Pub Date : 2023-12-05DOI: 10.11113/mjfas.v19n6.3224
Siti Hajar Alias, Nur Farisha Balqis Ya’akop, N. N. Mohamed, Nur Nazzatul Azzin Ahmad Tarmizi, Sheikh Ahmad Izaddin Sheikh Mohd Ghazali, Hadi Nur
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a major greenhouse gas present in over half of the Earth's atmosphere. Elevated CO2 emissions in the atmosphere have become a global warming issue due to the excessive use of fossil fuels by human activities. Converting CO2 into a useful compound is crucial since CO2 exists in the environment and must be reduced. The use of semiconductor materials in photocatalysis is the best solution to degrade and potentially convert CO2 into a useful energy source. Recently, research on graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has developed interest due to its phenomenal properties, such as effective charge separation and charge carrier lifetime, electron-hole recombination, and high surface area. CQDs/g-C3N4 has recently emerged as a novel technology due to its excellent physical and chemical properties, especially in the reduction of CO2. Thus, this review outlines the recent modification of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) by carbon quantum dots (CQDs), which include the synthesis of CQDs/g-C3N4 for CO2 reduction. Lastly, the review discusses physicochemical properties-photocatalytic activity relationship of CQDs/g-C3N4 in the photocatalytic reduction of CO2. This review provides a wide range of perspectives and a guideline for designing the more effective CQDs/ g-C3N4 for photocatalytic reduction of CO2.
{"title":"A Review on Synthesis and Physicochemical Properties-Photocatalytic Activity Relationships of Carbon Quantum Dots Graphitic Carbon Nitride in Reduction of Carbon Dioxide","authors":"Siti Hajar Alias, Nur Farisha Balqis Ya’akop, N. N. Mohamed, Nur Nazzatul Azzin Ahmad Tarmizi, Sheikh Ahmad Izaddin Sheikh Mohd Ghazali, Hadi Nur","doi":"10.11113/mjfas.v19n6.3224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v19n6.3224","url":null,"abstract":"Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a major greenhouse gas present in over half of the Earth's atmosphere. Elevated CO2 emissions in the atmosphere have become a global warming issue due to the excessive use of fossil fuels by human activities. Converting CO2 into a useful compound is crucial since CO2 exists in the environment and must be reduced. The use of semiconductor materials in photocatalysis is the best solution to degrade and potentially convert CO2 into a useful energy source. Recently, research on graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has developed interest due to its phenomenal properties, such as effective charge separation and charge carrier lifetime, electron-hole recombination, and high surface area. CQDs/g-C3N4 has recently emerged as a novel technology due to its excellent physical and chemical properties, especially in the reduction of CO2. Thus, this review outlines the recent modification of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) by carbon quantum dots (CQDs), which include the synthesis of CQDs/g-C3N4 for CO2 reduction. Lastly, the review discusses physicochemical properties-photocatalytic activity relationship of CQDs/g-C3N4 in the photocatalytic reduction of CO2. This review provides a wide range of perspectives and a guideline for designing the more effective CQDs/ g-C3N4 for photocatalytic reduction of CO2.","PeriodicalId":18149,"journal":{"name":"Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences","volume":"138 33","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138598715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-04DOI: 10.11113/mjfas.v19n6.3105
Muhammad Asyran Shafie, Daud Mohamad, Seripah Awang Kechil
A generalised L-R intuitionistic fuzzy numbers is an L-R intuitionistic fuzzy numbers that incorporates confidence level for both membership and non-membership functions. Therefore, this intuitionistic fuzzy number is suitable for classifying the river water pollution. This study aims to introduce the generalised L-R intuitionistic fuzzy numbers (GLRIFNs) which includes the membership and non-membership functions to classify the river water pollution using TOPSIS with CRITIC method. Due to the insufficient river data, this study has simulated the river data using the bootstrap method. This study had classified river water pollution for several rivers in Johor, Malaysia, namely Kim Kim River, Sayong River, Telor River, Pelepah River, and Bantang River from 2017 to 2021. The result shows that the Bantang River is the cleanest river, while the Kim Kim River is the most polluted river. The results proved that the GLRIFNs is quite a reliable method to classify river water pollution.
{"title":"A Multi-Criteria Generalised L-R Intuitionistic Fuzzy TOPSIS with CRITIC for River Water Pollution Classification","authors":"Muhammad Asyran Shafie, Daud Mohamad, Seripah Awang Kechil","doi":"10.11113/mjfas.v19n6.3105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v19n6.3105","url":null,"abstract":"A generalised L-R intuitionistic fuzzy numbers is an L-R intuitionistic fuzzy numbers that incorporates confidence level for both membership and non-membership functions. Therefore, this intuitionistic fuzzy number is suitable for classifying the river water pollution. This study aims to introduce the generalised L-R intuitionistic fuzzy numbers (GLRIFNs) which includes the membership and non-membership functions to classify the river water pollution using TOPSIS with CRITIC method. Due to the insufficient river data, this study has simulated the river data using the bootstrap method. This study had classified river water pollution for several rivers in Johor, Malaysia, namely Kim Kim River, Sayong River, Telor River, Pelepah River, and Bantang River from 2017 to 2021. The result shows that the Bantang River is the cleanest river, while the Kim Kim River is the most polluted river. The results proved that the GLRIFNs is quite a reliable method to classify river water pollution.","PeriodicalId":18149,"journal":{"name":"Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences","volume":"3 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138601304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-04DOI: 10.11113/mjfas.v19n6.3101
Nur Haizum Abdul Rahman, Goh Hui Jia, H. S. Zulkafli
The Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (GARCH) model is extensively used for handling volatilities. However, with numerous extensions to the standard GARCH model, selecting the most suitable model for forecasting price volatilities becomes challenging. This study aims to examine the performance of different GARCH models in forecasting crude oil price volatilities using West Texas Intermediate (WTI) data. The models considered are the standard GARCH, Integrated GARCH (IGARCH), Exponential GARCH (EGARCH), and Golsten, Jagannathan, and Runkle GARCH (GJR-GARCH), each with normal distribution, Student’s t-distribution, and Generalized Error Distribution (GED). To evaluate the performance of each model, the Akaike Information Criteria (AIC) and Bayesian Information Criteria (BIC) are used as the model selection criteria, along with forecast accuracy measures such as absolute error, root mean squared error (RMSE), and mean absolute error (MAE). Post-estimation tests, including the Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity Lagrange Multiplier (ARCH-LM) test and the Ljung-Box test, are conducted to ensure the adequacy of all models. The results reveal that all GARCH models are suitable for modeling the data, as indicated by statistically significant estimated parameters and satisfactory post-estimation outcomes. However, the EGARCH (1, 1) model, particularly with Student’s t-distribution, outperforms other models in both data fitting and accurate forecasting of nonlinear time series.
{"title":"GARCH Models and Distributions Comparison for Nonlinear Time Series with Volatilities","authors":"Nur Haizum Abdul Rahman, Goh Hui Jia, H. S. Zulkafli","doi":"10.11113/mjfas.v19n6.3101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v19n6.3101","url":null,"abstract":"The Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (GARCH) model is extensively used for handling volatilities. However, with numerous extensions to the standard GARCH model, selecting the most suitable model for forecasting price volatilities becomes challenging. This study aims to examine the performance of different GARCH models in forecasting crude oil price volatilities using West Texas Intermediate (WTI) data. The models considered are the standard GARCH, Integrated GARCH (IGARCH), Exponential GARCH (EGARCH), and Golsten, Jagannathan, and Runkle GARCH (GJR-GARCH), each with normal distribution, Student’s t-distribution, and Generalized Error Distribution (GED). To evaluate the performance of each model, the Akaike Information Criteria (AIC) and Bayesian Information Criteria (BIC) are used as the model selection criteria, along with forecast accuracy measures such as absolute error, root mean squared error (RMSE), and mean absolute error (MAE). Post-estimation tests, including the Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity Lagrange Multiplier (ARCH-LM) test and the Ljung-Box test, are conducted to ensure the adequacy of all models. The results reveal that all GARCH models are suitable for modeling the data, as indicated by statistically significant estimated parameters and satisfactory post-estimation outcomes. However, the EGARCH (1, 1) model, particularly with Student’s t-distribution, outperforms other models in both data fitting and accurate forecasting of nonlinear time series.","PeriodicalId":18149,"journal":{"name":"Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences","volume":"36 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138603863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-04DOI: 10.11113/mjfas.v19n6.3063
Nur Hazimah Tamhaji, Nur 'Izzati Hamdan
Tuberculosis or known as TB is an airborne disease that exists in Malaysia caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. Despite that, TB infection is curable with early diagnosis and treatment. The disease can be prevented through Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, which is given among infants at birth. Numerous mathematical models on infectious diseases have been formulated in earlier studies since it is crucial to comprehend infectious disease transmission patterns and predict future outcomes. However, there is minimal study on the dynamics of TB transmission, particularly in Malaysia concerning immigration. Hence, this study aims to formulate a mathematical BCG-vaccinated, susceptible, exposed, infected, and recovered (BSEIR) model for TB infection in Malaysia by considering the immigration parameter. The model parameters are obtained from the literature and some with reported data in 2013 as initial value for the simulation using MAPLE software. The obtained results revealed that the basic reproduction number, for the model is more than one. The graphical plot shows that the BSEIR model with immigration demonstrates a rise in TB-infected cases. The best strategy to lessen the number of infected individuals in Malaysia is by increasing the transmission rate and recovery rate. Additionally, the local stability analysis on the diseases-free equilibrium point and sensitivity analysis of its parameter is also provided and discussed. To conclude, a proper screening test should be mandated by the authorities before permitting new immigrants and refugees into Malaysia.
{"title":"The Dynamics of Tuberculosis through BSEIR Model with Immigration in Malaysia","authors":"Nur Hazimah Tamhaji, Nur 'Izzati Hamdan","doi":"10.11113/mjfas.v19n6.3063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v19n6.3063","url":null,"abstract":"Tuberculosis or known as TB is an airborne disease that exists in Malaysia caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. Despite that, TB infection is curable with early diagnosis and treatment. The disease can be prevented through Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, which is given among infants at birth. Numerous mathematical models on infectious diseases have been formulated in earlier studies since it is crucial to comprehend infectious disease transmission patterns and predict future outcomes. However, there is minimal study on the dynamics of TB transmission, particularly in Malaysia concerning immigration. Hence, this study aims to formulate a mathematical BCG-vaccinated, susceptible, exposed, infected, and recovered (BSEIR) model for TB infection in Malaysia by considering the immigration parameter. The model parameters are obtained from the literature and some with reported data in 2013 as initial value for the simulation using MAPLE software. The obtained results revealed that the basic reproduction number, for the model is more than one. The graphical plot shows that the BSEIR model with immigration demonstrates a rise in TB-infected cases. The best strategy to lessen the number of infected individuals in Malaysia is by increasing the transmission rate and recovery rate. Additionally, the local stability analysis on the diseases-free equilibrium point and sensitivity analysis of its parameter is also provided and discussed. To conclude, a proper screening test should be mandated by the authorities before permitting new immigrants and refugees into Malaysia.","PeriodicalId":18149,"journal":{"name":"Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences","volume":"61 25","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138605093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-04DOI: 10.11113/mjfas.v19n6.3090
Ruishi Liang, Zaiton Mat Isa
This paper studies a two-dimensional transport model to investigate the behavior of heavy metal migration in porous media, specifically considering their transport in soil. The model takes into consideration the combination of adsorption term as well as instantaneous injection at the boundary. Also, the model accounts for both longitudinal and transverse movements, providing a comprehensive understanding of heavy metal transport phenomena. In order to obtain the analytical solution Laplace transform has been implemented. It is found that the peak concentration of heavy metals is found to be greatly affected by the changes in the instantaneous injection value. Additionally, a correlation is observed between retardation factors and heavy metal concentrations, with a decrease in retardation factors resulting in an increase in heavy metal concentration.
{"title":"Two-Dimensional Heavy Metal Migration in Soil with Adsorption and Instantaneous Injection","authors":"Ruishi Liang, Zaiton Mat Isa","doi":"10.11113/mjfas.v19n6.3090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v19n6.3090","url":null,"abstract":"This paper studies a two-dimensional transport model to investigate the behavior of heavy metal migration in porous media, specifically considering their transport in soil. The model takes into consideration the combination of adsorption term as well as instantaneous injection at the boundary. Also, the model accounts for both longitudinal and transverse movements, providing a comprehensive understanding of heavy metal transport phenomena. In order to obtain the analytical solution Laplace transform has been implemented. It is found that the peak concentration of heavy metals is found to be greatly affected by the changes in the instantaneous injection value. Additionally, a correlation is observed between retardation factors and heavy metal concentrations, with a decrease in retardation factors resulting in an increase in heavy metal concentration.","PeriodicalId":18149,"journal":{"name":"Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences","volume":"30 37","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138601612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-04DOI: 10.11113/mjfas.v19n6.3100
Afiqah Sofiya Zaid, N. Kamis, zahari Md Rodzi, Adem Kilicman, Norhidayah A Kadir
Group decision making plays a crucial role in organizational and community contexts, facilitating the exchange of expert opinions to arrive at effective decisions. The concept of preference, reflecting an individual's subjective evaluation of criteria or alternatives, forms a foundational element in this process. This study focuses on transforming non-fuzzy preferences, such as preference ordering and utility functions, into fuzzy preference relations (FPR) to address the uncertainty and uniformity inherent in expert preferences. To further enhance decision-making, we assess and visualize the similarity among the experts' uniform preferences. Integrating the K-means clustering algorithm into the fuzzy group decision making model allows for the predetermination of an appropriate number of groups based on the available alternatives. By aggregating individual preferences, we present a final ranking of alternatives. The enhanced methodology, as demonstrated through comparative analysis, showcases its ability to yield positive benefits when applied to decision-making applications.
{"title":"An Improved Similarity-based Fuzzy Group Decision Making Model through Preference Transformation and K-Means Clustering Algorithm","authors":"Afiqah Sofiya Zaid, N. Kamis, zahari Md Rodzi, Adem Kilicman, Norhidayah A Kadir","doi":"10.11113/mjfas.v19n6.3100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v19n6.3100","url":null,"abstract":"Group decision making plays a crucial role in organizational and community contexts, facilitating the exchange of expert opinions to arrive at effective decisions. The concept of preference, reflecting an individual's subjective evaluation of criteria or alternatives, forms a foundational element in this process. This study focuses on transforming non-fuzzy preferences, such as preference ordering and utility functions, into fuzzy preference relations (FPR) to address the uncertainty and uniformity inherent in expert preferences. To further enhance decision-making, we assess and visualize the similarity among the experts' uniform preferences. Integrating the K-means clustering algorithm into the fuzzy group decision making model allows for the predetermination of an appropriate number of groups based on the available alternatives. By aggregating individual preferences, we present a final ranking of alternatives. The enhanced methodology, as demonstrated through comparative analysis, showcases its ability to yield positive benefits when applied to decision-making applications.","PeriodicalId":18149,"journal":{"name":"Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences","volume":"49 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138602215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-04DOI: 10.11113/mjfas.v19n6.3193
Raisatul Mirza Mohd Rifaie, Latiffah Karim
Vanilla is the main natural flavouring agent used in industries such as pharmaceuticals, food, flavouring, and fragrance, in which vanillin is the major component. Vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) is a secondary metabolite of plants and the major organoleptic aroma component of natural vanilla. The vanillin compound can be produced using the following routes: direct vanilla bean extraction, chemical synthesis, and biotechnological processes (bio-vanilla production). Nowadays, the chemical synthesis method used for vanillin production has been rejected by the United States and European legislation, while plant-derived vanillin is expensive. The current study demonstrates vanillin production from pumpkin peels (Cucurbita moschata) by Aspergillus niger via one-step fermentation approach. This study implements different concentrations of sodium hydroxide (1.0 M and 2.0 M) during alkaline hydrolysis pretreatment and different feeding volumes of hydrolysates during the biotransformation processes of ferulic acid into vanillin, classified as small feeding volumes (SFV) and large feeding volumes (LFV). Detection and quantification analysis were carried out using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), resulting in vanillin yield of 0.49 mg/L (1.0 M SFV), 0.5 mg/L (1.0 M LFV), 0.33 mg/L (2.0 M SFV), 0.59 mg/L (2.0 M LFV). Analysis with ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) spectrophotometry using thiobarbituric acid as reagent was carried out as well, resulting in vanillin yield of 2.76 µg/ml (1.0 M SFV), 3.78 µg/ml (1.0 M LFV), 2.68 µg/ml (2.0 M SFV), 3.05 µg/ml (2.0 M LFV). In conclusion, pumpkin peels can be considered a great source of ferulic acid and Aspergillus niger was reported as an efficient fungus in converting ferulic acid to vanillic acid, which will then be transformed into vanillin.
香草是用于制药、食品、调味和香料等行业的主要天然调味剂，其中香草醛是主要成分。香兰素(4-羟基-3-甲氧基苯甲醛)是植物的次生代谢产物，是天然香草的主要感官香气成分。香草素化合物可以通过以下途径生产:直接香草豆提取、化学合成和生物技术过程(生物香草生产)。目前，化学合成法生产香兰素已被美国和欧洲立法所拒绝，而植物源性香兰素价格昂贵。目前的研究表明，黑曲霉通过一步发酵的方法从南瓜皮(Cucurbita moschata)生产香草素。本研究采用不同浓度的氢氧化钠(1.0 M和2.0 M)进行碱性水解预处理，并在阿威酸转化为香兰素的生物转化过程中采用不同的水解液进料量，分为小进料量(SFV)和大进料量(LFV)。采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)进行检测和定量分析，得到香兰素产率分别为0.49 mg/L (1.0 M SFV)、0.5 mg/L (1.0 M LFV)、0.33 mg/L (2.0 M SFV)、0.59 mg/L (2.0 M LFV)。以硫代巴比妥酸为试剂进行紫外-可见分光光度法分析，香兰素得率分别为2.76µg/ml (1.0 M SFV)、3.78µg/ml (1.0 M LFV)、2.68µg/ml (2.0 M SFV)、3.05µg/ml (2.0 M LFV)。总之，南瓜皮可以被认为是阿魏酸的重要来源，黑曲霉是一种将阿魏酸转化为香草酸的有效真菌，然后将香草酸转化为香兰素。
{"title":"Production of Vanillin from Pumpkin Peels via Microbiological Fermentation using Aspergillus niger","authors":"Raisatul Mirza Mohd Rifaie, Latiffah Karim","doi":"10.11113/mjfas.v19n6.3193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v19n6.3193","url":null,"abstract":"Vanilla is the main natural flavouring agent used in industries such as pharmaceuticals, food, flavouring, and fragrance, in which vanillin is the major component. Vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) is a secondary metabolite of plants and the major organoleptic aroma component of natural vanilla. The vanillin compound can be produced using the following routes: direct vanilla bean extraction, chemical synthesis, and biotechnological processes (bio-vanilla production). Nowadays, the chemical synthesis method used for vanillin production has been rejected by the United States and European legislation, while plant-derived vanillin is expensive. The current study demonstrates vanillin production from pumpkin peels (Cucurbita moschata) by Aspergillus niger via one-step fermentation approach. This study implements different concentrations of sodium hydroxide (1.0 M and 2.0 M) during alkaline hydrolysis pretreatment and different feeding volumes of hydrolysates during the biotransformation processes of ferulic acid into vanillin, classified as small feeding volumes (SFV) and large feeding volumes (LFV). Detection and quantification analysis were carried out using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), resulting in vanillin yield of 0.49 mg/L (1.0 M SFV), 0.5 mg/L (1.0 M LFV), 0.33 mg/L (2.0 M SFV), 0.59 mg/L (2.0 M LFV). Analysis with ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) spectrophotometry using thiobarbituric acid as reagent was carried out as well, resulting in vanillin yield of 2.76 µg/ml (1.0 M SFV), 3.78 µg/ml (1.0 M LFV), 2.68 µg/ml (2.0 M SFV), 3.05 µg/ml (2.0 M LFV). In conclusion, pumpkin peels can be considered a great source of ferulic acid and Aspergillus niger was reported as an efficient fungus in converting ferulic acid to vanillic acid, which will then be transformed into vanillin.","PeriodicalId":18149,"journal":{"name":"Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences","volume":"6 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138603599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-04DOI: 10.11113/mjfas.v19n6.2921
Siti Zulaikha Mohd Jamaludin, Majid Khan Majahar Ali, Eric Shiung Wong Vun, Mohd. Tahir Ismail, Noor Farizah Ibrahim
e-ticketing is one of the common applications used in technical support in Information Technology (IT) and has been used worldwide in any field of company. The benefits of e-ticketing can reduce the human efforts, increase the sufficiency of system and provides the benefits and efficiency to the customers. Also, e-ticketing ticketing system can enhance worker safety, improving productivity, increasing project efficiency and cause the good impact on the performance of the business in terms of profitability. The main objective of this study is defining the model performance in each important feature by analysing the complex dataset by using logistic regression as a Machine Learning (ML) algorithm. In evaluation the performance of classifier, the dataset is injected to Python programming and split into 90% as training set and 10% for the testing set. From the analysis, the study found that only 3 out of 11 independent features in dataset that are relevant chosen to proceed the ML analysis. From the result, the accuracy for sct_short_description, sct_cmdb_ci, and sct_assignment_group is 41.65%, 48.77% and 96.49%, respectively. It showed that the accuracy’s result for the sct_assignment_group resulted that the model is very good accuracy and indicate that the model is well performing. Meanwhile, the value of F1-score is 96.11% in each feature. This result indicates that the model has a good balance of precision and recall in its binary classification predictions. Hence, the study considers the sct_assignment_group as a best features to proceed the analysis. The future study will consider dealing the combination of complexity features by implementing more analysis on ML such as Support Vector Machines and Naïve Bayes.
{"title":"Solving Complexity Dataset in e-Ticketing using Machine Learning to Determine Optimum Feature","authors":"Siti Zulaikha Mohd Jamaludin, Majid Khan Majahar Ali, Eric Shiung Wong Vun, Mohd. Tahir Ismail, Noor Farizah Ibrahim","doi":"10.11113/mjfas.v19n6.2921","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v19n6.2921","url":null,"abstract":"e-ticketing is one of the common applications used in technical support in Information Technology (IT) and has been used worldwide in any field of company. The benefits of e-ticketing can reduce the human efforts, increase the sufficiency of system and provides the benefits and efficiency to the customers. Also, e-ticketing ticketing system can enhance worker safety, improving productivity, increasing project efficiency and cause the good impact on the performance of the business in terms of profitability. The main objective of this study is defining the model performance in each important feature by analysing the complex dataset by using logistic regression as a Machine Learning (ML) algorithm. In evaluation the performance of classifier, the dataset is injected to Python programming and split into 90% as training set and 10% for the testing set. From the analysis, the study found that only 3 out of 11 independent features in dataset that are relevant chosen to proceed the ML analysis. From the result, the accuracy for sct_short_description, sct_cmdb_ci, and sct_assignment_group is 41.65%, 48.77% and 96.49%, respectively. It showed that the accuracy’s result for the sct_assignment_group resulted that the model is very good accuracy and indicate that the model is well performing. Meanwhile, the value of F1-score is 96.11% in each feature. This result indicates that the model has a good balance of precision and recall in its binary classification predictions. Hence, the study considers the sct_assignment_group as a best features to proceed the analysis. The future study will consider dealing the combination of complexity features by implementing more analysis on ML such as Support Vector Machines and Naïve Bayes.","PeriodicalId":18149,"journal":{"name":"Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences","volume":"67 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138605055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-04DOI: 10.11113/mjfas.v19n6.3114
R. N. Farah, N. A. Syahirah, N. Misron, M. S. M. Azmi, N. S. A. Karim, N.M. Husin
The main concern is a lack of scientific planning for photovoltaic electric vehicle charging stations (PEVCS) that considers numerous main criteria and sub-criteria. PEVCS should be strategically positioned in an appropriate and ideal location to ensure that electric vehicle (EV) users may reach the stations within their driving range. While the adoption of solar is still minimal in Malaysia, Malaysia needs to move faster to allocate the PEVCS at the strategic locations. Regarding this matter, this study aims to determine the suitable criteria for allocating the location of PEVCS in Malaysia. 52 out of 177 sub-criteria and six main criteria items were selected for the Need Analysis in this study as part of the data collecting procedure, which involved 12 respondents. The result revealed that the Need Analysis was used to choose 41 of the sub-criteria, including society (8), economics (10), environment (7), technology (6), accessibility (6), and proximity (4). For future studies, it is recommended to use Likert scales for analysing the data from the Need Analysis, along with calculating the mean and standard deviation values, while utilizing GIS-based MCDM methods to allocate ideal PEVCS locations in Malaysia through the development of a new prediction location model.
{"title":"A Need Analysis of the Criteria Involved in Determining Suitable Locations for Photovoltaic Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in Malaysia","authors":"R. N. Farah, N. A. Syahirah, N. Misron, M. S. M. Azmi, N. S. A. Karim, N.M. Husin","doi":"10.11113/mjfas.v19n6.3114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v19n6.3114","url":null,"abstract":"The main concern is a lack of scientific planning for photovoltaic electric vehicle charging stations (PEVCS) that considers numerous main criteria and sub-criteria. PEVCS should be strategically positioned in an appropriate and ideal location to ensure that electric vehicle (EV) users may reach the stations within their driving range. While the adoption of solar is still minimal in Malaysia, Malaysia needs to move faster to allocate the PEVCS at the strategic locations. Regarding this matter, this study aims to determine the suitable criteria for allocating the location of PEVCS in Malaysia. 52 out of 177 sub-criteria and six main criteria items were selected for the Need Analysis in this study as part of the data collecting procedure, which involved 12 respondents. The result revealed that the Need Analysis was used to choose 41 of the sub-criteria, including society (8), economics (10), environment (7), technology (6), accessibility (6), and proximity (4). For future studies, it is recommended to use Likert scales for analysing the data from the Need Analysis, along with calculating the mean and standard deviation values, while utilizing GIS-based MCDM methods to allocate ideal PEVCS locations in Malaysia through the development of a new prediction location model.","PeriodicalId":18149,"journal":{"name":"Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences","volume":"2 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138603406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-04DOI: 10.11113/mjfas.v19n6.3156
G. R. F. Suwandi, Syaukha Ahmad Risyad, S. Khotimah, Freddy Haryanto, Suprijadi
The relatively high cost of medical-grade electroencephalography (EEG) devices has pushed the production of low-cost wireless consumer-grade devices. Therefore, it is essential to assess the performance of wireless consumer devices to determine whether they are sufficient for medical purposes. This research assessed consumer-grade EEG (C-EEG) recording quality by quantitatively comparing the consumer-grade EEG with a medical-grade EEG device (M-EEG). Recording data from C-EEG and M-EEG were obtained from 20 male subjects in age 19-23 years old. Recording for both devices was done sequentially with similar methods of recording. Upon EEG recording, the subject is asked to sit in a chair facing the screen. EEG recording was performed when the subject was asked to open and close their eyes for 30 seconds each. Subsequently, subjects took a verbal memory test. This research compared the following parameters: power spectral density (PSD), full width at half max (FWHM) from PSD, and individual peak alpha frequency (IPAF) shift. P-value, standard error, mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and mean squared error (MSE) were also obtained based on mentioned parameters. Based on the IPAF shift, it was concluded that C-EEG could read EEG signals against time well. Based on PSD and FWHM results, it was concluded that the C-EEG could not read EEG signal amplitudes well compared to the M-EEG device. The results of this research are important as a benchmark for carrying out further research using EEG, both medical and consumer-grade.
{"title":"A Comparative Study of Alpha Frequency Analysis between Medical and Consumer-grade Electroencephalography Devices on the Measurement of Male Healthy Subjects","authors":"G. R. F. Suwandi, Syaukha Ahmad Risyad, S. Khotimah, Freddy Haryanto, Suprijadi","doi":"10.11113/mjfas.v19n6.3156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v19n6.3156","url":null,"abstract":"The relatively high cost of medical-grade electroencephalography (EEG) devices has pushed the production of low-cost wireless consumer-grade devices. Therefore, it is essential to assess the performance of wireless consumer devices to determine whether they are sufficient for medical purposes. This research assessed consumer-grade EEG (C-EEG) recording quality by quantitatively comparing the consumer-grade EEG with a medical-grade EEG device (M-EEG). Recording data from C-EEG and M-EEG were obtained from 20 male subjects in age 19-23 years old. Recording for both devices was done sequentially with similar methods of recording. Upon EEG recording, the subject is asked to sit in a chair facing the screen. EEG recording was performed when the subject was asked to open and close their eyes for 30 seconds each. Subsequently, subjects took a verbal memory test. This research compared the following parameters: power spectral density (PSD), full width at half max (FWHM) from PSD, and individual peak alpha frequency (IPAF) shift. P-value, standard error, mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and mean squared error (MSE) were also obtained based on mentioned parameters. Based on the IPAF shift, it was concluded that C-EEG could read EEG signals against time well. Based on PSD and FWHM results, it was concluded that the C-EEG could not read EEG signal amplitudes well compared to the M-EEG device. The results of this research are important as a benchmark for carrying out further research using EEG, both medical and consumer-grade.","PeriodicalId":18149,"journal":{"name":"Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences","volume":"3 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138603673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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