Pub Date : 2023-10-31DOI: 10.37231/myjas.2023.8.2.371
Nur Akma Fakhira Roslan, Mohd Zuhairi Zakaria, Mohd Saiful Samsudin, Ku Mohd Kalkausar Ku Yusof, Azman Azid
In addition to meat production, the cattle industry generates significant waste, including bedding materials, wastewater, animal manure, and losses related to feed. If not managed correctly, these byproducts can have adverse environmental impacts. Constructed wetlands (CWs) offer a cost-effective and eco-friendly solution for sustainable wastewater treatment. By virtue of their extensive root systems and filtration matrices, CWs effectively reduce pollution by eliminating suspended particles, organic matter, heavy metals, and pathogens from wastewater. This research aims to assess pollutants present in cattle wastewater and evaluate the efficacy of Sorghastrum nutans and Brachiaria humidicola in purifying contaminants within constructed wetlands (CWs). CWs planted with B. humidicola exhibited higher removal rates for nutrient pollutants compared to CWs utilizing S. nutans. After a week of treatment, B. humidicola-based CWs demonstrated removal percentages of 94.07% for total nitrogen and 91.58% for phosphate (PO₄³⁻). Constructed wetlands also prove effective in eliminating biological contaminants like Escherichia coli and Shigella sp. This study highlights that the CW model incorporating B. humidicola outperforms the S. nutans model, achieving 100% removal of E. coli and 97.37% removal of Shigella sp. In conclusion, cow wastewater contains nutrient and biological pollutants, both effectively mitigated by CWs using selected plant species. Notably, B. humidicola surpasses S. nutans in its capacity for pollutant removal.
{"title":"Comparing The Ability to Treat Artificial Cow Wastewater by Constructed Wetland Model Using Sorghastrum nutans and Brachiaria humidicola","authors":"Nur Akma Fakhira Roslan, Mohd Zuhairi Zakaria, Mohd Saiful Samsudin, Ku Mohd Kalkausar Ku Yusof, Azman Azid","doi":"10.37231/myjas.2023.8.2.371","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37231/myjas.2023.8.2.371","url":null,"abstract":"In addition to meat production, the cattle industry generates significant waste, including bedding materials, wastewater, animal manure, and losses related to feed. If not managed correctly, these byproducts can have adverse environmental impacts. Constructed wetlands (CWs) offer a cost-effective and eco-friendly solution for sustainable wastewater treatment. By virtue of their extensive root systems and filtration matrices, CWs effectively reduce pollution by eliminating suspended particles, organic matter, heavy metals, and pathogens from wastewater. This research aims to assess pollutants present in cattle wastewater and evaluate the efficacy of Sorghastrum nutans and Brachiaria humidicola in purifying contaminants within constructed wetlands (CWs). CWs planted with B. humidicola exhibited higher removal rates for nutrient pollutants compared to CWs utilizing S. nutans. After a week of treatment, B. humidicola-based CWs demonstrated removal percentages of 94.07% for total nitrogen and 91.58% for phosphate (PO₄³⁻). Constructed wetlands also prove effective in eliminating biological contaminants like Escherichia coli and Shigella sp. This study highlights that the CW model incorporating B. humidicola outperforms the S. nutans model, achieving 100% removal of E. coli and 97.37% removal of Shigella sp. In conclusion, cow wastewater contains nutrient and biological pollutants, both effectively mitigated by CWs using selected plant species. Notably, B. humidicola surpasses S. nutans in its capacity for pollutant removal.","PeriodicalId":18149,"journal":{"name":"Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences","volume":"171 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135870164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-19DOI: 10.11113/mjfas.v19n5.2939
Muhanizah Abdul Hamid, Adnin Afifi Nawi
The combination of group theory and probability theory was used in studying the connection between the two. In recent years, probability theory has been widely used in solving several difficult problems in group theory. The commutativity degree of a group, is defined as the probability that two random elements in a group commute. In addition, there exist a generalization of commutativity degree of a group which is the -th power commutativity degree of a group and it is defined as the probability of the -th power of two random elements in a group commute. Some previous studies have been found for equal to 2 and 3 and both probabilities are called as squared commutativity degree and cubed commutativity degree respectively. In this research, the -th power commutativity degree is determined for equal to 4, called as quartic commutativity degree and some generalization formulas have been obtained. However, this research focuses only on the dihedral groups.
{"title":"The Quartic Commutativity Degree of Dihedral Groups","authors":"Muhanizah Abdul Hamid, Adnin Afifi Nawi","doi":"10.11113/mjfas.v19n5.2939","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v19n5.2939","url":null,"abstract":"The combination of group theory and probability theory was used in studying the connection between the two. In recent years, probability theory has been widely used in solving several difficult problems in group theory. The commutativity degree of a group, is defined as the probability that two random elements in a group commute. In addition, there exist a generalization of commutativity degree of a group which is the -th power commutativity degree of a group and it is defined as the probability of the -th power of two random elements in a group commute. Some previous studies have been found for equal to 2 and 3 and both probabilities are called as squared commutativity degree and cubed commutativity degree respectively. In this research, the -th power commutativity degree is determined for equal to 4, called as quartic commutativity degree and some generalization formulas have been obtained. However, this research focuses only on the dihedral groups.","PeriodicalId":18149,"journal":{"name":"Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135779675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-19DOI: 10.11113/mjfas.v19n5.2965
Lawan Adamu Isma'il, Norhashidah Awang, Ibrahim Lawal Kane
Particulate matter is the most common atmospheric pollutant with some negative consequences on human health, environment, and the ambient air quality. In this study, the concentration of particulate matter in sixty-five air quality monitoring stations across Malaysia during January to December 2018 is analyzed. We investigated the degree of persistence and trend of the particulate matter series and developed a forecasting model using both the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) and the autoregressive fractionally integrated moving average (ARFIMA) time series methods for each monitoring station separately. Mean absolute deviation (MAD), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and root mean square error (RMSE) are used to determine the best fitted model for forecasting each monitoring station. Ljung-Box test of uncorrelated residuals confirmed the adequacy of each of the model. The results confirmed the evidence of transitory form of persistence in the level of particulate matter pollutant at sixty-four monitoring stations while trend increases in seventeen monitoring stations. Forecast error analysis indicates that ARFIMA models performed better than ARIMA models by producing smaller RMSE values in forty-two of the sixty-five monitoring stations. However, the overall result indicates that none of the model could be regarded as universal in forecasting particulate matter concentration, and their performance is independent of the category or location of a given monitoring station.
{"title":"Investigating the Degree of Persistence, Trend and the Best Time Series Forecasting Models for Particulate Matter (PM10) Pollutant Across Malaysia","authors":"Lawan Adamu Isma'il, Norhashidah Awang, Ibrahim Lawal Kane","doi":"10.11113/mjfas.v19n5.2965","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v19n5.2965","url":null,"abstract":"Particulate matter is the most common atmospheric pollutant with some negative consequences on human health, environment, and the ambient air quality. In this study, the concentration of particulate matter in sixty-five air quality monitoring stations across Malaysia during January to December 2018 is analyzed. We investigated the degree of persistence and trend of the particulate matter series and developed a forecasting model using both the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) and the autoregressive fractionally integrated moving average (ARFIMA) time series methods for each monitoring station separately. Mean absolute deviation (MAD), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and root mean square error (RMSE) are used to determine the best fitted model for forecasting each monitoring station. Ljung-Box test of uncorrelated residuals confirmed the adequacy of each of the model. The results confirmed the evidence of transitory form of persistence in the level of particulate matter pollutant at sixty-four monitoring stations while trend increases in seventeen monitoring stations. Forecast error analysis indicates that ARFIMA models performed better than ARIMA models by producing smaller RMSE values in forty-two of the sixty-five monitoring stations. However, the overall result indicates that none of the model could be regarded as universal in forecasting particulate matter concentration, and their performance is independent of the category or location of a given monitoring station.","PeriodicalId":18149,"journal":{"name":"Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135667508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-19DOI: 10.11113/mjfas.v19n5.3064
Afifi Md Desa, Mohd Hafiz Mohd, Mohamad Hekarl Uzir
The simple enzyme inhibition systems consist of competitive inhibition, noncompetitive inhibition and uncompetitive inhibition. In this work, we incorporated these simple inhibition systems in the continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR) and analysed the models using some techniques from dynamical systems and bifurcation analysis. Our aim is to investigate the behaviours of such systems and compare their overall dynamics. The phase portrait is constructed to simulate possible behaviours such as stable steady states, stable limit cycle, bistability between the steady state and the stable limit cycle and bistability between two steady states. The systems undergo bifurcational changes in dynamics as enzyme concentration, dilution rate and proportional control constant are varied. Moreover, we conducted a codimension two bifurcation analysis to examine the joint effects of dilution rate and proportional control constant on the systems behaviours. Our results revealed distinct dynamics for each inhibition system. Increasing the dilution rate led to a transition from low to high substrate concentrations, with competitive inhibition showing the highest tipping (or bifurcation) point where dynamical regimes change due to intense substrate-inhibitor competition. Elevating enzyme concentration reduced substrate concentration, particularly in non-competitive inhibition systems due to higher conversion rates. Furthermore, the proportional control constant had varying effects depending on the specific inhibition system. These findings emphasize the on the combined influences of distinct chemical procoesses in controlling reactor heat and optimizing bioprocess efficiency, considering the unique characteristics of each inhibition system. Overall, the dynamical study on these simple inhibition systems enables us to improve our understanding on the chemical processes involving enzymes with multiple types of inhibitors and may give some insights in its controlling process.
{"title":"Exploring the Dynamics of Simple Inhibition Systems in Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor: Mathematical Modelling and Bifurcation Analysis","authors":"Afifi Md Desa, Mohd Hafiz Mohd, Mohamad Hekarl Uzir","doi":"10.11113/mjfas.v19n5.3064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v19n5.3064","url":null,"abstract":"The simple enzyme inhibition systems consist of competitive inhibition, noncompetitive inhibition and uncompetitive inhibition. In this work, we incorporated these simple inhibition systems in the continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR) and analysed the models using some techniques from dynamical systems and bifurcation analysis. Our aim is to investigate the behaviours of such systems and compare their overall dynamics. The phase portrait is constructed to simulate possible behaviours such as stable steady states, stable limit cycle, bistability between the steady state and the stable limit cycle and bistability between two steady states. The systems undergo bifurcational changes in dynamics as enzyme concentration, dilution rate and proportional control constant are varied. Moreover, we conducted a codimension two bifurcation analysis to examine the joint effects of dilution rate and proportional control constant on the systems behaviours. Our results revealed distinct dynamics for each inhibition system. Increasing the dilution rate led to a transition from low to high substrate concentrations, with competitive inhibition showing the highest tipping (or bifurcation) point where dynamical regimes change due to intense substrate-inhibitor competition. Elevating enzyme concentration reduced substrate concentration, particularly in non-competitive inhibition systems due to higher conversion rates. Furthermore, the proportional control constant had varying effects depending on the specific inhibition system. These findings emphasize the on the combined influences of distinct chemical procoesses in controlling reactor heat and optimizing bioprocess efficiency, considering the unique characteristics of each inhibition system. Overall, the dynamical study on these simple inhibition systems enables us to improve our understanding on the chemical processes involving enzymes with multiple types of inhibitors and may give some insights in its controlling process.","PeriodicalId":18149,"journal":{"name":"Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135667072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-19DOI: 10.11113/mjfas.v19n5.2968
Muhammad Wahizul Haswan Abdul Aziz, Dayang Fredalina Basri, Siti Fathiah Masre, Ahmad Rohi Ghazali
Skin cancer is a widespread global issue, with ultraviolet (UV) radiation being a significant risk factor. Researchers often use the mouse skin cancer model to develop novel therapeutic chemoprevention strategies. This model involves exposing mice to UVB radiation to induce skin carcinogenesis. In this short communication, we found that 69.57% of studies used female SKH-1 hairless mice, 17.39% used BALB/c mice, 8.69% used Swiss albino mice, and 4.35% used HRS/J hairless mice. All studies used mice aged 5-8 weeks. Different models of mice were exposed to varying doses of UVB radiation. SKH-1 hairless mice received UVB radiation twice a week for 10-18 weeks, while Swiss albino mice were exposed to UVB radiation three times a week for 30 weeks. HRS/J hairless mice received UVB radiation five times a week for 15 weeks. BALB/c mice were treated with DMBA and exposed to UVB radiation for 10-16 weeks to induce skin tumors. However, using SKH-1 hairless mice is costly. In conclusion, we can suggest BALB/c mice treated with DMBA and exposed to UVB radiation three times a week for 16 weeks for UVB-induced skin cancer model, as it is more cost-effective than other hairless mouse models.
{"title":"UVB Induced Skin Cancer Development in Experimental Mouse Model: A Review","authors":"Muhammad Wahizul Haswan Abdul Aziz, Dayang Fredalina Basri, Siti Fathiah Masre, Ahmad Rohi Ghazali","doi":"10.11113/mjfas.v19n5.2968","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v19n5.2968","url":null,"abstract":"Skin cancer is a widespread global issue, with ultraviolet (UV) radiation being a significant risk factor. Researchers often use the mouse skin cancer model to develop novel therapeutic chemoprevention strategies. This model involves exposing mice to UVB radiation to induce skin carcinogenesis. In this short communication, we found that 69.57% of studies used female SKH-1 hairless mice, 17.39% used BALB/c mice, 8.69% used Swiss albino mice, and 4.35% used HRS/J hairless mice. All studies used mice aged 5-8 weeks. Different models of mice were exposed to varying doses of UVB radiation. SKH-1 hairless mice received UVB radiation twice a week for 10-18 weeks, while Swiss albino mice were exposed to UVB radiation three times a week for 30 weeks. HRS/J hairless mice received UVB radiation five times a week for 15 weeks. BALB/c mice were treated with DMBA and exposed to UVB radiation for 10-16 weeks to induce skin tumors. However, using SKH-1 hairless mice is costly. In conclusion, we can suggest BALB/c mice treated with DMBA and exposed to UVB radiation three times a week for 16 weeks for UVB-induced skin cancer model, as it is more cost-effective than other hairless mouse models.","PeriodicalId":18149,"journal":{"name":"Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135667189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-19DOI: 10.11113/mjfas.v19n5.2980
Ghazali Semil @ Ismail, Nor Haniza Sarmin, Nur Idayu Alimon, Fariz Maulana
Let be a simple graph with the set of vertices and edges. The first Zagreb index of a graph is defined as the sum of the degree of each vertex to the power of two. Meanwhile, the zero divisor graph of a ring , denoted by , is defined as a graph with its vertex set contains the nonzero zero divisors in which two distinct vertices and are adjacent if . In this paper, the general formula of the first Zagreb index of the zero divisor graph for the commutative ring of integers modulo , where a prime number and a positive integer is determined. A few examples are given to illustrate the main results.
{"title":"The First Zagreb Index of the Zero Divisor Graph for the Ring of Integers Modulo Power of Primes","authors":"Ghazali Semil @ Ismail, Nor Haniza Sarmin, Nur Idayu Alimon, Fariz Maulana","doi":"10.11113/mjfas.v19n5.2980","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v19n5.2980","url":null,"abstract":"Let be a simple graph with the set of vertices and edges. The first Zagreb index of a graph is defined as the sum of the degree of each vertex to the power of two. Meanwhile, the zero divisor graph of a ring , denoted by , is defined as a graph with its vertex set contains the nonzero zero divisors in which two distinct vertices and are adjacent if . In this paper, the general formula of the first Zagreb index of the zero divisor graph for the commutative ring of integers modulo , where a prime number and a positive integer is determined. A few examples are given to illustrate the main results.","PeriodicalId":18149,"journal":{"name":"Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135667320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-19DOI: 10.11113/mjfas.v19n5.2620
Nurul Alia Azizan, Ahmad Syibli Othman, Asheila AK Meramat, Siti Noor Syuhada Muhammad Amin, Azman Azid
Multiple variables must be analyzed in order to assess air quality trends. It turns into a multidimensional issue that calls for dynamic methods. In order to provide an improved spatial cluster distribution with distinct validation, this study set out to illustrate the hybrid cluster method in air quality monitoring stations in Peninsular Malaysia. The Department of Environment, Malaysia (DOE), provided the data set, which covered the two-year period from 2018 to 2019. This study included six air quality pollutants: PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, O3, and CO. Principal component analysis (PCA), a multivariate technique, was used to condense the information found in enormous data tables in order to better comprehend the variables (to reduce dimensionality) prior to grouping the data. The PCA factor scores were then used to produce the AHC. The clusters were validated using discriminant analysis (DA). 36 of 47 stations required additional analysis using AHC, according to the PCA factor scores. Low Polluted Region (LPR = seven stations), Moderate Polluted Region (MPR = 20 stations), and High Polluted Region (HPR = nine stations) were created from AHC and share the same characteristics. The DA results showed 84 % correct classification rate for the clusters. With regard to identifying and categorizing stations according to air quality characteristics, the framework presented here offers an improved method. This illustrates that the hybrid cluster method utilized in this work can produce a new method of pollutant distributions that is helpful in air pollution investigations.
{"title":"A Framework to Spatially Cluster Air Quality Monitoring Stations in Peninsular Malaysia using the Hybrid Clustering Method","authors":"Nurul Alia Azizan, Ahmad Syibli Othman, Asheila AK Meramat, Siti Noor Syuhada Muhammad Amin, Azman Azid","doi":"10.11113/mjfas.v19n5.2620","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v19n5.2620","url":null,"abstract":"Multiple variables must be analyzed in order to assess air quality trends. It turns into a multidimensional issue that calls for dynamic methods. In order to provide an improved spatial cluster distribution with distinct validation, this study set out to illustrate the hybrid cluster method in air quality monitoring stations in Peninsular Malaysia. The Department of Environment, Malaysia (DOE), provided the data set, which covered the two-year period from 2018 to 2019. This study included six air quality pollutants: PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, O3, and CO. Principal component analysis (PCA), a multivariate technique, was used to condense the information found in enormous data tables in order to better comprehend the variables (to reduce dimensionality) prior to grouping the data. The PCA factor scores were then used to produce the AHC. The clusters were validated using discriminant analysis (DA). 36 of 47 stations required additional analysis using AHC, according to the PCA factor scores. Low Polluted Region (LPR = seven stations), Moderate Polluted Region (MPR = 20 stations), and High Polluted Region (HPR = nine stations) were created from AHC and share the same characteristics. The DA results showed 84 % correct classification rate for the clusters. With regard to identifying and categorizing stations according to air quality characteristics, the framework presented here offers an improved method. This illustrates that the hybrid cluster method utilized in this work can produce a new method of pollutant distributions that is helpful in air pollution investigations.","PeriodicalId":18149,"journal":{"name":"Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135779672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-19DOI: 10.11113/mjfas.v19n5.3057
Ahmad Rasul Radzali, Chen Hui Cheng, Rozanaliza Radzi, Michelle Fong Wai Cheng, Adila Mohamad Jaafar, Pei-Shue Jason Tsai, Mokrish Ajat
Therapeutic proteins like platelet-rich plasma have been used as adjunct therapies for wound healing. The delivery of these proteins may require a special carrier as a controlled release to prolong and optimize the healing effects on the affected tissues. The present study focuses on preparing and characterizing a hydrogel made from gellan gum to act as a scaffold to carry therapeutic proteins intended for wound healing. Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was used as a representative for therapeutic proteins due to its ability to stimulate cell proliferation in vitro. FBS, gellan gum (GG) hydrogel, and FBS-loaded gellan gum hydrogel (GF) were prepared and characterized by the detection of its functional groups through FTIR and elemental analysis through CHNS analyzer, confirming the entrapment of biomolecules of FBS into GG. The protein release study showed a burst release of protein from all GF variants with subsequent gradual slow release over 72 hours period. Cell viability (MTT) assay showed an increasing trend of cell viability percentage with the increasing concentration of FBS loaded into GG hydrogel. The results of this study support the potential use of GG hydrogel as a carrier of therapeutic proteins for wound regeneration.
{"title":"Preparation and Characterization of Gellan Gum Hydrogel as Therapeutic Protein Delivery for Wound Healing","authors":"Ahmad Rasul Radzali, Chen Hui Cheng, Rozanaliza Radzi, Michelle Fong Wai Cheng, Adila Mohamad Jaafar, Pei-Shue Jason Tsai, Mokrish Ajat","doi":"10.11113/mjfas.v19n5.3057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v19n5.3057","url":null,"abstract":"Therapeutic proteins like platelet-rich plasma have been used as adjunct therapies for wound healing. The delivery of these proteins may require a special carrier as a controlled release to prolong and optimize the healing effects on the affected tissues. The present study focuses on preparing and characterizing a hydrogel made from gellan gum to act as a scaffold to carry therapeutic proteins intended for wound healing. Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was used as a representative for therapeutic proteins due to its ability to stimulate cell proliferation in vitro. FBS, gellan gum (GG) hydrogel, and FBS-loaded gellan gum hydrogel (GF) were prepared and characterized by the detection of its functional groups through FTIR and elemental analysis through CHNS analyzer, confirming the entrapment of biomolecules of FBS into GG. The protein release study showed a burst release of protein from all GF variants with subsequent gradual slow release over 72 hours period. Cell viability (MTT) assay showed an increasing trend of cell viability percentage with the increasing concentration of FBS loaded into GG hydrogel. The results of this study support the potential use of GG hydrogel as a carrier of therapeutic proteins for wound regeneration.","PeriodicalId":18149,"journal":{"name":"Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences","volume":"46 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135779674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-19DOI: 10.11113/mjfas.v19n5.3041
Miftahul Fikri, Zulkurnain Abdul-Malek, Mona Riza Mohd Esa, Eko Supriyanto
In this paper, will discussed parameter estimation and convergence analysis of multivariate normal hidden inhomogeneous Markov models. The results of this research show that by using the expectation maximization algorithm, a sequence of parameter estimators converges to a stationary point of the likelihood function in a monotonically increasing manner.
{"title":"Recursive Parameter Estimation and Its Convergence for Multivariate Normal Hidden Markov Inhomogeneous Models","authors":"Miftahul Fikri, Zulkurnain Abdul-Malek, Mona Riza Mohd Esa, Eko Supriyanto","doi":"10.11113/mjfas.v19n5.3041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v19n5.3041","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, will discussed parameter estimation and convergence analysis of multivariate normal hidden inhomogeneous Markov models. The results of this research show that by using the expectation maximization algorithm, a sequence of parameter estimators converges to a stationary point of the likelihood function in a monotonically increasing manner.","PeriodicalId":18149,"journal":{"name":"Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences","volume":"351 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135667506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-19DOI: 10.11113/mjfas.v19n5.3047
Siti Rosllydia Dania Roslly, Nur Fatimah Az Zahra Ab Halem, Nur Syasya Sahira Zailani, Nur Idayu Alimon, Siti Afiqah Mohammad
Randić index is one of the classical graph-based molecular structure descriptors in the field of mathematical chemistry. The Randić index of a graph is calculated by summing the reciprocals of the square root of the product of the degrees of two adjacent vertices in the graph. Meanwhile, the non-commuting graph is the graph of vertex set whose vertices are non-central elements and two distinct vertices are joined by an edge if and only if they do not commute. In this paper, the general formula of the Randić index of the non-commuting graph associated to three types of finite groups are presented. The groups involved are the dihedral groups, the generalized quaternion groups, and the quasi-dihedral groups. Some examples of the Randić index of the non-commuting graph related to a certain order of these groups are also given based on the main results.
{"title":"Generalization of Randic ́ Index of the Non-commuting Graph for Some Finite Groups","authors":"Siti Rosllydia Dania Roslly, Nur Fatimah Az Zahra Ab Halem, Nur Syasya Sahira Zailani, Nur Idayu Alimon, Siti Afiqah Mohammad","doi":"10.11113/mjfas.v19n5.3047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v19n5.3047","url":null,"abstract":"Randić index is one of the classical graph-based molecular structure descriptors in the field of mathematical chemistry. The Randić index of a graph is calculated by summing the reciprocals of the square root of the product of the degrees of two adjacent vertices in the graph. Meanwhile, the non-commuting graph is the graph of vertex set whose vertices are non-central elements and two distinct vertices are joined by an edge if and only if they do not commute. In this paper, the general formula of the Randić index of the non-commuting graph associated to three types of finite groups are presented. The groups involved are the dihedral groups, the generalized quaternion groups, and the quasi-dihedral groups. Some examples of the Randić index of the non-commuting graph related to a certain order of these groups are also given based on the main results.","PeriodicalId":18149,"journal":{"name":"Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135667487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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