耐高温、耐腐蚀性能,因此被广泛应用于航空航天工业、高污染和耐腐蚀设备制造以及石油化工等重要领域。因此,对这种具有独特性能的先进合金进行加工极为重要,也极具挑战性。大幅提高输入参数水平、降低加工成本、改善表面和次表面特性以及清洁生产是处理 Inconel 686 车削操作时应考虑的问题。同时应用聚晶金刚石 (PCD) 和聚晶立方氮化硼 (PCBN) 等先进刀具和优化的最小量润滑 (MQL) 方法,并评估与加工过程性能和摩擦学特性相关的各种输出参数所获得的结果,是本文针对这一问题提出的创新解决方案。本研究分析了不同速度和进给量下的多个输出参数,以评估切削刀片类型对加工性能和摩擦学特性的影响。输出参数包括刀具磨损、残余应力、切削区温度、表面光滑度、加工力和工件表面缺陷。结果表明,使用优化的 MQL 方法可以减小润滑油液滴的大小,增加冷却覆盖的表面。随着这些变化,加工过程的性能和与表面完整性相关的参数都显著提高。在与加工过程性能相关的参数中,与 PCBN 刀具相比,PCD 刀具的切削区温度降低了 23%,刀具磨损降低了 19%,加工力降低了 18%。在与表面完整性相关的参数方面,与 PCBN 刀具相比,该方法可将残余应力降低 19%,将表面粗糙度降低 9%。从生产指标的角度来看,PCD 刀具能显著提高切削速度和进给量,减少生产时间和成本。
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引用次数: 0
A Novel Prediction Model for Churning Power Loss of Spur Gear 正齿轮搅动功率损失的新型预测模型
IF 1.8 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1002/ls.1721
Fuchun Jia, Binyu Wang, Yao Fu

The prediction of churning power loss has been a difficult problem in the analysis of spur gears. Thus, an analytical prediction model based on the redefinition of churning power loss and energy transformation is proposed to estimate the churning power of spur gears. Churning power loss is defined as the combination of the power loss due to the drag on the end face, the power loss due to the tangential flow, the power loss due to the acceleration of lubricants in the tooth space, and the power loss due to the centrifugal force. Several comparisons of prediction and experimental results are made and good agreement of those is obtained. Finally, the components of churning power loss under different gears and work conditions are analyzed, and the influences of each part on churning power loss are obtained.

搅动功率损失的预测一直是正齿轮分析中的一个难题。因此,本文提出了一种基于搅动功率损失重新定义和能量转换的分析预测模型,用于估算正齿轮的搅动功率。搅动功率损失被定义为端面阻力导致的功率损失、切向流导致的功率损失、齿间润滑油加速度导致的功率损失以及离心力导致的功率损失的组合。对预测结果和实验结果进行了多次比较,结果一致。最后,分析了不同齿轮和工作条件下搅动功率损失的组成部分,并得出了各部分对搅动功率损失的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of Shot-Peening Process and Nanoparticle-Added Lubricant on the Tribological Performance of Aluminium-Based Sliding Bearing Material 喷丸工艺和添加纳米粒子的润滑剂对铝基滑动轴承材料摩擦学性能的影响
IF 1.8 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL Pub Date : 2024-08-27 DOI: 10.1002/ls.1719
Seyma Korkmaz, M. Huseyin Cetin, Hamza Simsir, Okan Unal, Farabi Temel

In this study, it is aimed to increase the wear and fatigue performance of aluminium-based sliding bearing material by using silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) added lubricant and shot-peening process. The main purpose is to minimise the wear of the bearing material by penetrating AgNPs added lubricants into the rough surfaces formed by shot peening. Almen intensity, coverage and shot size parameters in the shot-peening process were analysed in terms of hardness, surface roughness and fatigue strength. The shot-peened aluminium bronze was subjected to wear experiments under dry, pure water and AgNPs added lubricant conditions. The wear test results were analysed in terms of friction coefficient, wear volume and surface roughness parameters, and the interaction of lubricant and shot-peening parameters was evaluated. According to the results of the shot-peening experiments, the Almen intensity was the most effective parameter in terms of hardness and surface roughness (91.62%). It was concluded that the hardness value was 8% higher at high Almen (12–14A) intensity compared with low Almen intensities, and the shot-peening process could increase the fatigue strength by ~21 times. According to the wear tests, the most effective parameters were 4–6 Almen intensity and AgNP-added lubricant.

本研究旨在通过添加银纳米粒子(AgNPs)润滑剂和喷丸强化工艺来提高铝基滑动轴承材料的磨损和疲劳性能。主要目的是通过将添加了 AgNPs 的润滑剂渗透到喷丸强化形成的粗糙表面,最大限度地减少轴承材料的磨损。从硬度、表面粗糙度和疲劳强度的角度分析了喷丸强化过程中的铝门强度、覆盖率和喷丸尺寸参数。经过喷丸强化的铝青铜在干燥、纯水和添加 AgNPs 的润滑剂条件下进行了磨损实验。对磨损试验结果进行了摩擦系数、磨损量和表面粗糙度参数分析,并评估了润滑剂和喷丸强化参数之间的相互作用。根据喷丸强化实验结果,就硬度和表面粗糙度而言,阿尔门强度是最有效的参数(91.62%)。结论是,与低阿尔门强度相比,高阿尔门强度(12-14A)下的硬度值提高了 8%,喷丸强化过程可使疲劳强度提高约 21 倍。根据磨损测试,最有效的参数是 4-6 Almen 强度和添加 AgNP 的润滑剂。
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引用次数: 0
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Lubrication Science
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